Child abuse: Difference between revisions
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According to a recent [[UNICEF]] report on child well-being<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf Child Poverty in Respective: An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries, UNICEF: Innocenti Research Center, Report Card 7]</ref> in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] ranked lowest among [[first world]] nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. Recently a study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that 1 in 50 infants in the United States are victims of nonfatal neglect or abuse.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].</ref> In the US, neglect is defined as the failure to meet the basic needs of children including housing, clothing, food and access to medical care. Researchers found over 91,000 cases of neglect over the course of one year (from October 2005- September 30, 2006) with their information coming from a database of cases verified by protective services agencies. <ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].</ref> |
According to a recent [[UNICEF]] report on child well-being<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ChildPovertyReport.pdf Child Poverty in Respective: An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries, UNICEF: Innocenti Research Center, Report Card 7]</ref> in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] ranked lowest among [[first world]] nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. Recently a study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that 1 in 50 infants in the United States are victims of nonfatal neglect or abuse.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].</ref> In the US, neglect is defined as the failure to meet the basic needs of children including housing, clothing, food and access to medical care. Researchers found over 91,000 cases of neglect over the course of one year (from October 2005- September 30, 2006) with their information coming from a database of cases verified by protective services agencies. <ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].</ref> |
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==Effects== |
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==Psychological Damage== |
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Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing [[psychiatric]] problems,<ref name=Gauthier, Stollak, Messe, & Arnoff, J. (1996)>Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). "Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning," ''Child Abuse and Neglect'', 20, 549-559</ref><ref name=Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, (1993)>Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993). "Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse," ''Psychological Bulletin'', 114, 68-69</ref> including a [[Attachment in children|disorganized attachment style]].<ref name=Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz, (1999)>Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). "Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies." In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) ''Handbook of Attachment''. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name=Solomon & George, (1999)>Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name=Main & Hesse, (1990)>Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative]] symptoms,<ref name=Carlson,E.A. (1988)>Carlson, E.A. (1988). "A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment," ''Child Development'', 69, 1107-1128</ref> as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms.<ref name=Lyons-Ruth,K (1996)>Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). "Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns," ''Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology'', 64, 64-73</ref><ref name=Lyons-Ruth, Alpern, & Pepacholi, (1993)>Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). "Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom," ''Child Development'', 64, 572-585</ref> A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of [[Attachment theory|disorganized attachment]].<ref name=Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Bruanwald, K., (1995)>Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). "Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers." In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), ''Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect'' (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name=Cicchetti, D., Cummings, EM, Greengerg, MT, & Marvin, RS. (1990)>Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref> |
Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing [[psychiatric]] problems,<ref name=Gauthier, Stollak, Messe, & Arnoff, J. (1996)>Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). "Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning," ''Child Abuse and Neglect'', 20, 549-559</ref><ref name=Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, (1993)>Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993). "Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse," ''Psychological Bulletin'', 114, 68-69</ref> including a [[Attachment in children|disorganized attachment style]].<ref name=Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz, (1999)>Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). "Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies." In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) ''Handbook of Attachment''. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name=Solomon & George, (1999)>Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press</ref><ref name=Main & Hesse, (1990)>Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative]] symptoms,<ref name=Carlson,E.A. (1988)>Carlson, E.A. (1988). "A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment," ''Child Development'', 69, 1107-1128</ref> as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms.<ref name=Lyons-Ruth,K (1996)>Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). "Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns," ''Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology'', 64, 64-73</ref><ref name=Lyons-Ruth, Alpern, & Pepacholi, (1993)>Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). "Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom," ''Child Development'', 64, 572-585</ref> A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of [[Attachment theory|disorganized attachment]].<ref name=Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Bruanwald, K., (1995)>Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). "Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers." In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), ''Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect'' (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name=Cicchetti, D., Cummings, EM, Greengerg, MT, & Marvin, RS. (1990)>Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:09, 17 June 2008
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Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children. While most child abuse happens in the child's home, a significant portion also occurs in organizations involving children, such as churches, schools, child care businesses, and residential schools.[1][2] Within four primary categories of child abuse, which include neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse, there are different subcategories within each type of abuse. [1]
Neglect has three different categories, which include physical, educational, and emotional neglect. An example of physical neglect would be the failure to provide adequate food, clothing, or hygiene. An example of educational neglect would be the failure to enroll the child into school. An example of emotional neglect would be inadequate nurturing or affection.[2]
There is a wide range of physical abuse, including striking, burning, shaking, pinching, pulling hair, or cutting off a child’s air. [3]
Within sexual abuse there are many different types, including, behavior involving penetration, fondling, violations of privacy, exposing children to adult sexuality, and exploitation. [4]
Psychological or Emotional abuse is probably the least understood of all child abuse because there are never visible marks, but it can be the cruelest and most destructive of all types of abuse. [5] Emotional abuse includes verbal abuse, withholding affection, extreme punishment and corruption, ignoring, rejecting, terrorizing, and isolating.[6] [7]
Since there are many forms of abuse and neglect, many governments have developed their own legal definition of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. In the United States, the Federal Government puts out a full definition of child abuse and neglect and creates a summary of each State definition.[3] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts or commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Examples of acts of commission include physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Examples of acts of omission include failure to provide (physical, emotional, medical/dental, or educational neglect) or failure to supervise (inadequate supervision, or exposure to violent environments.)[4]
Prevalence
Neglect represents 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%.[5]
According to a recent UNICEF report on child well-being[6] in the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among first world nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. Recently a study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that 1 in 50 infants in the United States are victims of nonfatal neglect or abuse.[7] In the US, neglect is defined as the failure to meet the basic needs of children including housing, clothing, food and access to medical care. Researchers found over 91,000 cases of neglect over the course of one year (from October 2005- September 30, 2006) with their information coming from a database of cases verified by protective services agencies. [8]
Effects
Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric problems,Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[9] including a disorganized attachment style.[10][11][12] Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms,[13] as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms.[14][15] A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of disorganized attachment.[16]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
The effects of child abuse vary, depending on its type. A 2006 study found that childhood emotional and sexual abuse were strongly related to adult depressive symptoms, while exposure to verbal abuse and witnessing of domestic violence had a moderately strong association, and physical abuse a moderate one. For depression, experiencing more than two kinds of abuse exerted synergetically stronger symptoms. Sexual abuse was particularly deleterious in its intrafamilial form, for symptoms of depression, anxiety, dissociation, and limbic irritability. Childhood verbal abuse had a stronger association with anger-hostility than any other type of abuse studied, and was second only to emotional abuse in its relationship with dissociative symptoms.[17]
Treatment
There are a number of treatments available to victims of child abuse.[18] Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, while developed to treat sexually abused children, is now used for victims of any kind of trauma. It targets trauma-related symptoms in children including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), clinical depression, and anxiety. It also includes a component for non-offending parents. Several studies have found that sexually abused children undergoing TF-CBT improved more than children undergoing certain other therapies. Data on the effects of TF-CBT for children who experienced only non-sexual abuse was not available as of 2006.[18]
Abuse-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was designed for children who have experienced physical abuse. It targets externalizing behaviors and strengthens prosocial behaviors. Offending parents are included in treatment, to improve parenting skills/practices. It is supported by one randomized study.[18]
Child-parent psychotherapy was designed to improve the child-parent relationship following the experience of domestic violence. It targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including PTSD, aggression, defiance, and anxiety. It is supported by two studies of one sample.[18]
See also
- Attachment theory
- Aurukun rape case
- Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
- Emotional dysregulation
- Incest
- KIDPOWER
- List of films portraying paedophilia or sexual abuse of minors
- subpoena duces tecum
- subpoena ad testificandum
Footnotes
- ^ B.A. Robinson (2001 October 25) Abuse at Canadian Native Residential Schools ReligiousTolerance.org Accessed 2007-09-13.
- ^ "Getting Away with Murder—Of children" and "Missed Clues—Lost Lives : TORONTO STAR, 1998"
- ^ Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect: Summary of State Laws, that is part of the 2005 State Statute series by the Child Welfare Information Gateway.
- ^ Leeb, RT, Paulozzi, Melanson, C, Simon, T, Arias, I. Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta (GA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2008.
- ^ National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, "Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics," April 1998
- ^ Child Poverty in Respective: An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries, UNICEF: Innocenti Research Center, Report Card 7
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].
- ^ Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993). "Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse," Psychological Bulletin, 114, 68-69
- ^ Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). "Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies." In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press
- ^ Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press
- ^ Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ^ Carlson, E.A. (1988). "A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment," Child Development, 69, 1107-1128
- ^ Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). "Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 64-73
- ^ Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). "Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom," Child Development, 64, 572-585
- ^ Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). "Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers." In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Polcari, A, & McGreenery, C. E. (2006). "Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: Relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment," American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 993-1000.
- ^ a b c d Cohen, J.A. (2006). "Psychosocial Interventions for Maltreated and Violence-Exposed Children". Journal of Social Issues. 62 (4): 737–766. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00485.x.
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