Hammerhead shark

Hammerhead shark Temporal range: Middle Miocene to Present
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Carcharhiniformes
Family:	Sphyrnidae
Genus:	Sphyrna Rafinesque, 1810
Species
See text.

Template:Sharksportal Hammerhead sharks of the genus Sphyrna are members of the family Sphyrnidiae. The only other genus of Sphyrnidae, Eusphyra, contains only one species, Eusphyra blochii, the winghead shark. The hammerheads are aggressive predators, eating fish, rays, cephalopods, and crustaceans. They are found in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves.

Physical description

The nine known species of hammerhead range from 0.9 to 6 m long (3 to 20 feet). All the species have a projection on each side of the head that gives it a resemblance to a flattened hammer. The shark's eyes and nostrils are at the tips of the extensions.

The hammer shape of the head was once thought to help sharks get food, aiding in close-quarters maneuverability and allowing the shark to turn sharply without losing stability. However, it was found that the special design of its vertebrae allowed it to make the turns correctly, more than its head. But as a wing the hammer would also provide lift; hammerheads are one of the most negatively buoyant of sharks. Like all sharks, hammerheads have electroreceptory sensory pores called ampullae of Lorenzini. By distributing the receptors over a wider area, hammerheads can sweep for prey more effectively. These sharks have been able to detect an electrical signal of half a billionth of a volt. The hammer-shaped head also gives these sharks larger nasal tracts, increasing the chance of finding a particle in the water by at least 10 times as against the ability of other 'classical' sharks.

Wider spacing between sensory organs better enables an organism to detect gradients and therefore the location of a gradient source such as food or a mate. The peculiar head of this shark can be thought of as analogous to the antennae of an insect.

Hammerheads have disproportionately small mouths and seem to do a lot of bottom-hunting. They are also known to form schools during the day, sometimes in groups of over 100. In the evening, like other sharks, they become solitary hunters.

Hammerheads are notably one of the few creatures in the animal kingdom to acquire a tan from prolonged exposure to sunlight, a feature shared by pigs and humans. Tanning occurs when a hammerhead is in shallow waters or close to the surface for long periods.

Reproduction

Reproduction in the hammerhead shark occurs once a year with each litter containing 20 to 40 pups. Hammerhead shark mating courtship is a violent affair. The male will bite the female until she acquiesces, allowing mating to occur. Unlike many other shark species, the hammerhead shark has internal fertilization which creates a safe environment for the sperm to unite with the egg. The embryo develops within the female inside a placenta and is fed through an umbilical cord, similar to mammals. The gestation period is 10 to 12 months. Once the pups are born the parents do not stay with them and they are left to fend for themselves. Young hammerheads are often born headfirst, with the tip of their hammerhead folded backward to make them more streamlined for birth. A world-record 1,280 pound (580 kg) pregnant female was caught off Boca Grande, Florida on May 23, 2006. The shark was carrying 55 pups, which suggests scientists had previously underestimated the number of pups per gestation.

In May 2007 scientists discovered that hammerhead sharks can reproduce asexually through a rare method known as parthenogenesis, (a direct development without the need of a sperm, similar to how social insects can reproduce). At first the announcement was considered skeptically, because a female shark can store sperm inside her for months, even years, but it was confirmed through DNA testing that the pup lacked any paternal DNA. This is the first documented case of any shark doing this.

Species

School of scalloped hammerheads, Wolf Island, Galapagos Islands

Of the ten known species of hammerhead, four can be dangerous to humans: the scalloped, great, smooth,and snaper hammerheads .

• Genus Sphyrna
  • Subgenus Sphyrna
    • Scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna (Sphyrna) lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)
      • "Cryptic scalloped hammerhead" - Scalloped hammerheads are two separate species, which have not yet been officially reclassified with separate names.
    • Great hammerhead, Sphyrna (Sphyrna) mokarran (Rüppell, 1837)
    • Smooth hammerhead, Sphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Whitefin hammerhead, Sphyrna (Sphyrna) couardi Cadenat, 1951
  • Subgenus Mesozygaena
    • Scalloped bonnethead, Sphyrna (Mesozygaena) corona Springer, 1940
    • Winghead shark Sphyrna (Mesozygaena) sp. listed on elasmo-research's list
  • Subgenus Platysqualus
    • Scoophead, Sphyrna (Platysqualus) media Springer, 1940
    • Bonnethead or shovelhead, Sphyrna (Platysqualus) tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Smalleye hammerhead, Sphyrna (Platysqualus) tudes (Valenciennes, 1822)
    • Snaper hammerhead, Sphyrna (Platysqualus) sliyter

Announcements in June, 2006 reported the discovery of a possible new species of hammerhead off the shores of South Carolina. The possible new species is referred to simply as a cryptic species until it receives an official designation. This is prolonged, in part, because the discovery is really that the "scalloped hammerhead" is possibly two different species, not that a new species has been sighted, in the normal way. The discovery that scalloped hammerheads are possibly two species is purely a result of genetic testing, not identification of physical differences.

A hammerhead shark at Atlantis Paradise Island.

Since sharks do not have mineralized bones and rarely fossilize, it is their teeth alone that are commonly found as fossils. The hammerheads seem closely related to the carcharhinid sharks that evolved during the mid-Tertiary Period. Because the teeth of hammerheads resemble those of some carcharhinids, it has been difficult to determine when hammerheads first appeared. It is probable that the hammerheads evolved during the late Eocene, Oligocene or early Miocene.

Geneticist Andrew Martin used DNA to study all of the hammerhead species and he concluded that the first hammer appeared on the winghead shark, which has the largest hammer, and the rest of the hammerhead sharks evolved one at a time from the original winghead shark each with a smaller hammer.

Conservation status

The scalloped hammerhead is listed on the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) 2008 Red List as "endangered”. The status given to the fish is as a result of over-fishing and demand for its fins, an expensive delicacy. Scientists expressed their concern about the plight of this unique creature at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Boston. The young swim mostly in shallow waters along shores all over the world to avoid predators.

The great hammerhead is currently listed as endangered.

External links

• Video of divers with hammerhead sharks in the Red Sea
• Animal Diversity Web Genus Sphyrna with species sub-pages
• Hammerhead Shark! web directory, with pictures
• Hammerhead Shark Facts fact sheet, general info, shark diving info
• Scaloped Hammerhead Shark Fact Sheet Scalloped Hammerhead Shark Fact Sheet
• Hammerhead Photos and Profile
• "Electroreception in juvenile scalloped hammerhead and sandbar sharks" by Stephen M. Kajiura and Kim N. Holland, The Journal of Experimental Biology (2002). Attempts to explain the "hammer" shape.
• MarineBio: Great hammerhead shark, Sphyrna mokarran
• BBC News announcement of new Hammerhead species