Jump to content

Hurricane Kyle (2008): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m
Line 20: Line 20:
==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Kyle 2008 track.png}}
{{storm path|Kyle 2008 track.png}}
The tropical wave which eventually formed Hurricane Kyle had travelled across the [[Atlantic ocean]] after forming over [[Africa]]. On September 18 the wave had reached the [[Lesser Antilles]] area <ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091811.ABNT20 2008091811.ABNT20]</ref> where it stalled<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091823.ABNT20 2008091823.ABNT20]</ref> for several days.<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091923.ABNT20 2008091923.ABNT20]</ref><ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092011.ABNT20 2008092011.ABNT20]</ref> Drifting westward over the [[Dominican Republic]]<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092217.ABNT20 2008092217.ABNT20]</ref> and then [[Haiti]]<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092405.ABNT20 2008092405.ABNT20]</ref> On September 25, after seven days interacting with the Caribbean islands, the system gained enough organization to be classified a tropical storm, and was given the name ''Kyle''.<ref name="disc01">{{cite web|author=Pasch/Roberts|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2008-09-25|title=Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al11/al112008.discus.001.shtml}}</ref> In post-analysis, it was determined that the system became a tropical depression early on September 25, and then a tropical storm that morning.<ref name=KyleTCR>{{cite web|author=Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=2008-12-05|accessdate=2008-12-05|title=Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Kyle|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL112008_Kyle.pdf}}</ref>
The tropical wave which eventually formed Hurricane Kyle had travelled across the [[Atlantic ocean]] after forming over [[Africa]]. On September 18 the wave had reached the [[Lesser Antilles]] area <ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091811.ABNT20 2008091811.ABNT20]</ref> where it stalled<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091823.ABNT20 2008091823.ABNT20]</ref> for several days.<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008091923.ABNT20 2008091923.ABNT20]</ref><ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092011.ABNT20 2008092011.ABNT20]</ref> Drifting westward over the [[Dominican Republic]]<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092217.ABNT20 2008092217.ABNT20]</ref> and then [[Haiti]]<ref>[ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2008092405.ABNT20 2008092405.ABNT20]</ref> On September 25, after a week for interacting with the Caribbean islands, the system begin to move away from the [[Caribbean]] island. As the system gained enough organization to be classified a tropical storm, and was given the name ''Kyle''.<ref name="disc01">{{cite web|author=Pasch/Roberts|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2008-09-25|title=Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al11/al112008.discus.001.shtml}}</ref> In post-analysis, it was determined that the system became a tropical depression early on September 25, and then a tropical storm that morning.<ref name=KyleTCR>{{cite web|author=Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=2008-12-05|accessdate=2008-12-05|title=Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Kyle|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL112008_Kyle.pdf}}</ref>


<!--Kyle was the first Atlantic cyclone for which the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) used its new image package. The track pack graphics shows an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning (colored red), hurricane watch (colored pink), tropical storm warning (colored blue) and tropical storm watch (colored yellow). The orange circle indicates the current position of the center of the tropical cyclone. The black line and dots show the (NHC) forecast track of the center at the times indicated. The dot indicating the forecast center location will be black if the cyclone is forecast to be tropical and will be white with a black outline if the cyclone is forecast to be extratropical. If only an L is displayed, then the system is forecast to be a remnant low. The letter inside the dot indicates the NHC's forecast intensity for that time based on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]].<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/graphics/al11/loop_5W.shtml Kyle, Graphics Archive, 5-day cone], [[National Hurricane Center]], accessed [[2008-09-28]]</ref>-->
<!--Kyle was the first Atlantic cyclone for which the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) used its new image package. The track pack graphics shows an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning (colored red), hurricane watch (colored pink), tropical storm warning (colored blue) and tropical storm watch (colored yellow). The orange circle indicates the current position of the center of the tropical cyclone. The black line and dots show the (NHC) forecast track of the center at the times indicated. The dot indicating the forecast center location will be black if the cyclone is forecast to be tropical and will be white with a black outline if the cyclone is forecast to be extratropical. If only an L is displayed, then the system is forecast to be a remnant low. The letter inside the dot indicates the NHC's forecast intensity for that time based on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]].<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/graphics/al11/loop_5W.shtml Kyle, Graphics Archive, 5-day cone], [[National Hurricane Center]], accessed [[2008-09-28]]</ref>-->
Kyle headed northward after becoming a tropical storm, and picked up speed on the way. Due to its rapid motion of up to 25 mph (40 km/h), wind shear lessened over the storm, and it became a hurricane the next day with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds. It then intensified slightly on the 28th to 85 mph (140 km/h) winds.<ref name=KyleTCR/> Over the cooler waters of the northwestern Atlantic, Kyle weakened slightly before making landfall near [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia]] that evening while still a Category 1 hurricane, although losing tropical characteristics as the convection was becoming more elongated.<ref name=KyleTCR/><ref>{{cite web|author=Fogarty|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre of Environment Canada|date=2008-09-29|accessdate=2008-09-29|title=POST-TROPICAL STORM KYLE CORRECTED INFORMATION STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE CANADIAN HURRICANE CENTRE OF ENVIRONMENT CANADA AT 1.05 PM ADT MONDAY 29 SEPTEMBER 2008.|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/bulletins/20080929161017.Kyle.txt.en}}</ref> Kyle became fully extratropical with a frontal structure early on September 29 over the [[Bay of Fundy]], just off the coast of southeastern [[New Brunswick]]. The [[extratropical cyclone]] meandered around Atlantic Canada before being absorbed by a separate extratropical low over the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] on September 30.<ref name=KyleTCR/>
Kyle headed northward after becoming a tropical storm, and picked up speed on the way. Due to its rapid motion of up to 25 mph (40 km/h), wind shear lessened over west side of the storm, and it became a hurricane the next day with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds as it brushed through [[Bermuda]]. It then intensified slightly on the 28th to 85 mph (140 km/h) winds.<ref name=KyleTCR/> It begin to track over the cooler waters of the northwestern Atlantic, Kyle weakened slightly before making landfall near [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia]] that evening while barely hold on to Category 1 hurricane, although losing tropical characteristics as the convection was becoming more elongated.<ref name=KyleTCR/><ref>{{cite web|author=Fogarty|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre of Environment Canada|date=2008-09-29|accessdate=2008-09-29|title=POST-TROPICAL STORM KYLE CORRECTED INFORMATION STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE CANADIAN HURRICANE CENTRE OF ENVIRONMENT CANADA AT 1.05 PM ADT MONDAY 29 SEPTEMBER 2008.|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/bulletins/20080929161017.Kyle.txt.en}}</ref> Kyle became fully extratropical with a frontal structure early on September 29 over the [[Bay of Fundy]], just off the coast of southeastern [[New Brunswick]]. The [[extratropical cyclone]] meandered around Atlantic Canada before being absorbed by a separate extratropical low over the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] on September 30.<ref name=KyleTCR/>


==Preparations==
==Preparations==

Revision as of 21:55, 21 February 2009

Hurricane Kyle
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Kyle on September 28.
FormedSeptember 25, 2008
DissipatedSeptember 29, 2008
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 85 mph (140 km/h)
Lowest pressure984 mbar (hPa); 29.06 inHg
Fatalities5 direct, 3 indirect
Damage$57.1 million (2008 USD)
Areas affectedPuerto Rico, Hispaniola, Bermuda, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine, and Atlantic Canada
Part of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Kyle was the eleventh tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed from a strong tropical disturbance that tracked across the northeastern Caribbean Sea in the third week of September. As a low pressure area, it moved slowly across Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, dumping torrential rains across those islands. By September 24, it began to track northward away from the islands, and developed enough strong thunderstorm activity near its center and a well-defined enough circulation to be deemed a tropical storm on September 25.[1] It strengthened to a hurricane on September 27 west of Bermuda. It made landfall in Nova Scotia as a Category 1 hurricane late on September 28, then became extratropical shortly afterward.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The tropical wave which eventually formed Hurricane Kyle had travelled across the Atlantic ocean after forming over Africa. On September 18 the wave had reached the Lesser Antilles area [2] where it stalled[3] for several days.[4][5] Drifting westward over the Dominican Republic[6] and then Haiti[7] On September 25, after a week for interacting with the Caribbean islands, the system begin to move away from the Caribbean island. As the system gained enough organization to be classified a tropical storm, and was given the name Kyle.[8] In post-analysis, it was determined that the system became a tropical depression early on September 25, and then a tropical storm that morning.[9]

Kyle headed northward after becoming a tropical storm, and picked up speed on the way. Due to its rapid motion of up to 25 mph (40 km/h), wind shear lessened over west side of the storm, and it became a hurricane the next day with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds as it brushed through Bermuda. It then intensified slightly on the 28th to 85 mph (140 km/h) winds.[9] It begin to track over the cooler waters of the northwestern Atlantic, Kyle weakened slightly before making landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia that evening while barely hold on to Category 1 hurricane, although losing tropical characteristics as the convection was becoming more elongated.[9][10] Kyle became fully extratropical with a frontal structure early on September 29 over the Bay of Fundy, just off the coast of southeastern New Brunswick. The extratropical cyclone meandered around Atlantic Canada before being absorbed by a separate extratropical low over the Gulf of St. Lawrence on September 30.[9]

Preparations

Puerto Rico and Haiti

On September 22, about 3 days before the system had formed into a tropical storm, its significant rainfall in the eastern Caribbean prompted flash flood warnings in Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands.[11] In the Dominican Republic a green alert was issued for provinces in the eastern part of the nation.[12] The next day yellow alerts were issued for eight provinces and red alerts in eight more. Evacuations began in vulnerable San Pedro de Macoris, La Romana, and Barahona and San Jose de Ocoa.[13] The system moved westward on September 23, threatening Haiti with its rains which prompted the issuance of heavy rain warnings and[14] a red alert warning by the nation's government.[15]

Bermuda

Early on September 26, Tropical Storm Kyle was deemed to be a threat to Bermuda,[16] and a tropical storm watch was issued for the islands.[17] Later that day the watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[18] High surf warnings were issued for all beaches on the south shore.[19]

New England and Atlantic Canada

On September 27, the state of Maine issued its first hurricane watch in seventeen years with the predicted path to approach the eastern part of the state. The last hurricane watch issued for Maine was associated with Hurricane Bob in 1991. Eastern Maine's power company, Bangor Hydro-Electric, prepared for potential outages and planned to have additional crews on duty.[20] The system turned and missed the state, though.[9]

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued watches and warnings for parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick on September 27, concurrent with the Maine warnings.[21] New Brunswick Power indicated that repair crews were on standby and neighbouring utilities have been called to assist if needed. The Red Cross in New Brunswick also were checking equipment and supplies to meet any need that might arise.[22] Hours before landfall, a hurricane warning was issued for portions of Nova Scotia. This was the first hurricane warning ever in Canada (tropical storm and hurricane advisories were not issued in Canada prior to 2004, a policy changed due to Hurricane Juan in 2003).[23]

Impact

Puerto Rico

Storm total rainfall from the pre-Kyle low over Puerto Rico

The precursor to Kyle produced record breaking rains over Puerto Rico from September 21 to 23.[24] With isolated maximums in excess of 30 inches (760 mm), rivers breached their flood walls and flooded low-lying areas.[11] In Patillas, a 500-year 24 hour rainfall event took place, with 22.03 in (559.5 mm) falling from 8 a.m. on September 21 to 8 a.m. on September 22.[25] Some rivers rose more than 25 ft (7.6 m) in 12 hours, leading to severe flooding.[26] Three deaths were directly blamed on the system as a result of the floods and mudslides.[9] Another three deaths were indirectly related due to stress induced heart attacks.[26] Mudslides, triggered by the torrential rain, closed highways and schools.[14] Damage to agriculture on the island was estimated to be $23 million and structural damage was estimated at $25 million.[27][26] In addition to the system's rainfall, its winds whipped up 10 ft (3 m) waves along the island's southern coast.[28]

Haiti

Heavy rains on September 23, produced by the tropical wave which would eventually become Kyle, caused renewed flooding in the already flood stricken areas of Haiti. The Orangers River overflowed its banks, flooding parts of Jacmel, severely damaging homes.[15]

Canada

In southwestern Nova Scotia, high winds downed numerous trees and power lines. A ship reported a wind gust of 96 mph (154 km/h) near Shelburne and a boat was reported to have been swamped nearby. [29] A buoy in Georges Bank recorded a wind gust of 79 mph (128 km/h).[23] According to Nova Scotia Power Corporation at the height of the storm, winds knocked out power to more than 40,000 customers.[30] While in New Brunswick, strong winds and heavy rainfall were strong enough to knock power out for approximately 2,300 customers across the province. Gusting winds resulted in the Confederation Bridge, linking New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, being closed to high-sided vehicles for 7 1/2 hours.[31] No fatalities were reported in Canada, and damages were minor, totaling to $9 million.[9] The highest rainfall was recorded in Bon Accord, New Brunswick at 2.8 in (72 mm).[23]

Northeast United States

The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Kyle on September 29

Kyle produced high waves along the coast of Rhode Island as it moved northward. A newly married couple were killed when high waves knocked the wife into the rocky shores. Her husband jumped in to save her but was overcome by the waves himself. The bodies of the couple were found days later.[32] Large swells produced by Kyle, enhanced by a strong onshore flow, caused significant beach erosion along the New Jersey coastline. Cuts up to 6 ft (1.8 m) in beach dunes were recorded.[33] Heavy rains from Kyle caused flash flooding in Hartford County, Connecticut, flooding six cars and numerous basements. Total damages in Hartford were estimated at $40,000.[34]

Rainfall up to 5 in (127 mm) in Massachusetts caused a river in Somerset to overflow its banks, flooding nearby areas with 2 feet (0.6 m) of water. A large sinkhole formed on County Street and several cars were stranded in the floodwaters. Two people had to be rescued by boat when their car was overcome by the floodwaters. In addition, numerous basements were flooded. Damages in Bristol County were estimated at $25,000.[35] A mobile home park in Plymouth County was inundated with 2.5 ft (0.7 m) of water, causing one home to shift off its foundation. Damages to the homes were estimated at $50,000.[36]

As the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia, the outer bands produced heavy rains and strong winds over eastern Maine. Wind gusts were recorded up to 45 mph (75 km/h) in coastal Hancock County. The strong winds toppled trees, leaving 500 customers without power. Rainfall generally amounted from 3 to 4.5 in (76.2 to 114.3 mm),[37] with a maximum of 7.15 in (181.61 mm) in Sedgwick Ridge. The heavy rains flooded several roads, causing traffic delays and road closures throughout southeastern Maine.[38]

See also

Template:Tcportal

References

  1. ^ National Hurricane Center. MONTHLY TROPICAL WEATHER SUMMARY: September 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-01.
  2. ^ 2008091811.ABNT20
  3. ^ 2008091823.ABNT20
  4. ^ 2008091923.ABNT20
  5. ^ 2008092011.ABNT20
  6. ^ 2008092217.ABNT20
  7. ^ 2008092405.ABNT20
  8. ^ Pasch/Roberts (2009-09-25). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Avila (2008-12-05). "Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Kyle" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  10. ^ Fogarty (2008-09-29). "POST-TROPICAL STORM KYLE CORRECTED INFORMATION STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE CANADIAN HURRICANE CENTRE OF ENVIRONMENT CANADA AT 1.05 PM ADT MONDAY 29 SEPTEMBER 2008". Canadian Hurricane Centre of Environment Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  11. ^ a b NASA - Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Kyle (Atlantic Ocean)
  12. ^ Green alert in Dominican Republic due to tropical wave - DominicanToday.com
  13. ^ Staff Writer (2008-09-23). "Dominican Republic in for Storm". Prensa Latina. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  14. ^ a b AccuWeather.com - Weather Blogs - Weather News
  15. ^ a b "OCHA Situations Report No. 18: Caribbean Hurricane Season". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 26, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  16. ^ The Royal Gazette
  17. ^ Tropical Storm KYLE
  18. ^ Tropical Storm KYLE
  19. ^ Signs posted at Horseshoe Bay, Southampton
  20. ^ Staff Writer (2008-09-27). "Part of Maine coast under tropical storm warning". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  21. ^ Environment Canada: Canadian Hurricane Centre
  22. ^ Lewandowski, John (2008-09-28). "Kyle to hit southwestern N.S." The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  23. ^ a b c Canadian Hurricane Centre (February 16, 2009). "Canadian Hurricane Centre Annual Tropical Cyclone Report". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  24. ^ Heavy rains drench Puerto Rico - USATODAY.com
  25. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  26. ^ a b c "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  27. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  28. ^ Cayman Islands - Cay Compass News Online - Storm threatens waterlogged Haiti
  29. ^ WOCN31 CWHX 290300 - INTERMEDIATE INFORMATION STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE CANADIAN HURRICANE CENTRE OF ENVIRONMENT CANADA AT 12.00 MIDNIGHT ADT SUNDAY 28 SEPTEMBER 2008, Canadian Hurricance Centre, retrieved 2008-09-28
  30. ^ Stewart, Jennifer (2008-09-29). "Kyle blows in, blows out". The Canadian Press & The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  31. ^ Perry, Charles (2008-09-30). "New Brunswick spared brunt of Kyle's wrath". Times & Transcript. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  32. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  33. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  34. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  35. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  36. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  37. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  38. ^ "NCDC Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Kyle_(2008)&oldid=272351985"