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'''''Agaricus bisporus''''', known as '''table mushroom''', '''portobello mushroom''', '''cultivated mushroom''' or '''button mushroom''', is an edible [[basidiomycete]] [[fungus]] which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across [[Europe]] and [[North America]], though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely [[cultivated mushroom]]s in the world. The original wild form bore a brownish cap and dark brown gills but more familiar is the current variant with a white form with white cap, stalk and flesh and brown gills.
'''''Agaricus bisporus''''', known as '''table mushroom''', '''portobello mushroom''', '''cultivated mushroom''' or '''button mushroom''', is an edible [[basidiomycete]] [[fungus]] which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across [[Europe]] and [[North America]], though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely [[cultivated mushroom]]s in the world. The original wild form bore a brownish cap and dark brown gills but more familiar is the current variant with a white form with white cap, stalk and flesh and brown gills.


Some [[grocery store]]s in the [[Western world]] sell this mushroom in canned and fresh preparations. An [[Agaricales|agaric]], its gills are often left on in preparations. It can be found cooked on [[pizza]]s and [[casserole]]s, stuffed mushrooms, raw on [[salad]]s, and in various forms in a variety of dishes. Some [[mycologist]]s, including [[Paul Stamets]], have raised concerns that this mushroom contains trace quantities of a chemical [[agaritine]] known to have [[carcinogenic]] properties, though whether levels are sufficient to cause harm in consumers is debated.<ref>[http://www.fungi.com/mycomeds/agaritine.html Fungi Perfecti: Agaricus brasiliensis (Agaricus blazei) and agaritine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Some [[grocery store]]s in the [[Western world]] sell this mushroom in canned and fresh preparations. An [[Agaricales|agaric]], its gills are often left on in preparations. It can be found cooked on [[pizza]]s and [[casserole]]s, stuffed mushrooms, raw on [[salad]]s, and in various forms in a variety of dishes. Currently the [[City of Hope National Medical Center]], is researching this mushroom's potential as a cancer preventative agent.<ref>http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx</ref>

==Taxonomy and naming==
==Taxonomy and naming==
''Agaricus bisporus'' is known by many names, several of which refer to different stages: "button mushroom" when sold, collected, or eaten in young, unopened form, "crimini mushroom" or "baby bella" as an immature portobello, or "portobello mushroom" as a large, brown, mature mushroom. It is known as the '''champignon de Paris''' in [[France]]. It is also often called simply "champignon" (the french word for "mushroom") in several languages.
''Agaricus bisporus'' is known by many names, several of which refer to different stages: "button mushroom" when sold, collected, or eaten in young, unopened form, "crimini mushroom" or "baby bella" as an immature portobello, or "portobello mushroom" as a large, brown, mature mushroom. It is known as the '''champignon de Paris''' in [[France]]. It is also often called simply "champignon" (the french word for "mushroom") in several languages.
Line 43: Line 42:


Commonly found in fields and grassy areas after rain from late spring through to autumn worldwide, especially in association with manure. It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally experiment with [[mushrooming]].<ref name ="Carluccio03">{{cite book | author = Carluccio A | year = 2003 | title = The Complete Mushroom Book| pages=21–22| publisher = Quadrille | isbn = 1-84400-040-0}}</ref>
Commonly found in fields and grassy areas after rain from late spring through to autumn worldwide, especially in association with manure. It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally experiment with [[mushrooming]].<ref name ="Carluccio03">{{cite book | author = Carluccio A | year = 2003 | title = The Complete Mushroom Book| pages=21–22| publisher = Quadrille | isbn = 1-84400-040-0}}</ref>
===Danger of identifying ''Agaricus bisporus'' in the wild===
===Similar species===
{{seealso|Mushroom hunting}}
{{seealso|Mushroom hunting}}
The common mushroom could be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous [[destroying angel]] (''Amanita'' spp.), but the latter can be distinguished by their [[Volva (mycology)|volva]] or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of ''Agaricus bisporus''). Thus it is important to always clear away debris and examine the base of a mushroom, as well as cutting open young specimens to check the gills. Furthermore, the destroying angel grows in mossy woods and lives symbiotically with [[spruce]].
The common mushroom could be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous [[destroying angel]] (''Amanita'' spp.), but the latter can be distinguished by their [[Volva (mycology)|volva]] or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of ''Agaricus bisporus''). Thus it is important to always clear away debris and examine the base of a mushroom, as well as cutting open young specimens to check the gills. Furthermore, the destroying angel grows in mossy woods and lives symbiotically with [[spruce]].
Line 52: Line 51:


==Nutrition and culinary use==
==Nutrition and culinary use==
Research is being conducted at the [[City of Hope]] to study this mushroom due to evidence it may possess [[breast cancer]] preventative properties.<ref name="Chen.CityofHope">
{{citation
| author = Chen, S.
| title = Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white
button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).
| journal = Cancer Res.
| volume = 66
| issue = 24
| pages = 12026-12034
| publisher =
| location =
| year = 2006
| month =
| url =
| doi =
| pmid = 17178902
}}</ref> The reason some mushrooms like ''Agaricus bisporus'', may reduce the risk of breast cancer, is due to the fact they have been shown to inhibit [[aromatase]] and [[estrogen]] synthesis.<ref name="pmid17178902">{{cite journal | author = Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S, Hur G, Ye JJ, Kwok SL, Shrode GE, Belury M, Adams LS, Williams D | title = Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 66 | issue = 24 | pages = 12026–34 | year = 2006 | month = December | pmid = 17178902 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

''Agaricus bisporus'' has been found to contain [[conjugated linoleic acid]], which is thought to be associated with some of the mushroom's health benefits.<ref name="PMID: 19005974">{{cite journal | author = Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S. | title = White button mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)exhibits antiproliferative and propapoptopic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in
athymic mice. | journal = Nutrition and Cancer. | volume = 60 | issue = 24 | pages = 744-756 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19005974 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

Mushrooms contain high amounts of [[vitamin B]] group, [[sodium]], [[potassium]] and [[phosphorus]].<ref name="benjamin67">Benjamin, ''Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas'', p. 67</ref> Raw mushrooms are cholesterol and fat-free, and very low in calories. Recent studies have found that they are a good source of Vitamin D.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-eat31 Mushrooms and vitamin D]</ref>
Mushrooms contain high amounts of [[vitamin B]] group, [[sodium]], [[potassium]] and [[phosphorus]].<ref name="benjamin67">Benjamin, ''Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas'', p. 67</ref> Raw mushrooms are cholesterol and fat-free, and very low in calories. Recent studies have found that they are a good source of Vitamin D.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-eat31 Mushrooms and vitamin D]</ref>


Line 80: Line 100:
Although sometimes described a sub-variety of the portobello mushroom, the '''Crimini''' or '''Cremini mushroom''' is actually an immature portobello. Marketers have begun to refer to Crimini mushrooms as baby Portobellos and Portabellinis or BabyBellas. Left to grow another 48 to 72 hours, a Crimini mushroom will more than quadruple in size, taking on the large-capped Portobello shape. They are more delicate in texture but still have the meaty Portobello flavor.
Although sometimes described a sub-variety of the portobello mushroom, the '''Crimini''' or '''Cremini mushroom''' is actually an immature portobello. Marketers have begun to refer to Crimini mushrooms as baby Portobellos and Portabellinis or BabyBellas. Left to grow another 48 to 72 hours, a Crimini mushroom will more than quadruple in size, taking on the large-capped Portobello shape. They are more delicate in texture but still have the meaty Portobello flavor.


==''Agaricus bisporus'' and Cancer Prevention Research==
==Agaritine==
Research is being conducted at the [[City of Hope]] to study this mushroom due to the fact it has cancer preventative properties.<ref name="Chen.CityofHope">
⚫
All mushrooms of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]'' contain the [[hydrazine]] [[agaritine]] (and lesser amounts of other hydrazines like [[gyromitrin]]), a suspected [[carcinogen]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2132000&dopt=Abstract NCBI.NLM.NIM.GOV Abstract]</ref><ref>[http://www.fungi.com/mycomeds/agaritine.html Agartine, ''Fungi.com'']</ref>. Most hydrazines (over 80%) are known carcinogens.
{{citation
| author = Chen, S.
| title = Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white
button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).
| journal = Cancer Res.
| volume = 66
| issue = 24
| pages = 12026-12034
| publisher =
| location =
| year = 2006
| month =
| url =
| doi =
| pmid = 17178902
}}</ref>

Researchers think some mushrooms, like ''Agaricus bisporus'', may be able to prevent [[breast cancer]] due to the fact they can inhibit [[aromatase]] and [[estrogen]] synthesis.<ref name="pmid17178902">{{cite journal | author = Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S, Hur G, Ye JJ, Kwok SL, Shrode GE, Belury M, Adams LS, Williams D | title = Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 66 | issue = 24 | pages = 12026–34 | year = 2006 | month = December | pmid = 17178902 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

⚫
Interesting to note, mushrooms of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]'' contain the [[hydrazine]] [[agaritine]] (and lesser amounts of other hydrazines like [[gyromitrin]]), a suspected [[carcinogen]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2132000&dopt=Abstract NCBI.NLM.NIM.GOV Abstract]</ref><ref>[http://www.fungi.com/mycomeds/agaritine.html Agartine, ''Fungi.com'']</ref>. Most hydrazines (over 80%) are known carcinogens.


==See also==
==See also==
{{fungiportal}}
{{fungiportal}}
*[[List of Agaricus species]]
*[[List of Agaricus species]]
*''[[Agaricus blazei]]'' a close relative of ''Agaricus bisporus'', which has also shown potential therapeutic value.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx


==References==
==References==
Line 94: Line 136:
*{{cite book |last=Genders |first=Roy |title=Mushroom Growing for Everyone |year= 1969|publisher=Faber |location=London |isbn=0-571-08992-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Genders |first=Roy |title=Mushroom Growing for Everyone |year= 1969|publisher=Faber |location=London |isbn=0-571-08992-5}}
*Kuo, M. (2004, January). Agaricus bisporus: The common mushroom Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_bisporus.html]
*Kuo, M. (2004, January). Agaricus bisporus: The common mushroom Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_bisporus.html]
*City of Hope Research[http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx]
* CLA Reference [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005974]


==External links==
==External links==
Line 101: Line 145:
*[http://www.mssf.org/cookbook/button.html Mushroom cookbook and information]
*[http://www.mssf.org/cookbook/button.html Mushroom cookbook and information]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeTE8FRUlGY&NR=1 An informative video illustrating the cultivation and harvest of Agaricus bisporus]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeTE8FRUlGY&NR=1 An informative video illustrating the cultivation and harvest of Agaricus bisporus]
*[http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx Article about City of Hope's White Button Mushroom Research]

* [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090318/ts_afp/healthcanceraustraliachina_20090318094350 Study of the effects of mushroom consumption (including the genus agaricus) on 2000+ woman]
* [http://www.cancermonthly.com/iNP/view.asp?ID=243 Cancer Monthly Article About Recent Research with the White Button Mushroom]
[[Category:Agaricus]]
[[Category:Agaricus]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]

Revision as of 21:27, 30 March 2009

Common mushroom
Secure
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Subclass:
Homobasidiomycetidae
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Agaricaceae
Genus:
Agaricus
Species:
A. bisporus
Binomial name
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is free
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is edible

Agaricus bisporus, known as table mushroom, portobello mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom, is an edible basidiomycete fungus which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across Europe and North America, though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in the world. The original wild form bore a brownish cap and dark brown gills but more familiar is the current variant with a white form with white cap, stalk and flesh and brown gills.

Some grocery stores in the Western world sell this mushroom in canned and fresh preparations. An agaric, its gills are often left on in preparations. It can be found cooked on pizzas and casseroles, stuffed mushrooms, raw on salads, and in various forms in a variety of dishes. Currently the City of Hope National Medical Center, is researching this mushroom's potential as a cancer preventative agent.[1]

Taxonomy and naming

Agaricus bisporus is known by many names, several of which refer to different stages: "button mushroom" when sold, collected, or eaten in young, unopened form, "crimini mushroom" or "baby bella" as an immature portobello, or "portobello mushroom" as a large, brown, mature mushroom. It is known as the champignon de Paris in France. It is also often called simply "champignon" (the french word for "mushroom") in several languages.

The cultivated mushroom is a member of the large genus Agaricus, which has numerous members which are edible, tasty, and collected worldwide. The next best-known is the commonly collected wild mushroom (A. campestris), known in North America as the meadow mushroom or field mushroom in England and Australia. This can be found throughout much of the United States and Europe.

The common mushroom has a complicated taxonomic history. It was first described as a variety (var. hortensis) of A. campestris in 1884, before Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange reviewed the cultivated form, naming it as a variety Psalliota hortensis var. bispora in 1926, its epithet derived from its two-spored basidia (as distinct from other members of the genus which had four-spored basidia). Mõller and Schäffer raised the mushroom to species status as Psalliota bispora in 1938. It was given its current binomial name of Agaricus bisporus by Emil J. Imbach upon the renaming of Psalliota to Agaricus in 1946.[2]

The earlier Agaricus brunnescens was a name coined by Charles Horton Peck in 1900 and proposed as the correct name for the mushroom; however, this description referred to a four-spored collection and cannot be ascribed to A. bisporus.[2]

Description

Agaricus bisporus
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy94 kJ (22 kcal)
3.3 g
Sugars1.7 g
Dietary fiber1.0 g
0.3 g
3.1 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
7%
0.08 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
31%
0.4 mg
Niacin (B3)
23%
3.6 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
30%
1.5 mg
Vitamin C
2%
2 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Iron
3%
0.5 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]

The pileus or cap of the original wild species is a pale grey-brown in color, with broad, flat scales on a paler background and fading toward the margins. It is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity, and 5-10 cm (2-4 in) in diameter. The narrow, crowded gills are free and initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown with a whitish edge from the cheilocystidia. The cylindrical stipe is up to 6 cm (2⅓ in) tall by 1-2 cm wide and bears a thick and narrow ring, which may be streaked on the upperside. The firm flesh is white though stains a pale pinkish-red on bruising.[5][6] The spore print is dark brown. The spores are oval to round and measure around 4.5-5.5 x 5-7.5 μm, and the basidia usually two-spored, although two tetrasporic varieties have been described from the Mojave desert and the Mediterranean with predominantly heterothallic and homothallic lifestyles, respectively[7][8]

Commonly found in fields and grassy areas after rain from late spring through to autumn worldwide, especially in association with manure. It is widely collected and eaten, even by those who would not normally experiment with mushrooming.[6]

Danger of identifying Agaricus bisporus in the wild

See also: Mushroom hunting

The common mushroom could be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous destroying angel (Amanita spp.), but the latter can be distinguished by their volva or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of Agaricus bisporus). Thus it is important to always clear away debris and examine the base of a mushroom, as well as cutting open young specimens to check the gills. Furthermore, the destroying angel grows in mossy woods and lives symbiotically with spruce.

A more common and less dangerous mistake is to confuse A. bisporus with the inedible yellow-staining mushroom (Agaricus xanthodermus), a common mushroom found worldwide in grassy areas which can be distinguished by its chemical smell reminiscent of phenol and its flesh which turns yellow on bruising. This fungus causes nausea and vomiting in some people.

The poisonous Entoloma sinuatum has a passing resemblance but has yellowish gills turning pink and lacks a ring.

Nutrition and culinary use

Research is being conducted at the City of Hope to study this mushroom due to evidence it may possess breast cancer preventative properties.[9] The reason some mushrooms like Agaricus bisporus, may reduce the risk of breast cancer, is due to the fact they have been shown to inhibit aromatase and estrogen synthesis.[10]

Agaricus bisporus has been found to contain conjugated linoleic acid, which is thought to be associated with some of the mushroom's health benefits.[11]

Mushrooms contain high amounts of vitamin B group, sodium, potassium and phosphorus.[12] Raw mushrooms are cholesterol and fat-free, and very low in calories. Recent studies have found that they are a good source of Vitamin D.[13]

Like potatoes, apples and avocados, table mushrooms oxidize ("rust") quickly when exposed to air. When sliced and exposed to air for ten minutes or more, the mushrooms quickly soften, turn a brownish color, and lose their original flavor.

History of cultivation

A mushroom farm in Hungary

Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus originated in France, when agriculturist Olivier de Serres noted that transplanting mushroom mycelium would lead to more mushrooms. Originally, cultivation was unreliable as mushroom growers would watch for good flushes of mushrooms in fields before digging up the mycelium and replanting in beds of composted manure or inoculating 'bricks' of compressed litter, loam and manure. Spawn collected this way contained pathogens and crops would be commonly infected or not grow at all.[14]

In 1893 sterilised, or pure culture, spawn was discovered and produced by the Pasteur Institute in Paris.[15] Today's commercial variety of the common mushroom was originally a light brown color. In 1926, a Pennsylvanian mushroom farmer found a clump of common mushrooms with white caps in his mushroom bed. Like white bread it was seen as a more attractive food item and was very popular.[16] As was done with the navel orange and Red Delicious apple, cultures were grown from the mutant individuals, and most of the cream-colored store mushrooms we see today are products of this chance natural mutation.

Agaricus bisporus is cultivated in at least 70 countries around the world.[2] In most supermarkets, common mushrooms are marketed as "table mushrooms" and are often packed in small quantities. Mushrooms may be sold sliced or whole.

Portobello mushroom

The Portobello mushroom is a large brown strain of the same fungus, left to mature and take on a broader, more open shape before picking. Portobello mushrooms are distinguished by their large size, thick cap and stem, and a distinctive musky smell. Because of their size and the thickness of their fleshy caps, these mushrooms can be cooked in a range of different ways, including grilling and frying. When grilled, they are popular for replacing the meat patty in hamburgers.

Sometimes the name is found altered to "Portabella". The spellings Portabello or Portobella are also encountered, but these are incorrect because they ignore the rules of Italian noun-adjective agreement. Porto bello means 'beautiful port', while porta bella means 'beautiful door'. But the phrases *porta bello or *porto bella do not exist at all in Romance languages.

  • Portobello mushrooms
    Portobello mushrooms
  • Portobello mushrooms are popular mushrooms for stuffing
    Portobello mushrooms are popular mushrooms for stuffing
  • Cross-section
    Cross-section
  • View from underneath
    View from underneath

Crimini mushroom

Although sometimes described a sub-variety of the portobello mushroom, the Crimini or Cremini mushroom is actually an immature portobello. Marketers have begun to refer to Crimini mushrooms as baby Portobellos and Portabellinis or BabyBellas. Left to grow another 48 to 72 hours, a Crimini mushroom will more than quadruple in size, taking on the large-capped Portobello shape. They are more delicate in texture but still have the meaty Portobello flavor.

Agaricus bisporus and Cancer Prevention Research

Research is being conducted at the City of Hope to study this mushroom due to the fact it has cancer preventative properties.[9]

Researchers think some mushrooms, like Agaricus bisporus, may be able to prevent breast cancer due to the fact they can inhibit aromatase and estrogen synthesis.[10]

Interesting to note, mushrooms of the genus Agaricus contain the hydrazine agaritine (and lesser amounts of other hydrazines like gyromitrin), a suspected carcinogen.[17][18]. Most hydrazines (over 80%) are known carcinogens.

See also

Template:Fungiportal

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx
  2. ^ a b c Template:It iconCappelli, Alberto (1984). Fungi Europaei:Agaricus. Saronno, Italy: Giovanna Biella. pp. 123–25.
  3. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  4. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  5. ^ Zeitlmayr L (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
  6. ^ a b Carluccio A (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. pp. 21–22. ISBN 1-84400-040-0.
  7. ^ Callac P, Billette C, Imbernon M, Kerrigan RW. (1993). Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of Agaricus bisporus from the Sonoran Desert of California. Mycologia 85:835–851.
  8. ^ Callac P, Imbernon M, Guinberteau J, Pirobe L, Granit S, Olivier JM, Theochari I. (2000). Discovery of a wild Mediterranean population of Agaricus bisporus, and its usefulness for breeding work. Mushroom Science 15:245–252.
  9. ^ a b Chen, S. (2006), "Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).", Cancer Res., 66 (24): 12026–12034, PMID 17178902 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 51 (help)
  10. ^ a b Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S, Hur G, Ye JJ, Kwok SL, Shrode GE, Belury M, Adams LS, Williams D (2006). "Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)". Cancer Res. 66 (24): 12026–34. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206. PMID 17178902. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S. (2008). "White button mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)exhibits antiproliferative and propapoptopic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice". Nutrition and Cancer. 60 (24): 744–756. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206. PMID 19005974. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 136 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Benjamin, Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas, p. 67
  13. ^ Mushrooms and vitamin D
  14. ^ Genders. p19
  15. ^ Genders. p18
  16. ^ Genders. p121
  17. ^ NCBI.NLM.NIM.GOV Abstract
  18. ^ Agartine, Fungi.com

http://www.cityofhope.org/about/publications/hope-news/2008-vol-3-num-19-june-16/Pages/researchers-study-mushrooms-cancerfighting-potential.aspx

References

  • Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
  • Genders, Roy (1969). Mushroom Growing for Everyone. London: Faber. ISBN 0-571-08992-5.
  • Kuo, M. (2004, January). Agaricus bisporus: The common mushroom Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: [1]
  • City of Hope Research[2]
  • CLA Reference [3]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agaricus bisporus.
Wikispecies has information related to Agaricus bisporus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agaricus_bisporus&oldid=280732486"