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In addition, watercress is a known inhibitor of the [[Cytochrome P450]] [[CYP2E1]], which may result in altered drug metabolism for individuals on certain medications (ex., [[chlorzoxazone]]).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leclercq I, Desager JP, Horsmans Y |title=Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress |journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=144–9 |year=1998 |month=Aug |pmid=9728894 |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3 }}</ref>
In addition, watercress is a known inhibitor of the [[Cytochrome P450]] [[CYP2E1]], which may result in altered drug metabolism for individuals on certain medications (ex., [[chlorzoxazone]]).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leclercq I, Desager JP, Horsmans Y |title=Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress |journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=144–9 |year=1998 |month=Aug |pmid=9728894 |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3 }}</ref>

It has been reported that the eating of watercress may temporatily produce the symptoms of cystitis in some people.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:22, 21 November 2009

For the vegetable sometimes called Chinese watercress, see Ipomoea aquatica.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)

Watercresses (Nasturtium officinale, N. microphyllum; formerly Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, R. microphylla) are fast-growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plants native from Europe to central Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by human beings. It is an invasive species in the Great Lakes region where it was first sighted in 1847.[1] These plants are members of the Family Brassicaceae or cabbage family, botanically related to garden cress and mustard — all noteworthy for a peppery, tangy flavour.

The hollow stems of watercress are floating and the leaves are pinnately compound. Watercresses produce small white and green flowers in clusters.

Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (nomenclaturally invalid) and Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. are synonyms of N. officinale. Nasturtium officinale var microphyllum (Boenn. ex Reich.) Thellung is a synonym of N. microphyllum (ITIS, 2004). These species are also listed in some sources as belonging to the genus Rorippa, although molecular evidence shows that the aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to Cardamine than Rorippa.[2] Watercresses are not closely related to the flowers in the genus Tropaeolum (Family Tropaeolaceae), popularly known as "nasturtiums".

Watercress cultivation

Watercress beds in Warnford, Hampshire

Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large scale and a garden scale. Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to hydroponic cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly alkaline. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of chalk streams. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply. This is due in part to the fact that cress leaves are unsuitable for distribution in dried form and can only be stored for a short period.

However (in the UK at least), the packaging used by supermarkets using sealed plastic bags under some internal pressure (a plastic envelope containing moisture and pressurised (inflated) to prevent crushing of contents) has allowed the distribution of watercress. This has allowed national availability with a once purchased storage life of 1 – 2 days in chilled/refrigerated storage.

If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50-120 cm. Also sold as sprouts, the edible shoots are harvested days after germination.

Like many plants in this family, the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers.

New Market, Alabama, was once known (in the 1940s) as the "Watercress Capital of the World"[3] in America.

Watercress is one of the main ingredients in V8 Vegetable Juice. Watercress is often used in sandwiches, such as those made for afternoon tea.

Watercress is grown in a number of counties of the UK, most notably Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Dorset, although the first commercial cultivation was along the River Ebbsfleet in Kent grown by William Bradbery (horticulturist) in 1808. Alresford, near Winchester, is often considered the watercress capital of Britain (to the extent that a steam railway line is named after the famous local crop). In recent years, watercress has become more widely available in the UK, at least in the South-East, being stocked pre-packed in some supermarkets, as well as fresh by the bunch at farmers' markets and greengrocers. Value-added produce such as the traditional watercress soup, as well as watercress pesto are increasingly easy to source.

Health benefits and cancer defense

Watercress contains significant amounts of iron, calcium and folic acid, in addition to vitamins A and C.[4][5] In some regions watercress is regarded as a weed, in other regions as an aquatic vegetable or herb. Watercress crops grown in the presence of animal waste can be a haven for parasites such as the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.[6]

Many benefits from eating watercress are claimed, such as that it acts as a stimulant, a source of phytochemicals and antioxidants, a diuretic, an expectorant, and a digestive aid.[7] It also appears to have cancer-suppressing properties; it is widely believed to help defend against lung cancer.[8][9][10][11] Due to its high iodine content, watercress has a strengthening effect on the thyroid gland , thus beneficial for suffers of hypothyroidism.

In addition, watercress is a known inhibitor of the Cytochrome P450 CYP2E1, which may result in altered drug metabolism for individuals on certain medications (ex., chlorzoxazone).[12]

It has been reported that the eating of watercress may temporatily produce the symptoms of cystitis in some people.

References

  1. ^ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes". Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  2. ^ Al-Shehbaz I, Price RA (1998). "Delimitation of the genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae)". Novon. 8 (2): 124–6. doi:10.2307/3391978. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Huntsville's Missile Payload
  4. ^ "Watercress nutritional analysis". Retrieved Nov 01 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ "Watercress, FoodRecipe.ORG". Retrieved Nov 01 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ^ CDC Parasites & Health: Fascioliasis
  7. ^ Watercress soup and the health benefits of watercress
  8. ^ Hecht SS, Chung FL, Richie JP; et al. (1995). "Effects of watercress consumption on metabolism of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in smokers". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 4 (8): 877–84. PMID 8634661. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Medical News TODAY - Compounds in broccoli, cauliflower, and watercress block lung cancer progression
  10. ^ Times Online - Eating raw watercress every day may reduce risk of cancer
  11. ^ Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Murphy SE (1999). "Effects of watercress consumption on urinary metabolites of nicotine in smokers". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 8 (10): 907–13. PMID 10548320. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Leclercq I, Desager JP, Horsmans Y (1998). "Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 64 (2): 144–9. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3. PMID 9728894. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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