Macedonian Struggle: Difference between revisions

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The Struggle for Macedonia 1904-1908 was military conflict between Balkan nations for region of Macedonia.

Macedonian Struggle (Greek: Μακεδονικὸς Ἀγών) is how the Greeks describe their military conflicts against the Bulgarians and the Turkish forces in Ottoman occupied Macedonia during the first decade of the 20th century.

After the successful coup d'etat for the incorporation of Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria started a long term policy regarding the Ottomans, orchestrating a methodical scenario of indirect expansion through the creation in 1893 inside the Ottoman occupied Macedonia of a united, liberating, revolutionary organization (see IMRO) allegedly without national colour. IMRO's rhetoric claimed to be speaking generally for liberation on behalf of the “Macedonian People”. The movenent was in fact a Bulgarian backed organization created with a secret agenda to facilitate the incorporation of Thrace (Eastern and Western) and Macedonia (Aegean and the Vardar) into a new autonomous state (where the Bulgarian people was not a majority), as an intermediate step before unification with Bulgaria could take place in the same way as with Eastern Rumelia. After initial success Serbia and especially Greece realized the true purpose of IMRO and consequently a vicious guerrilla war broke out between Bulgarian, Serbian, and Greek backed groups within Macedonia, ending when the Young Turks movement came into power in the Ottoman Empire with its democratic and modernization agenda.

Causes

The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a loss that appalled Greeks. The nationalist organization Ethniki Etairia, considered to be responsible for the outbreak of the war, dissolved under the pressure of Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis. But the young officers that had established the organization did not lose contact. They conferred with each other over the situation in Macedonia where the Bulgarians had made intense and systematic interventions, with the support of the Bulgarian Exarchate, especially for the foundation of schools.

Since 1899, the guerrillas of the VMRO turned against Ottoman authorities with the slogan "autonomy for Macedonia". The guerrillas purported to be protectors of all Christians in the area, for this reason they initially did not bother Greece. But gradually, increasing tensions emerged among the followers of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (the patriarchalists, mostly, but not only, Greeks) and those of the Bulgarian Exarchate; this brought to the assassination by the VMRO of members of pro-Greek and pro-Serbian parties.

The situation became heated in Macedonia and started to affect Greek, Serbian and European public opinion. In April 1903, a group called Gemidzhii (in Greek: βαρκάρηδες "boat-men") with some assistance from the VMRO blew up the French ship Guadalquivir and the Ottoman Bank in the harbour of Thessaloniki. In August 1903, VMRO managed to organise an uprising (the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising) in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. After the forming of the short-lived Krushevo Republic, the insurrection was suppressed by the Ottomans with the subsequent destruction of many villages and the devastation of large areas in Western Macedonia and around Kırk Kilise near Adrianople.

In Athens, nationalist organisations organised demonstrations against Bulgaria, but the official Greek State, numbed from the defeat of 1897 hesitated over what to do.

Early stage

From 1900 onwards, the Bulgarian atrocities had upset the Greek Macedonians. The Bishop of Kastoria, Germanos Karavangelis sent to Macedonia by the ambassador of Greece Nikolaos Mavrokordatos and the consul of Greece in Monastiri, Ion Dragoumis, realised that it was time to act in a more efficient way and started organising Greek opposition.

As Ion Dragoumis wrote in his calendar I am thinking how these communities of Greece outside of the Greek Kingdom can affiliate in our state. Why wait their liberation only from Greece? Let them work as Greece didn’t exist and then she will help them.

While Dragoumis concerned himself with the financial organisation of the efforts, Bishop Germanos animated the Greek population against the IMRO and formed committees to promote the Greek national interests. Taking advantage of the internal political and personal disputes in VMRO, Karavangelis initially succeeded to recruit some VMRO former members and to organize guerilla groups, that were later reinforced with people sent from Greece and thus were mainly composed of ex-officers of the Hellenic Army, volunteers brought from Crete, Mani, as well as Macedonian Greeks, such as Vangelis Strebreniotis from the village of Asprogia and Christos Kottas from the village of Rulya, a former adherent of the VMRO. The VMRO forces were in certain occasions backed up by the Ottoman authorities and armed forces, since the Turks were giving their support according to their interests also in VMRO.

The fighters for the Greek cause labelled themselves Makedonomachoi (Μακεδονομάχοι - Macedonian Fighters) and were portrayed by Greek writer Penelope Delta in her novel Τά μυστικά τοῦ Βάλτου (Ta Mystiká tou Váltou - The Secrets of the Swamp), as well as in the book of memoirs Ὁ Μακεδονικός Ἀγών (The Macedonian Struggle) by Germanos Karavangelis, while on the other side, the fighters of VMRO and their activities are depicted in the book Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, written by Albert Sonnichsen, an American volunteer in the VMRO during the Greek struggle for Macedonia.

Official Greek involvement

The official Greek State became anxious not only because of the Bulgarian penetration in Macedonia, but also due to the Serbian interest, which was concentrated mainly in Skopje and Bitola area. The rioting in Macedonia, the atrocities of Bulgarian guerrilla troops against locals who considered themselves as Greeks and especially the death of Pavlos Melas in 1904 (he was the first Greek officer to enter Macedonia with guerrillas) caused intense nationalistic feelings in Greece. This led to the decision to send more guerrilla troops in order to thwart Bulgarian efforts to bring all of the Slavic speaking majority population of Macedonia on their side.

The Greek Consulate in Thessaloniki became the centre of the struggle, coordinating the guerrilla troops, distributing of military material and nursing wounded. Fierce conflicts between the Greeks and Bulgarians started in the area of Kastoria, in the Giannitsa Lake and elsewhere; both parties committed cruel crimes at points. The greatest bloodshed was the massacre in the village Zagorichani (was predomintantly populated by Bulgarians) in Kastoria district on 25 March 1905 when 79 villagers were executed by Greek andartes at nighttime.

Both guerilla groups had also to confront the Turkish Army. These conflicts ended after the revolution of "Young Turks" in July, 1908, as they promised to respect all ethnicities and religions and generally to provide a constitution.

Consequences

The success of Greek efforts in Macedonia was an experience that gave confidence to the country. It helped to develop an intention to annex areas with Greek population and in general establish Greek presence in Macedonia. After the Balkan Wars the part of Macedonia ceded to Greece included most of the areas that were controlled by Greek guerilla troops during the conflicts with the Bulgarians from 1904 to 1908.

References

Koliopoulos, Ioannis: History of Greece from 1800, Nation, State and Society, Thessaloniki, 2000 ISBN 960-288-072-4
Dakin, Douglas: "The Greek Struggle in Macedonia 1897-1913" Thessaloniki, 1966 ISBN 960-8303-2-6
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos: "History of the Greek Nation 1204-1985" (in Greek language)
Karavangelis, Germanos: "The Macedonian Struggle" (Memoirs)
Sonnichsen, Albert: Confessions of a Macedonian Bandit: A Californian in the Balkan Wars, The Narrative Press, ISBN 1-58976-237-1 (the Macedonian struggle from a perspective of an American volunteer in VMRO)
Rappoport, Alfred: [http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=966647133&searchurl=an%3DAlfred%2BRappoport%26ph%3D2%26sortby%3D3%26tn%3DAu%2BPays%2BDes%2BMartyrs
Richards, Louise Parker (1903). "[http://books.google.com/books?id=FoXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4066 What the Macedonian Trouble Is]". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. VII: 4066–4073. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
Au pays des martyrs. Notes et souvenirs d'un ancien consul-général d'Autriche-Hongrie en Macédoine (1904-1909)]. Librarie Universitaire J. Gamber, Paris, 1927. Memoirs of the General Consul of Austro-Hungary in Macedonia. Cat. No. 7029530203814

External links