User:Moxy/sandbox: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m moved User:Buzzzsherman/sandbox to User:Moxy/sandbox: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "Buzzzsherman" to "Moxy" |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
===Aboriginal peoples=== |
|||
{{seealso|Aboriginal peoples in Canada}} |
|||
[[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] comprise the [[First Nations]],<ref name="First Nations Culture Areas Index">{{cite web |
|||
[[United States Marine Corps]] Delta Co, call sign '''Flight Time'''; was the last full team from the [[3rd Reconnaissance Battalion]] of six men [[Killed in action|killed in action]] during the [[Vietnam War]], on June 4, 1969.<ref name=Kozlowski>{{cite web|title=Remembering Team Flight Time|first=Stan |last=Kozlowski|url=http://www.3rdrecon.org/pdf/hs0409.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=3rd Reconnaissance Association |year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=3d Reconnaissance Battalion. 3d Marine Division |url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/1201/1201024032.pdf|format=pdf|year=1969|accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> |
|||
| title = Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture |
|||
| work = Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |
|||
| publisher = Government of Canada |
|||
| date = May 12, 2006 |
|||
| url = http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml |
|||
| accessdate =2009-09-18 }}</ref> [[Inuit]]<ref name="ICCcharter">{{cite web |
|||
| title = Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter |
|||
| work = Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter |
|||
| publisher = |
|||
| date = 2007 |
|||
| url = http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=¤t_slide_num= |
|||
| accessdate =2009-09-18 }} |
|||
</ref> and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]].<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| title = In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada |
|||
| work = Faculty of Law |
|||
| publisher =[[University of Manitoba]] |
|||
| date = 2007 |
|||
| url = http://www.umanitoba.ca/law/newsite/kawaskimhon_factums/FINALWrittenSubmissionsofFederalCrown_windsor.pdf |
|||
| format = pdf |
|||
|page=2 |
|||
| accessdate =2009-09-18 }} |
|||
</ref> The descriptors "Indian" and "[[Eskimo]]" are falling into disuse.<ref name="kaplan">{{cite web |
|||
| last = Kaplam |
|||
| first = Lawrence |
|||
| title = Inuit or Eskimo: Which names to use? |
|||
| publisher = [[Alaska Native Language Center]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] |
|||
| date = 2002 |
|||
| url = http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/inuitoreskimo.html |
|||
| accessdate =2007-04-06 }} |
|||
</ref> [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are the earliest archaeological sites of human ([[Paleo-Indians]]) habitation in Canada.<ref name=Griebel>{{cite web |
|||
| last = Griebel |
|||
| first = Ron |
|||
| title = The Bluefish Caves |
|||
| publisher = Minnesota State University |
|||
| date = |
|||
| url = http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/bluefishcaves.html |
|||
| accessdate =2009-09-18 }} |
|||
</ref><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| title = Beringia: humans were here |
|||
| work = Gazette (Montreal) |
|||
| publisher = CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. |
|||
| date = May 17, 2008 |
|||
| url = http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/saturdayextra/story.html?id=2a31375e-e834-407d-b8db-2a0010ad4acf&p=2 |
|||
| format = re-published online by Canada.com |
|||
| accessdate =2009-09-18 }} |
|||
</ref> Among the First Nations peoples, there are eight unique stories of [[Creation myth#North America|creation]] and their adaptations.These are the earth diver, world parent, emergence, conflict, robbery, rebirth of corpse, two creators and their contests, and the brother myth.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
|editor=Dickason, Olive |
|||
| title = The Native Imprint: The Contribution of First Peoples to Canada's Character |
|||
| publisher = Athabasca: [[Athabasca University]] Educational Enterprises |
|||
|volume=1 |
|||
| date = 1995 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> Canadian Aboriginal [[civilization]]s established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, [[agriculture]], civic and monumental architecture, and [[complex society|complex societal hierarchies]].<ref name="Complex ">{{cite book |
|||
| editors= [[Peter Turchin]], [[Leonid Grinin]], [[Andrey Korotayev]], and Victor C. de Munck. |
|||
| coauthors = Grinin L., Munck V. C. de, Korotayev A. |
|||
| title = History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies |
|||
|isbn=5484010020 |
|||
|date=2006 |
|||
|publisher=Moscow: KomKniga/[[Editorial URSS|URSS]] |
|||
| url = http://edurss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=53185&lang=en&blang=en&list=Found |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> Some of these civilisations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early [[16th century|16th centuries]]), and are discovered through [[archaeology|archaeological]] investigations. Others were contemporary with this period recorded in historical accounts of the time. The Métis culture of [[mixed blood]] originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers.<ref name=testt>{{cite web |
|||
| title = What to Search: Topics-Canadian Genealogy Centre-Library and Archives Canada |
|||
| work = Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups |
|||
| publisher = Government of Canada |
|||
| date = 2009-05-27 |
|||
| url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html |
|||
| accessdate =2009-10-02 }} |
|||
</ref> The Inuit had more limited interaction with [[Europe]]an settlers during that early period.<ref name=warin>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/innu_culture.html|title=Innu Culture 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'|work=1999, Adrian Tanner |
|||
Department of Anthropology-Memorial University of Newfoundland| accessdate =2009-10-05 }}</ref> |
|||
Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. Combined with relatively late [[economic development]] in many regions, this peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a relatively strong influence on the national culture while preserving their own identity.<ref name="cultural influences">{{cite paper |
|||
== Last Mission == |
|||
|url=http://www.foreign-policy-dialogue.ca/pdf/DialogueEng.pdf |
|||
[[Image:Hill 471.jpg|thumb|left|Hill 471 Today(Just behind lampost)]] |
|||
|title=A Dialogue on Foreign Policy |
|||
On 02 June 1969 Recon Team "Flight Time" from D Company, [[3rd Reconnaissance Battalion]], was inserted on Hill 471 about a [[kilometer]] south of [[Khe Sanh]] in the [[Quang Tri Province|Quảng Trị Province]], [[Vietnam]], On the night of 03/04 June 1969 the team was attacked by an [[enemy]] force and requested both [[emergency]] [[extraction]] and [[immediate]] [[reinforcement]]. [[Communications]] with the team were lost at 0320.<ref name=Reconnaissance>{{cite web|title=Recollections Of Vietnam|url=http://www.3rdrecon.org/Heroes.htm|publisher=3rd Reconnaissance Association |year=2008|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> When the [[reactionary]] [[force]] arrived a little after 0400 they were too late ... the six members of "Flight Time" were dead.<ref name=Kozlowski/> Five members of the team were in a small trench; the sixth, Cpl Buck, was approximately 10 [[meters]] further down the hillside.<ref name=Reconnaissance/> It was apparent from the state of the battle area that "Flight Time" had been [[overwhelmed]] in [[fierce]] [[hand-to-hand combat]].<ref name=Kozlowski/> |
|||
|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
|date=2003-01 |
|||
==Flight Time members == |
|||
|pages=15–16 |
|||
[[Image:FT Monument.JPG|225px|thumb|right|[[USMC]] [[3rd Reconnaissance Battalion]] and Team "'''Flight Time'''" [[Monument]] [[Ocala, Florida]]]] |
|||
|accessdate=2006-11-30 |
|||
*1stLt Michael M. O'Connor, [[Waterloo, IA]] Panel 23w Line 66<ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Maurice O'Connor|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/do/OconnorMM01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
}}</ref> [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North America|interactions]] during the European colonialisation period. [[Numbered treaties]], the [[Indian Act]], the [[Constitution Act, 1982|Constitution Act of 1982]] and case laws were established. Aboriginals construe these agreements as being between them and the [[Monarchy of Canada|Crown of Canada]] via the [[Indian Agent (Canada)|districts Indian Agent]], and not the [[Cabinet of Canada]].<ref name=FN>{{Citation| last=Assembly of First Nations| author-link=Assembly of First Nations| last2=Elizabeth II| author2-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| contribution=A First Nations - Federal Crown Political Accord| contribution-url = http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| place=Ottawa| publisher=Assembly of First Nations| url=http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| accessdate=2009-11-17}}</ref> |
|||
*Cpl William A. Buck, [[Fayetteville, NC]] Panel 23w Line 61<ref>{{cite web|title=William Andrew Buck, JrO'Connor|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/db/BuckWA01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
The [[Māori]] interprets the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] in [[New Zealand]] similarly.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
*Cpl William M. Wellman, [[New Carlisle, OH]] Panel 23w Line 69<ref>{{cite web|title=William Martin Wellman, Jr|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/dw/WellmanWM01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
| last = Mainville |
|||
*LCpl Douglas W. Barnitz, [[Columbus, OH]] Panel 23w Line 61<ref>{{cite web|title=Douglas Wanner Barnitz|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/db/BarnitzDW01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
| first = Sara |
|||
*Pfc Robert L. Pearcy, [[Big Bear Lake, CA]] Panel 23w Line 67<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Leslie Pearcy|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/dp/PearcyRL01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
| title = Lawsuits, treaty rights and the sacred balance |
|||
*Pfc Harold A. Skaggs, [[Phoenix, AZ]] Panel 23w Line 68<ref>{{cite web|title=Harold Alonzo Skaggs|url=http://www.virtualwall.org/ds/SkaggsHA01a.htm|publisher=The Vietnam Veterans Memorial "Virtual Wall"|year=2009|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref> |
|||
| publisher = Toronto Star |
|||
{{-}} |
|||
| date = Jun 01, 2007 |
|||
| url = http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/220171 |
|||
| accessdate =2009-10-02}} |
|||
</ref> A series of eleven [[treaty|treaties]] were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. The [[Government of Canada]] created the policy, commissioned the Treaty Commissioners and ratified the agreements. These Treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by [[Canadian Aboriginal law]] and overseen by the [[Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)|Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development]].<ref>{{cite web |
|||
| title = Treaty areas |
|||
| work = Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |
|||
| publisher = Government of Canada |
|||
| date = 2002-10-07 |
|||
| url = http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/treaty-traite.asp?Language=EN |
|||
| accessdate = 2009-10-02}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
According to the proposed ''First Nations– Federal Crown Political Accord'' "cooperation will be a cornerstone for partnership between Canada and First Nations, wherein ''Canada'' is the short-form reference to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.<ref name=FN /> The [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] argued that treaties "served to reconcile pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights".<ref name=FN>{{cite web |
|||
==See also== |
|||
| title = A First Nations-Federal Crown Political Accord on the Recognition and Implementation of First Nation Governments |
|||
{{USMCportallink}} |
|||
| work = Assembly of First Nations & Government of Canada |
|||
{{portal|Military of the United States|Naval Jack of the United States.svg|65}} |
|||
| date = April 19, 2004 |
|||
*[[3rd Marine Division]] |
|||
| url = http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf |
|||
*[[United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions]] |
|||
| format = pdf |
|||
*[[Organization of the United States Marine Corps]] |
|||
| accessdate =2009-10-02 }} |
|||
*Never Without Heroes by Lawreence C. Vetter, Jr. Chapter 12 pg.290 ISBN#0-8041-0807-2 |
|||
</ref> First Nations people interpreted agreements covered in [[treaty 8]] to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aboriginals/treaty8.html|title=What is Treaty 8?|work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| accessdate =2009-10-05 }}</ref> [[National Aboriginal Day]] recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/R32-179-2000E.pdf|title=National Aboriginal Day History|work=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |format=pdf | accessdate = 2009-10-18}}</ref> There are currently over 600 recognized [[List of First Nations peoples|First Nations governments or bands]] encompassing 1,172,790 <sup>2006</sup> people spread across Canada with distinctive [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Culture|Aboriginal cultures]], [[Spoken languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages|languages]], [[Native American art|art]], and [[First Nations music|music]].<ref name="one">{{cite web |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
| title = Assembly of First Nations - Assembly of First Nations-The Story |
|||
| publisher = Assembly of First Nations |
|||
==References== |
|||
| url = http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59 |
|||
{{Marine Corps}} |
|||
| accessdate = 2009-10-02}} |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
</ref><ref name="three">{{cite web |
|||
| title = Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object |
|||
==External links== |
|||
| publisher = Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |
|||
*[http://www.3rdrecon.org/ 3rd Recon Vietnam Veteran's page] |
|||
| date = May 12, 2006 |
|||
*[http://www.3rdrecon.org/index2.htm 3rd Recon Association] |
|||
| url = http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0000e.shtml |
|||
*[http://grunt.space.swri.edu/3recon.htm 3rd Recon Harborsite] |
|||
| accessdate = 2009-10-02}} |
|||
*[http://www.virtualwall.org/ The Virtual Wall Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall] |
|||
</ref><ref name="Aboriginal Identity 2006 Census">{{cite web |
|||
{{US Marine Corps navbox}} |
|||
| title = Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |
|||
[[Category:Military]] |
|||
| work = Census > 2006 Census: Data products > Topic-based tabulations > |
|||
[[Category:United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions|Recon3]] |
|||
| publisher = Statistics Canada, Government of Canada |
|||
| date = 06/12/2008 |
|||
| url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89122&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&Theme=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 |
|||
| accessdate = 2009-09-18}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
Revision as of 23:13, 6 April 2010
Aboriginal peoples
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations,[1] Inuit[2] and Métis.[3] The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse.[4] Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are the earliest archaeological sites of human (Paleo-Indians) habitation in Canada.[5][6] Among the First Nations peoples, there are eight unique stories of creation and their adaptations.These are the earth diver, world parent, emergence, conflict, robbery, rebirth of corpse, two creators and their contests, and the brother myth.[7] Canadian Aboriginal civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies.[8] Some of these civilisations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are discovered through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period recorded in historical accounts of the time. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers.[9] The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period.[10]
Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. Combined with relatively late economic development in many regions, this peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a relatively strong influence on the national culture while preserving their own identity.[11] The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialisation period. Numbered treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982 and case laws were established. Aboriginals construe these agreements as being between them and the Crown of Canada via the districts Indian Agent, and not the Cabinet of Canada.[12] The Māori interprets the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand similarly.[13] A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921. The Government of Canada created the policy, commissioned the Treaty Commissioners and ratified the agreements. These Treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.[14]
According to the proposed First Nations– Federal Crown Political Accord "cooperation will be a cornerstone for partnership between Canada and First Nations, wherein Canada is the short-form reference to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.[12] The Supreme Court argued that treaties "served to reconcile pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights".[12] First Nations people interpreted agreements covered in treaty 8 to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow."[15] National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada.[16] There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.[17][18][19]
- ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada. May 12, 2006. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ "Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter. 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada" (pdf). Faculty of Law. University of Manitoba. 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ Kaplam, Lawrence (2002). "Inuit or Eskimo: Which names to use?". Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ^ Griebel, Ron. "The Bluefish Caves". Minnesota State University. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ "Beringia: humans were here" (re-published online by Canada.com). Gazette (Montreal). CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ Dickason, Olive, ed. (1995). The Native Imprint: The Contribution of First Peoples to Canada's Character. Vol. 1. Athabasca: Athabasca University Educational Enterprises.
- ^ History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. 2006. ISBN 5484010020.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ "What to Search: Topics-Canadian Genealogy Centre-Library and Archives Canada". Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Government of Canada. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "Innu Culture 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'". 1999, Adrian Tanner Department of Anthropology-Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|work=at position 20 (help) - ^ "A Dialogue on Foreign Policy" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 2003-01: 15–16. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Assembly of First Nations; Elizabeth II (2004), "A First Nations - Federal Crown Political Accord" (PDF), 1, Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations, p. 3 http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf, retrieved 2009-11-17
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) Cite error: The named reference "FN" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Mainville, Sara (Jun 01, 2007). "Lawsuits, treaty rights and the sacred balance". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Treaty areas". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. Government of Canada. 2002-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "What is Treaty 8?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- ^ "National Aboriginal Day History" (pdf). Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "Assembly of First Nations - Assembly of First Nations-The Story". Assembly of First Nations. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. May 12, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Census > 2006 Census: Data products > Topic-based tabulations >. Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. 06/12/2008. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)