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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.gasammo.com/ GAS AMMO your source for the best handgun ammo in the world]
* [http://stoppingpower.info/index.php/.45 .45 ACP Videos]
* [http://stoppingpower.info/index.php/.45 .45 ACP Videos]
*[http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/45auto.html Ballistics By The Inch .45ACP results.]
*[http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/45auto.html Ballistics By The Inch .45ACP results.]

Revision as of 20:43, 28 September 2010

For the movie with the same name, see .45 (film).
Not to be confused with .45 Colt.
.45 ACP
.45 testing ACP cartridges full metal jacket (left) and hollow-point (right)
TypePistol
Place of origin United States
Service history
Used byNATO and others
WarsWorld War I – present
Production history
DesignerJohn Browning
Designed1904 [1]
Variants.45 ACP +P, .45 Super
Specifications
Case typeRimless, straight
Bullet diameter.452 in (11.5 mm)
Neck diameter.473 in (12.0 mm)
Base diameter.476 in (12.1 mm)
Rim diameter.480 in (12.2 mm)
Case length.898 in (22.8 mm)
Overall length1.260 in (32.0 mm)
Case capacity25 gr H2O (1.6 cm3)
Rifling twist1 in 16 in (406 mm)
Primer typeLarge pistol
Maximum pressure21,000 psi (140 MPa)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
165 gr (11 g) Federal Premium Low Recoil JHP 1,060 ft/s (320 m/s) 412 ft⋅lbf (559 J)
185 gr (12 g) Buffalo Bore JHP +P [3] 1,080 ft/s (330 m/s) 479 ft⋅lbf (649 J)
200 gr (13 g) Speer Gold Dot JHP +P 1,080 ft/s (330 m/s) 518 ft⋅lbf (702 J)
230 gr (15 g) Speer Lawman FMJ 830 ft/s (250 m/s) 352 ft⋅lbf (477 J)
Test barrel length: 5 in
Source(s): Midway USA[2]

The .45 ACP (11.43x23mm) (Automatic Colt Pistol), also known as the .45 Auto by C.I.P., is a cartridge designed by John Browning in 1904, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic .45 pistol and eventually the M1911 pistol adopted by the United States Army in 1911.[4] The .45 ACP has a good reputation for performance. The more energetic loads in the cartridge have the potential for remote wounding effects known as hydrostatic shock, but most attribute the effectiveness of the cartridge to large diameter bullets and reliable penetration.

Design and history

The U.S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s and early 20th century. The .45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double action versions of the same. The Cavalry had fielded some double action revolvers in .38 Long Colt. They determined that the .38-caliber round was significantly less effective against determined opponents, such as the warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine–American War, than the .45 Colt. The current issue rifle at the time, the .30-40 Krag, had also failed to stop Moro warriors effectively;[5] the British had similar issues switching to the .303 British, which resulted in the development of the Dum-dum bullet. This experience, and the Thompson-LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and the Cavalry to decide that a minimum of .45-caliber was required in the new handgun. Thompson and Major Louis Anatole LaGarde of the Medical Corps arranged tests on cadavers and animal remains in the Chicago stockyards, resulting in a finding that the .45 was the most effective pistol cartridge. They noted, however, that training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body.

Colt had been working with Browning on a .41-caliber cartridge in 1904, and in 1905 when the Cavalry asked for a .45-caliber equivalent Colt modified the pistol design to fire a .45-caliber version of the prototype .41-caliber round. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new .45 ACP cartridge. The original round that passed the testing fired a 200 grain (13 g) bullet at 900 ft/s (275 m/s), but after a number of rounds of revisions between Winchester Repeating Arms, Frankford Arsenal, and Union Metallic Cartridge, it ended up using a 230-grain (15 g) bullet fired at about 850 ft/s (260 m/s). The resulting .45-caliber cartridge, named the .45 ACP, was similar in performance to the .45 Schofield cartridge, and only slightly less powerful (but significantly shorter) than the .45 Colt cartridges the Cavalry was using.

By 1906 bids from six makers were submitted, among them Browning's design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut. DWM, which submitted two Luger P08 pistols adapted to the .45 ACP cartridge, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons.[6] One of the DWM pistols, serial number 1, was destroyed in testing; the remaining instance, serial number 2, is considered one of the most desirable collectors handguns in existence.[7]

In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the extensive testing with no failures, while the Savage design suffered 37 stoppages or parts failures.[6] The resulting Colt design was adopted as the Model 1911.

The .45 ACP Cartridge was conceived in the early days of the 20th Century. In 1904, the Frankford Arsenal and commercial manufacturers were asked by the U.S. Government to develop a .45 caliber pistol cartridge. Winchester and Colt, working together, developed a response released in 1905 as the ".45 Automatic Colt" matched to a new Colt pistol chambered for the cartridge.

The cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U.S. military purposes. Over the next few years a series of improved designs were offered, culminating in the adoption in 1911 of the "Cal. .45 Automatic Pistol Ball Cartridge, Model of 1911", a 1.273 inch cartridge with a bullet weight of 230 grains. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked "F A 8 11", for the August 1911 date.

The cartridge was designed by John Browning of Colt, but the most swaying influence over the choice of cartridge for the new Army pistol came from Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. (who would later design the famed Thompson submachine gun around the .45 ACP cartridge.) Thompson insisted on a real "man stopper" pistol, following the poor showing of the Army's .38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine-American War (1899–1902).

Cartridge dimensions

The .45 ACP has 1.62 ml (25 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.

.45 ACP

.45 ACP maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.[8] All sizes in millimeters (mm).

The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm (1 in 16 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 11.23 mm, Ø grooves = 11.43 mm, land width = 3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference.[9]

According to the official Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives guidelines the .45 ACP case can handle up to 130 MPa (19,000 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi (140 MPa), piezo pressure,[10] while the SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi (160 MPa), piezo pressure.

Performance

The result is one of the world's most effective combat pistol cartridges, one that combines very good accuracy and stopping power for use against human targets.[11] The cartridge also has relatively low muzzle blast and flash, as well as moderate recoil. The .45 ACP also operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of 21,000 psi (145 MPa) (compared to 35,000 psi/240 MPa for 9mmP and .40 S&W, 37,500 psi/260 MPa for 10mm Auto, 40,000 psi/280 MPa for .357 SIG), which helps extend service life of weapons it is fired in.

Like many pistol cartridges, it is a low-velocity round, and thus not particularly effective against body armor. Another drawback for large scale military operations is the cartridge's large size, weight, the increased material cost of manufacture compared to the smaller 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, and lack of compliance with Standardization Agreements pertaining to handgun ammunition currently enacted between the US and many of its allies.

Even in its non-expanding full metal jacket (FMJ) version, the .45 ACP cartridge has a reputation for effectiveness against human targets because its large diameter creates a deep and substantial permanent wound channel which lowers blood pressure more rapidly.[11] However, some writers, such as the published work of Marshall and Sanow, have cast the reputation of .45 ACP as being the "best" at this task into debate.[11] Marshall and Sanow's work, while receiving criticism from Dr. Fackler and others, show the .45 ACP, loaded with the best hollowpoint bullets and fired from a 5 in (13 cm) barrel to be a good "one shot stopper", somewhat better than the 9x19mm, equal with the .40 S&W, and only a few percentage points behind the "King" of the Marshall and Sanow study — the .357 Magnum fired from a 4 in (10 cm) barrel.[11]

The wounding potential of bullets is often characterized in terms of a bullet's expanded diameter, penetration depth, and energy. Bullet energy for .45 ACP loads varies from roughly 350 to 500 ft⋅lbf (470 to 680 J). It has been shown that bullets transferring over 500 ft⋅lbf (680 J) of energy in 12 inches of penetration can produce remote wounding effects sometimes called hydrostatic shock. However, at these levels of energy, these remote wounding effects and enhanced incapacitation do not always occur, in which case bullet performance depends on directly crushing tissue by means of expansion and penetration. The table below shows common performance parameters for several .45 ACP loads. Bullet weights from 185 to 230 grains are common. Penetration depths from 11 inches to over 27 inches are available for various applications and risk assessments. The Marshall and Sanow "one-shot stop" rating varies from 65% for the non-expanding FMJ which produces a ballistic pressure wave of 252 psi to over 90% for the some JHPs. The average incapacitation times (estimated for a 170 lb male shot in the center of the chest) vary from 7.2 to 13.8 seconds.

Manufacturer Load Mass (grains) Velocity (ft/s) Energy (ft•lbf) Expansion (inches)[12] Penetration (inches)[12] BPW[13](psi) PC[12] (cu in) TSC[12] (cu in) OSS[12] AIT[13] (sec)
Federal HydraShok JHP 230 850 369 0.78 12.0 587 5.73 28.4 94.4% 9.1
Remington Golden Saber JHP 230 875 391 0.75 14.3 522 6.32 25.4 92.9% 9.6
Cor-Bon JHP 185 1150 544 0.7 11.3 920 4.35 28.6 91.7% 7.2
Winchester Silvertip JHP 185 1000 411 0.79 12.0 654 5.88 30.2 82.2% 8.6
Winchester Ranger SXT 230 900 414 0.78 13 608 6.21 25.4 80.6% 8.9
Remington FMJ 230 835 356 0.45 27 252 4.29 9 64.75% 13.8

Key: Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin). Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin). BPW – ballistic pressure wave associated with remote wounding effects known as hydrostatic shock. PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method). TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin). OSS – Marshall and Sanow “one-shot stop” rating. AIT – Average incapacitation time, time from unobstructed hit in the center of the chest until involuntary incapacitation for 170 lb male as determined from ballistic pressure wave model.

Being a moderate-powered cartridge, the wide diameter of the .45 ACP bullets produces a decreased tendency to overpenetrate, which reduces the projectile's possibility of passing through the intended target with enough velocity to injure another person.[11] The combination of stopping power and controlled penetration makes the .45 ACP practical for police use, although numerous issues, including the resulting decrease in magazine capacity and the larger size and weight of pistols chambered in this caliber, have led more police departments in the USA to adopt sidearms in 9x19mm, .40 S&W, and .357 SIG. Modern versions of .45 ACP handguns have magazines capable of holding as many as 14 cartridges, such as the HS2000 (aka Springfield XD)or Glock model 21.[14]

.45 ACP hollowpoint (Federal HST) with two .22LR cartridges for comparison
Side on view of Sellier & Bellot .45 ACP cartridge with a metric ruler for scale

Many US tactical police units still use the .45 pistol round, including the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team.[15][16][17] While high capacity firearms are available in .45 ACP, the greater length and diameter of the .45 ACP means that the grip of the pistol must be longer and wider than the grip of a comparable pistol of a smaller caliber; this increase in grip size can make the pistol difficult to use for shooters with smaller hands.

Today most NATO militaries use sidearms chambered for the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, but the effectiveness of the .45 ACP cartridge has ensured its continued popularity with large caliber sport shooters, especially in the United States.[4] In addition, select military and police units around the world still use firearms firing the .45 ACP.[4] In 1985 the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol was replaced by the M9 Beretta 9mm pistol as the main sidearm of the U.S. military, although Special Forces and others continued to use the M1911A1 or other .45 ACP pistols. In August 2005, the DoD issued specifications for the Military Forces Joint Combat Pistol (JCP), a possible replacement for the M9 Pistol. The specification requires the JCP to be chambered for .45 ACP ammunition. The JCP procurement was postponed in 2006, but it seemed clear that the days of the M9 9mm pistol were coming to an end and that its replacement will mark a return to the .45 ACP cartridge.

The .45 Remington-Thompson ammunition is a heavier 250-grain (16.2 gram) bullet (as opposed to standard 230-grain .45ACP bullet) fired at higher muzzle velocities of about 1450 ft/s (440 m/s) producing 1,050 ft⋅lbf (1,420 J) of muzzle energy.

Because standard pressure and load .45 ACP rounds fired from handguns or short barreled submachine guns are inherently subsonic, it is one of the most powerful pistol calibers available for use in suppressed weapons since subsonic rounds are quieter than supersonic rounds. The latter inevitably produce a highly compressed shock wave, audible as a loud "crack", literally a small sonic boom, while they travel through the air. Suppressors reduce the audible "report" by slowing and channeling the high speed gas generated by the burning/expanding gunpowder before it exits the muzzle resulting in a muffled "cough". Suppressors cannot act on a supersonic shock wave continuously generated by a bullet exceeding the 1,100 ft/s (340 m/s) speed of sound, as this shock wave is continuously produced throughout the entire flight path over which the bullet is supersonic, which extends long after it exits the barrel. The downside to the use of .45 ACP in suppressed weapons is that increasing the diameter of the passage through a suppressor decreases the suppressor's efficiency; thus, while .45 ACP is among the most powerful suppressed pistol rounds, it is also one of the loudest. Most .45 suppressors must be fired "wet" (with an ablative medium, usually water) to bring sound levels down to "hearing-safe" (under 140 dB, generally).[18]

Base of Sellier & Bellot .45 ACP cartridge, showing lacquered primer
Several .45ACP variants: Hollow Point, FMJ, WW2 Era Military Issue Birdshot

Load variants

Several manufacturers market preloaded .45 ACP rounds in sizes ranging from 117 to 250 grains (8 g to 16 g), with the most popular commercial load being the standard military loading of a 230-grain (15 g) FMJ bullet at around 850 ft/s (260 m/s). Specialty rounds are available in weights under 100 grains (6.5 g) and over 260 grains (16.8 g); popular rounds among reloaders and target shooters include 185-and 230-grain (12 g and 15 g) bullets. Hollow-point rounds intended for maximum effectiveness against live targets are designed to expand upon impact with soft tissue, increasing the size of the permanent cavity left by the bullet as it passes through the target.

Most ammunition manufacturers also market what are termed "+P" loadings in pistol ammunition, including the .45 ACP. This means the cartridge is loaded to a higher maximum pressure level than the original SAAMI cartridge standard, generating higher velocity and more muzzle energy. In the case of the 45 ACP, the standard cartridge pressure is 21,000 PSI and the SAAMI 45 ACP +P standard is 23,000 PSI. This is a common practice for updating older cartridges to match the better quality of materials and workmanship in modern firearms.[4]

The terminology is generally given as ".45 ACP +P", and appears on the headstamp. It is important to note that +P cartridges have the same external dimensions as the standard-pressure cartridges and will chamber and fire in all firearms designed for the standard-pressure loadings. However, It should be noted that the inner dimensions of the +P cartridge are different than the standard-pressure cartidge dimensions and thus allows for higher pressures to be safely achieved in the +P cartridge. If +P loadings are used in firearms not specifically designed for them they may cause damage to the weapon and injuries to the operator.

Popular derivative versions of the .45 ACP are the .45 Super and .460 Rowland.[4] The Super is dimensionally identical to the .45 ACP, however, the cartridge carries a developer established pressure of 28,500 PSI and requires minor modification of quality firearms for use. The Rowland case is 0.057" longer specifically to prevent it from being chambered in standard .45 ACP firearms. The Rowland operates at a developer established 40,000 c.u.p. and may only be used within a select group of firearms significantly modified for this purpose. Brass cases for each of these cartridges carry the applicable name within the headstamp. The Super provides approximately 20% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P; the Rowland approximately 40% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P.[4]

Timeline

  • 1899/1900: Self-loading pistols test: Colt M1900 of .38 caliber entered
  • 1904: Thompson-LaGarde Tests—caliber of new handgun should be at least .45
  • 1906–1907: Handgun trials—Colt enters with .45 ACP design
  • 1910: Final tests—Colt pistol (designed by John Browning) out-performs Savage
  • March 29, 1911: The Colt pistol is officially adopted as the Model 1911—and with it, the .45 ACP cartridge.

Synonyms

  • .45 Auto
  • 11.43×23mm

References

  1. ^ Ayoob, Massad (2003). "The .45 ACP approaches its centennial - Handguns". Guns Magazine.
  2. ^ "Midway USA 45ACP page". Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ http://www.buffalobore.com/index.php?l=product_detail&p=63
  4. ^ a b c d e f Barnes, Frank C. (2003). Cartridges of the World: 10th Edition, Revised and Expanded. Krause Publications. p. 528. ISBN 978-0873496056. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ 1911 History
  6. ^ a b Background
  7. ^ Luger comment
  8. ^ "C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables - free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2008-10-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Wilson, R. K. Textbook of Automatic Pistols, p.229. Plantersville, SC: Small Arms Technical Publishing Company, 1943.
  10. ^ "SAAMI Pressures". Retrieved 2007-11-29.
  11. ^ a b c d e Marshall, EP, Sanow, EJ: Street Stoppers: The Latest Handgun Stopping Power Street Results, Paladin Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1996. ISBN 0-87364-872-2.
  12. ^ a b c d e Marshall and Sanow, Street Stoppers, Appendix A, Paladin 2006
  13. ^ a b From model in Courtney A, Courtney M: Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities. Brain Injury 21(7): 657–662, 2007.
  14. ^ Ayoob, Massad. "Choose your ammo ... police style". Backwoods Home Magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  15. ^ Diez, Octavio. Special Police Task Forces. Lima Publications. p. 40.
  16. ^ Hogg, Ian. Jane's Gun Regonition Guide, 2nd Edition. Harper Collins Publishers. p. 113.
  17. ^ Hopkins, Cameron (2000). "Most Wanted". American Handgunner. Publishers Development Corporation. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  18. ^ Truby, J. David(1987)Silencers, Snipers, and Assassins...an Overview of Whispering Death, Paladin Press, Boulder, CO, 216 pp. ISBN 0-87364-012-8
  19. ^ [1]
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