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==History==
==History==
[[Jatt]]-[[Sikhs]] are mostly descended from [[Jat people|Jat-Hindus]] <ref>The transformation of Sikh society‎ - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - ''The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...''</ref><ref>Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs‎ by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - ''The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism.'' ...</ref>
[[Jatt]]-[[Sikhs]] are mostly descended from [[Jat people|Jat-Hindus]] <ref>The transformation of Sikh society‎ - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - ''The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...''</ref><ref>Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs‎ by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - ''The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism.'' ...</ref> and some from [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat-Muslims]] who converted to Sikhism((fact)).


Jatts started to follow the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] in small numbers and this grew after<ref>The Sikh Revolution By Jagjit Singh ISBN 8188306002 page 205 onwards</ref><ref>Perspectives on Sikh Studies and The Development of Sikh Militarisation by Jagjit Singh Page 92 onwards courtesy http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf</ref> the formation of the [[Khalsa]]. They converted ''en masse'' to Sikhism from the time of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], and formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the [[Mughal Empire]] from the 18th century onwards.
Jatts started to follow the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] in small numbers and this grew after<ref>The Sikh Revolution By Jagjit Singh ISBN 8188306002 page 205 onwards</ref><ref>Perspectives on Sikh Studies and The Development of Sikh Militarisation by Jagjit Singh Page 92 onwards courtesy http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf</ref> the formation of the [[Khalsa]]. They converted ''en masse'' to Sikhism from the time of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], and formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the [[Mughal Empire]] from the 18th century onwards.

Revision as of 17:10, 18 January 2011

Jatt Sikh (Template:Lang-pa, also Jat Sikh) refers to a sub group of the Sikh ethnoreligious group from the Indian subcontinent. They comprise of at least half[1][2] of the Sikh population in Punjab, with some sources estimating their majority[3] to be about 60%[2][4] to 66%[5] of the Sikh population.

History

Jatt-Sikhs are mostly descended from Jat-Hindus [6][7] and some from Jat-Muslims who converted to Sikhism((fact)).

Jatts started to follow the teachings of Guru Nanak in small numbers and this grew after[8][9] the formation of the Khalsa. They converted en masse to Sikhism from the time of Banda Singh Bahadur, and formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the Mughal Empire from the 18th century onwards.

At least 7 of the 12 Sikh Misls (Sikh confederacies) were led by Jatt-Sikhs.

Influence of Sikhism on Jatts

Jat Sikhs (as well as Sikhs in general [10]) appeared to possess more of a martial streak than their non-Sikh brethren. The reason for this was summed up by Major A.E. Barstow as being due to the influence of Sikhism.

"As has already been explained the virtues of the Jats are identical with those of the Sikhs, but the latter possess in a higher degree the ardent military spirit which had its origin in the warlike precepts of Gobind Singh." [10]

Dr. Irfan Habib, Professor Emeritus, Aligarh Muslim University, argues that Sikhism did a lot to uplift[11] the status of Jatts in general.The late Professor Kishan Singh[12] states

“A serious contradiction afflicts the Jat farmer of the Punjab. He has unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh, yet at the same time he is inbued with traits typical of a Jat. There are two sides to the Jat’s known traits. One has a positive effect in the sense that it saves him from feeling inferior; and the other side is negative. It makes him overbearing and arrogant which is a disease. A jat’s negative traits can be suppressed only through the true spirit of Sikhism.”

Jatt Sikhs in the army

Jatt Sikhs according to Major AE Barstow."[13] were very good soldiers, and due to the influence of Sikhism,[14] possessed more of a martial quality than their other non-Sikh Jat brethren. Barstow further comments, that due to their diet, fondness for wrestling (something encouraged and taught by Guru Angad[15][16] to the Sikh people) and weightlifting, they possessed good physical attributes for soldiery. Jatt Sikhs (alongside other Sikhs) were seen a good source for recruitment[17] according to R W Falcon. According to Captain A H Bingley they were particularly loyal soldiers.[18]

The Jatt Sikh community has constituted an important source of recruits for the Indian Army.[19]

Jatt Sikhs and agriculture

In Punjab (India), Jatt Sikhs are associated with agricultural pursuits[20][21] and land ownership. They own more than 80%,[4] and possibly as much as 95%[22] of available agricultural land in Punjab, as they often reside in the rural areas, and are economically influential in the state.[4]

Notable Jatt-Sikhs

See also

References

  1. ^ Martha Crenshaw (1995). Terrorism in context. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271010151.
  2. ^ a b E. Marty, Martin (1991). "Chaper 10". Fundamentalisms observed. The University of Chicago Press. p. 623. ISBN 022650878-1. Retrieved 2 April 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Bhachu, P. (1985) Twice migrants: East African Sikh settlers in Britain , pp. 12. PDF version: eScholarship, Institute for Social Science Research, University of California Los Angeles: California Digital Library with The Berkeley Electronic Press. isbn=0422789100, 9780422789103. Retrieved 7th May 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Taylor, S., Singh, M., Booth, D. (2007) Migration, development and inequality: Eastern Punjabi transnationalism. School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.
  5. ^ Puri, H. K. (2003) The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective. Economic & Political Weekly (28 June 2003); Dalits in Regional Context (2004).
  6. ^ The transformation of Sikh society‎ - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  7. ^ Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs‎ by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  8. ^ The Sikh Revolution By Jagjit Singh ISBN 8188306002 page 205 onwards
  9. ^ Perspectives on Sikh Studies and The Development of Sikh Militarisation by Jagjit Singh Page 92 onwards courtesy http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf
  10. ^ a b Barstow, A.E., (Major, 2/11th Sikh Regiment-Late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs), The Sikhs: An Ethnology (revised at the request of the Government of India), reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, p. 155, first published in 1928.
  11. ^ "Sikhism uplifted the social status of Jat community of Punjab says Irfan Habib". Punjabheritage.org. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2009-08-10. [dead link]
  12. ^ "WSN-Op-Ed-The Malaise of Jat Consciousness". Worldsikhnews.com. 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  13. ^ Barstow, A.E., (Major, 2/11th Sikh Regiment-Late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs), The Sikhs: An Ethnology (revised at the request of the Government of India), reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, pp. 62–63, first published in 1928.
  14. ^ Barstow, A.E., (Major, 2/11th Sikh Regiment-Late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs), The Sikhs: An Ethnology (revised at the request of the Government of India), reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, pp. 155, first published in 1928.
  15. ^ "Guru Angad Dev". Panjabilok.net. Retrieved 2009-08-10. [dead link]
  16. ^ "Guru Angad Dev - Profile of Angad Dev - Second Sikh Guru". Sikhism.about.com. 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  17. ^ Falcon, R.W. (Captain, 4th Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force), Handbook on Sikhs: for the use of Regimental Officers, Printed at the Pioneer Press, Allahabad, India, 1896, pp. 64–65.
  18. ^ Bingley, A.H. (Captain, 7th-Duke of Connaught's own Bengal Infantry, Handbook for the Indian Army: Sikhs, Compiled under the orders of the Government of India, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1899, pp. 90–91, 11, 92.
  19. ^ Tan Tai Yong (2005). The Garrison State: The Military, Government, and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947. SAGE Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-0761933366. OCLC 57043090.
  20. ^ Leaf, Murray J. (1972). "8". Information and behavior in a Sikh village: social organization reconsidered. University of California. p. 219. ISBN 0520021150. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  21. ^ Singh, Jasbir (2006). "4". Agricultural geography (3rd ed.). Tata Mcgraw-Hill. p. 176. ISBN 0070532281. Retrieved 9 May 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Ratan Saldi (2009-06-06). "Caste System Among Sikhs In Punjab". Asian Tribune.
  23. ^ Multiple sources:
    Sir Lepel Griffin, Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p 219 "...and from Sansi the Sindhanwalias and the Sansis have a common descent. The Sansis were the theivish and degraded tribe [sic] and the house of Sindhanwalia naturally feeling ashamed of its Sansi name invented a romantic story to account for it. But the relationship between the nobles and the beggars, does not seem the less certain and if history of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is attentively considered it will appear that much his policy and many of his actions had the true Sansi complexion"
    The Sansis of Punjab; a Gypsy and De-notified Tribe of Rajput Origin, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Most Glorious Sansi, p 13, by Sher Singh, 1965, Original from the University of Michigan
    Tribalism in India, p 160, by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Edition: illustrated, Published by Vikas, 1978, Original from the University of Michigan
    Sociological Bulletin, p 97, by Indian Sociological Society, Published by Indian Sociological Society, 1952
    Indian Librarian edited by Sant Ram Bhatia, p 220, 1964. Item notes: v.19-21 1964-67, Original from the University of Michigan
    The Sikhs in History, p 92, by Sangat Singh, Edition: 2, Published by S. Singh, 1995, Original from the University of Michigan
    Some Aspects of State and Society Under Ranjit Singh, p 5 By Fauja Singh, Published by Master Publishers, 1981, Original from the University of Michigan
    Preminder Singh Sandhawalia (1999). Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. ISBN 8121509149
    Jean-Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
  24. ^ "Pakistan Military Consortium". www.PakDef.info. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  25. ^ Singh, Sangat (1995). The Sikhs in History. S. Singh. ISBN 0964755505. "Bhagat Singh's last wish, that he be administered amrit, Sikh baptism, by a group of five including Bhai Randhir Singh was not fulfilled by the British"
  26. ^ Bhagat Singh. "Why I am an Atheist". Marxists.org. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  27. ^ Tapinder Pal Singh Aujla (1931-02-02). "Shaheed Bhagat Singh". Shahidbhagatsingh.org. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
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