Magyar Gárda: Difference between revisions
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'''Magyar Gárda Mozgalom''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Hungarian Guard Movement'') founded by '''Magyar Gárda Hagyományőrző és Kulturális Egyesület''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Hungarian Guard Association for Protection of Traditions and Culture'')<ref name=tagesschau>http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/meldung487764.html (German)</ref> was a nationalist<ref>news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8356284.stm</ref> organization in [[Hungary]] related to (and allegedly funded by) the [[Jobbik]] party.<ref name=spiegel>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,502184,00.html Magyar Garda Is 'Hungary's Shame'], Der Spiegel, 2007-08-27</ref> It was founded through an "[[Oath of allegiance|oath of loyalty]] to Hungary" by its members in [[Buda Castle]], [[Budapest]], on 25 August 2007.<ref>[http://www.topix.net/content/reuters/2007/10/hundreds-join-hungary-far-right-guard Hundreds join Hungary "]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> It was dissolved by the Budapest Tribunal on 2 July 2009.<ref>[http://www.fn.hu/belfold/20090702/feloszlattak_magyar_gardat/ FigyelőNet] – ''Feloszlatták a Magyar Gárdát'' (The Magyar Gárda has been dissolved). FigyelőNet, [[Magyar Távirati Iroda|MTI]], 2 July 2009. </ref> The president of the Association was [[Gábor Vona]], and it had such prominent members as [[Lajos Für]] former (1990–1994) defence minister of Hungary. |
'''Magyar Gárda Mozgalom''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Hungarian Guard Movement'') founded by '''Magyar Gárda Hagyományőrző és Kulturális Egyesület''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Hungarian Guard Association for Protection of Traditions and Culture'')<ref name=tagesschau>http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/meldung487764.html (German)</ref> was a nationalist<ref>news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8356284.stm</ref> organization in [[Hungary]] related to (and allegedly funded by) the [[Jobbik]] party.<ref name=spiegel>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,502184,00.html Magyar Garda Is 'Hungary's Shame'], Der Spiegel, 2007-08-27</ref> It was founded through an "[[Oath of allegiance|oath of loyalty]] to Hungary" by its members in [[Buda Castle]], [[Budapest]], on 25 August 2007.<ref>[http://www.topix.net/content/reuters/2007/10/hundreds-join-hungary-far-right-guard Hundreds join Hungary "]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> It was dissolved by the Budapest Tribunal on 2 July 2009.<ref>[http://www.fn.hu/belfold/20090702/feloszlattak_magyar_gardat/ FigyelőNet] – ''Feloszlatták a Magyar Gárdát'' (The Magyar Gárda has been dissolved). FigyelőNet, [[Magyar Távirati Iroda|MTI]], 2 July 2009. </ref> The president of the Association was [[Gábor Vona]], and it had such prominent members as [[Lajos Für]] former (1990–1994) defence minister of Hungary. |
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The group itself claimed to aim at "defending a physically, spiritually and intellectually defenceless Hungary".<ref name=tagesschau/><ref name=nyilatkozat>[http://magyargarda.hu/alapito_nyilatkozat Alapito nyilatkozat] Establishment manifesto (Hungarian)</ref> Its opponents, such as Hungary's former prime minister [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]] and members of the international press have described the organization neo-fascist or neo-Nazi, similar to [[Hitler]]'s [[brownshirt]]s ("SA") in [[Nazi Germany]] and the fascist [[Arrow Cross Party]] in Hungary.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21414478 Hundreds join Hungary far-right "guard", take oath], Reuters, Oct 21, 2007;<br>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=avNDeYNJqkUo&refer=europe Brown Shirts March in Budapest as Gyurcsany Condemns `Fascists'], Bloomberg, Sept 5, 2007</ref><ref name="Fábián2009">{{cite book|author=Katalin Fábián|title=Contemporary women's movements in Hungary: globalization, democracy, and gender equality|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o6go_57tRJsC&pg=PA331|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=14 October 2009|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|isbn=9780801894053|pages=331–}}</ref> |
The group itself claimed to aim at "defending a physically, spiritually and intellectually defenceless Hungary".<ref name=tagesschau/><ref name=nyilatkozat>[http://magyargarda.hu/alapito_nyilatkozat Alapito nyilatkozat] Establishment manifesto (Hungarian)</ref> Its opponents, such as Hungary's former prime minister [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]] and members of the international press have described the organization neo-fascist<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3752785,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,502184,00.html</ref> or neo-Nazi<ref>http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/07/03/1006311/budapest-court-disbands-neo-nazi-hungarian-guard</ref><ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123850#.TuybQDX9O8A</ref>, similar to [[Hitler]]'s [[brownshirt]]s ("SA") in [[Nazi Germany]] and the fascist [[Arrow Cross Party]] in Hungary.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21414478 Hundreds join Hungary far-right "guard", take oath], Reuters, Oct 21, 2007;<br>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=avNDeYNJqkUo&refer=europe Brown Shirts March in Budapest as Gyurcsany Condemns `Fascists'], Bloomberg, Sept 5, 2007</ref><ref name="Fábián2009">{{cite book|author=Katalin Fábián|title=Contemporary women's movements in Hungary: globalization, democracy, and gender equality|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o6go_57tRJsC&pg=PA331|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=14 October 2009|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|isbn=9780801894053|pages=331–}}</ref> |
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The Magyar Gárda is described by the Western European press<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8216454.stm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3752785,00.html Inside Europe | Deutsche Welle |publisher=Dw-world.de |title = Hungarian neo-fascist paramilitary group expands |date= 11 January, 2008|accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref> as a [[paramilitary]] organization, a civilian militia<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8227099.stm</ref> or party [[militia]]. On one hand, it was never [[Weapon|armed]]; this is also occasionally acknowledged by those who call it a paramilitary.<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/garda2503/ index.hu] – ''Magyar Gárda: báránybőrbe bújt farkasok?'' (Magyar Gárda: Wolves in Sheep's Clothing?). Joób Sándor, 27 August 2007.</ref> On the other hand, there was an occasion when Samu Tamás Gergő, president of the [[Békés County]] Jobbik organization expressed: "[…] if the Jobbik gains power […] the members of the Gárda will form the backbone of the [new] Hungarian [[gendarmerie]], will be invested with public authority, and will [[Marching|march]] here, on the streets of [[Sarkad, Hungary|Sarkad]] with weapons on their side".<ref>[http://www.beol.hu/bekes/kozelet/tuntetes-sarkadon-fegyvert-adna-a-gardanak-a-jobbik-215811 BEOL.hu] – ''Tüntetés Sarkadon: fegyvert adna a Gárdának a Jobbik'' (Protests in [[Sarkad]]: The Jobbik Would Arm the Gárda). 1 March 2009.</ref> |
The Magyar Gárda is described by the Western European press<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8216454.stm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3752785,00.html Inside Europe | Deutsche Welle |publisher=Dw-world.de |title = Hungarian neo-fascist paramilitary group expands |date= 11 January, 2008|accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref> as a [[paramilitary]] organization, a civilian militia<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8227099.stm</ref> or party [[militia]]. On one hand, it was never [[Weapon|armed]]; this is also occasionally acknowledged by those who call it a paramilitary.<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/garda2503/ index.hu] – ''Magyar Gárda: báránybőrbe bújt farkasok?'' (Magyar Gárda: Wolves in Sheep's Clothing?). Joób Sándor, 27 August 2007.</ref> On the other hand, there was an occasion when Samu Tamás Gergő, president of the [[Békés County]] Jobbik organization expressed: "[…] if the Jobbik gains power […] the members of the Gárda will form the backbone of the [new] Hungarian [[gendarmerie]], will be invested with public authority, and will [[Marching|march]] here, on the streets of [[Sarkad, Hungary|Sarkad]] with weapons on their side".<ref>[http://www.beol.hu/bekes/kozelet/tuntetes-sarkadon-fegyvert-adna-a-gardanak-a-jobbik-215811 BEOL.hu] – ''Tüntetés Sarkadon: fegyvert adna a Gárdának a Jobbik'' (Protests in [[Sarkad]]: The Jobbik Would Arm the Gárda). 1 March 2009.</ref> |
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[[Category:Politics of Hungary]] |
[[Category:Politics of Hungary]] |
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[[Category:Far-right politics]] |
[[Category:Far-right politics]] |
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[[Category:Neo-fascism]] |
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[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]] |
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[[Category:Nationalist organizations]] |
[[Category:Nationalist organizations]] |
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Revision as of 23:41, 28 December 2011
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2010) |
 | This article possibly contains original research. (October 2010) |
Magyar Gárda Mozgalom (English: Hungarian Guard Movement) founded by Magyar Gárda Hagyományőrző és Kulturális Egyesület (English: Hungarian Guard Association for Protection of Traditions and Culture)[1] was a nationalist[2] organization in Hungary related to (and allegedly funded by) the Jobbik party.[3] It was founded through an "oath of loyalty to Hungary" by its members in Buda Castle, Budapest, on 25 August 2007.[4] It was dissolved by the Budapest Tribunal on 2 July 2009.[5] The president of the Association was Gábor Vona, and it had such prominent members as Lajos Für former (1990–1994) defence minister of Hungary.
The group itself claimed to aim at "defending a physically, spiritually and intellectually defenceless Hungary".[1][6] Its opponents, such as Hungary's former prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány and members of the international press have described the organization neo-fascist[7][8] or neo-Nazi[9][10], similar to Hitler's brownshirts ("SA") in Nazi Germany and the fascist Arrow Cross Party in Hungary.[11][12]
The Magyar Gárda is described by the Western European press[13][14] as a paramilitary organization, a civilian militia[15] or party militia. On one hand, it was never armed; this is also occasionally acknowledged by those who call it a paramilitary.[16] On the other hand, there was an occasion when Samu Tamás Gergő, president of the Békés County Jobbik organization expressed: "[…] if the Jobbik gains power […] the members of the Gárda will form the backbone of the [new] Hungarian gendarmerie, will be invested with public authority, and will march here, on the streets of Sarkad with weapons on their side".[17]
The uniform was composed of black boots, black trousers with white shirt and black vest with the shape of a lion on its back and a coat of arms on the front, a shielded black cap and a red-white striped scarf. The Guard's coat of arms is based on that of Emeric of Hungary which features the Árpád stripes with 9 golden lions in 4 red stripes (3-3-2-1 lions per stripe).
Relationship with Jobbik
On 10 March 2008 three leading figures of Jobbik (Dávid Kovács, the founding president of the party, Ervin Nagy, committee chairman, and Márton Fári, former chairman of the party’s ethical committee) resigned from the party because of its relationship with the Magyar Gárda, and issued a statement that "Jobbik has been merged inseparably with the Guard, taking responsibility for something that it cannot really control in the long run".
Gábor Vona, founder of the Magyar Gárda, remains the head of Jobbik.
Dissolution
The Hungarian Public Prosecutor sued the Gárda, alleging that its activity differs from its memorandum of association. The case was delayed several times. On the first day of litigation members of the Guard physically blocked journalists from entering the court, leading to a change in court rules.
On 16 December 2008 the Metropolitan Court of Budapest (Fővárosi Bíróság) as the court of first instance disbanded the "Magyar Gárda" Organization because the court held that the activities of the organization were against the human rights of minorities as guaranteed by the Hungarian Constitution.
The "Magyar Gárda" Organization appealed against the judgment, but the judgment of the first instance court was upheld by the Budapest Tribunal (Fővárosi Ítélőtábla) on 2 July 2009. Following the judgment, the Guard's representatives said they would apply for a review by the Supreme Court and ultimately challenge the judgment before the European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg and claimed that the Hungarian courts were bowing to political pressure.
Reorganization
Since its dissolution ordered by the courts the Guard has attempted to reorganize itself as a civil service association, known as the Magyar Gárda Foundation, engaged in cultural and nation building activities rather than politics. It has held at least one "swearing in" ceremony and plans to expand its activities around the country.
Its renewed activities are opposed by the Hungarian authorities [18] and prosecutors claim that the founding of the new organization is in contempt of previous court rulings. In February 2010 the Parliament passed a law which significantly raised the punishment for participating in a dissolved organization.[19]
See also
- Civil Guard Association for a Better Future, a similar organisation allegedly linked to the Magyar Nemzeti Gárda, a new group sharing the same ideology as the banned Magyar Gárda, according to gypsy organizations.[20]
References
- ^ a b http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/meldung487764.html (German)
- ^ news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8356284.stm
- ^ Magyar Garda Is 'Hungary's Shame', Der Spiegel, 2007-08-27
- ^ Hundreds join Hungary "[dead link]
- ^ FigyelőNet – Feloszlatták a Magyar Gárdát (The Magyar Gárda has been dissolved). FigyelőNet, MTI, 2 July 2009.
- ^ Alapito nyilatkozat Establishment manifesto (Hungarian)
- ^ http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3752785,00.html
- ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,502184,00.html
- ^ http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/07/03/1006311/budapest-court-disbands-neo-nazi-hungarian-guard
- ^ http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123850#.TuybQDX9O8A
- ^ Hundreds join Hungary far-right "guard", take oath, Reuters, Oct 21, 2007;
Brown Shirts March in Budapest as Gyurcsany Condemns `Fascists', Bloomberg, Sept 5, 2007 - ^ Katalin Fábián (14 October 2009). Contemporary women's movements in Hungary: globalization, democracy, and gender equality. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. pp. 331–. ISBN 9780801894053. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8216454.stm
- ^ Inside Europe | Deutsche Welle "Hungarian neo-fascist paramilitary group expands". Dw-world.de. 11 January, 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8227099.stm
- ^ index.hu – Magyar Gárda: báránybőrbe bújt farkasok? (Magyar Gárda: Wolves in Sheep's Clothing?). Joób Sándor, 27 August 2007.
- ^ BEOL.hu – Tüntetés Sarkadon: fegyvert adna a Gárdának a Jobbik (Protests in Sarkad: The Jobbik Would Arm the Gárda). 1 March 2009.
- ^ police-investigate-new-magyar-garda New Magyar Gárda
- ^ "Az utolsó pillanatban mentek át a Btk. módosítások - bűntett lesz a holokauszt-tagadás". Koziranytu.hu. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "ERCC" (PDF). Retrieved 28 March 2011.
External links
