Yekke: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 09:43, 16 May 2013

A yekke is a Jew of German-speaking origin.^[1] The term carries the connotation that German Jews have an attention to detail and punctuality.

Etymology

There are a number of theories regarding the etymology of the word. The best known is that it originates from the cultural differences in dress that developed between the more westernized Western European Jews who wore shorter "jackets" ("yekke", cf. German Jacke with an initial y-sound instead of the English j-sound) from the traditional longer coats while the outer clothing worn by the Eastern European Jews was typically longer.

Another theory is that the word derives from "Yekkef", the Western European pronunciation of the name "Jacob" or "Jack", which differs from the Eastern European pronunciation, "Yankef" or "Yankev" (also see German Jäckel, pronounced "yekkel", the German diminutive form of Jakob).

Furthermore, since Yiddish is derived from [[German language|German, German sources occasionally note that Yiddish yekk(e) is largely homophone with jeck(e), the Rhenish dialectal form of Standard German Geck of uncertain origin but in contexts relating German jeck(e) to Yiddish yekk(e) attributed to patriarch Jacob in the Bible as does above-mentioned Yekkef theory.

Rhenish Jeck(e) as a noun denotes a "fool", "jester", or "crazy person" (both in a general sense, and in particular in association with the Rhenish carnival where the term describes a traditional folkloric stage figure akin to the Italian harlequin as well as merely a reveler celebrating the carnival season in a "foolish" manner due to ebriety) and as an adjective means "crazy", "mad", "insane", whereas the dated High German word Geck originally meant a "fool" as well but later transformed to particularly signify a "dandy" or "fop".

However, the broader usage of the Rhenish noun Jeck(e) in the Rhineland area has given the term a general meaning resembling "person", "(mere) mortal", or "humble sinner" with a particularly (self-)ironic connotation, such as in the common saying Jeder Jeck is anders (lit. "Every fool is different", with an idiomatic meaning of "Different strokes for different folks" or "Live and let live"). From there, a transformation into an ethnonym such as for Jewish people would be akin to the fate of similar terms such as Germanic man (word) and *þiuda-, and the equivalent words for "person" or "human being" in many other languages around the world.

Usage

The term is often used in a slightly derogatory or cynical manner, although it is also used as a compliment. It is used mainly in reference to the German Jews’ legendary attention to detail and punctuality. This sense for detail extends into the strict adherence to minhagim (religious customs, especially when pertaining to the synagogue service). Oberlanders—Jews originating from parts of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia—are often confused with yekkes due to similar minhagim.

A classic humorous example of how exacting and detailed oriented Yekkes can be, is in the following parable: A Yekke says to his wife on the evening of 4 December, "I'll be home from synagogue services a little late tonight." Explanation: at the evening prayer on 4 December, the words "Tal U'matar" (dew and rain) are added to the prayers for the upcoming winter season. The addition of these two words causes the Yekke to be "late" coming back home.

Demography

The wave of immigration to pre-state Israel in the 1930s and 1940s known as the Fifth Aliyah was composed predominantly of Yekkes. Many of them settled in the vicinity of Ben Yehuda Street in Tel Aviv, leading to the nickname "Ben Yehuda Strasse." Their struggle to master Hebrew produced a dialect known as "Yekkish." The Ben Yehuda Strasse Dictionary: A Dictionary of Spoken Yekkish in the Land of Israel, published in 2012, documents this language.^[2]

Yekke minhag

Today, because of the Holocaust, very few original Yekkes are still German residents, but they remain in regions such as Switzerland, Eastern France (Alsace and Lorraine), and Luxembourg. A significant community escaped Frankfurt after Kristallnacht, and relocated to the Washington Heights region of New York City, where they still have a synagogue, K'hal Adass Jeshurun, which punctiliously adheres to the Yekkish liturgical text, rituals, and melodies.^[3] Most of the 200,000 Jews living in Germany today emigrated from the former USSR after 1990 and only 105,000 are registered members of Jewish communities.^[4]

A group of Yekkes established kibbutz Chofetz Chaim in the Gedarim region of Israel just south of Tel Aviv. Recently a few new Yekkish communities have been started in Israel by "Machon Moreshet Ashkenaz," and one of the leading communities is K'hal Adas Yeshurun of Jerusalem, which is running a "Nusach Project", a project of preserving the special Yekkish melodies.

References

^ Take a biss of this book! Haaretz
^ Take a biss of this book! Haaretz
^ Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933–82, Its Structure and Culture, by Stephen M. Lowenstein. Wayne State University Press. 1989.
^ http://www.zwst.org/de/service/mitgliederstatistik/

External links

[1] Take a biss of this book! Haaretz

[2] Take a biss of this book! Haaretz

[3] Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933–82, Its Structure and Culture, by Stephen M. Lowenstein. Wayne State University Press. 1989.

[4] ttp://www.zwst.org/de/service/mitgliederstatistik/

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
-A '''yekke''' is a [[Jew]] of [[Jews of Germany|German-speaking origin]].<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/take-a-biss-of-this-book.premium-1.463433 Take a biss of this book! [[Haaretz]]]</ref>  The term carries the connotation that German Jews have an attention to detail and punctuality.
+A '''yekke''' is a [[Jew]] of [[Jews of Germany|German-speaking origin]].<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/take-a-biss-of-this-book.premium-1.463433 Take a biss of this book! [[Haaretz]]]</ref> The term carries the connotation that German Jews have an attention to detail and punctuality.
 == Etymology ==
-There are a number of theories regarding the etymology of the word. The best known is that it originates from the cultural differences in dress that developed between the more westernized [[Western Europe]]an Jews who wore shorter "jackets" ("yekke", cf. German ''Jacke'' with an initial y-sound instead of the English j-sound) from the traditional longer coats while the outer clothing worn by the [[Eastern Europe]]an Jews was typically longer.
+There are a number of theories regarding the etymology of the word. The best known is that it originates from the cultural differences in dress that developed between the more westernized Western European Jews who wore shorter "jackets" ("yekke", cf. German ''Jacke'' with an initial y-sound instead of the English j-sound) from the traditional longer coats while the outer clothing worn by the Eastern European Jews was typically longer.
 Another theory is that the word derives from "Yekkef", the Western European pronunciation of the name "Jacob" or "Jack", which differs from the Eastern European pronunciation, "Yankef" or "Yankev" (also see German ''Jäckel'', pronounced "yekkel", the German diminutive form of Jakob).
-Furthermore, since Yiddish is derived from [[German language|German]], German sources occasionally note that Yiddish ''yekk(e)'' is largely [[homophone]] with ''jeck(e)'', the Rhenish dialectal form of [[Standard German]] ''Geck'' of uncertain origin but in contexts relating German ''jeck(e)'' to Yiddish ''yekk(e)'' attributed to patriarch [[Jacob]] in the Bible as does above-mentioned ''Yekkef'' theory.
+Furthermore, since Yiddish is derived from [[German language|German, German sources occasionally note that Yiddish ''yekk(e)'' is largely [[homophone]] with ''jeck(e)'', the Rhenish dialectal form of [[Standard German]] ''Geck'' of uncertain origin but in contexts relating German ''jeck(e)'' to Yiddish ''yekk(e)'' attributed to patriarch [[Jacob]] in the Bible as does above-mentioned ''Yekkef'' theory.
 Rhenish ''Jeck(e)'' as a noun denotes a "fool", "jester", or "crazy person" (both in a general sense, and in particular in association with the [[Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria#Rhineland|Rhenish carnival]] where the term describes a traditional folkloric stage figure akin to the Italian [[harlequin]] as well as merely a reveler celebrating the carnival season in a "foolish" manner due to ebriety) and as an adjective means "crazy", "mad", "insane", whereas the dated High German word ''Geck'' originally meant a "fool" as well but later transformed to particularly signify a "dandy" or "fop".
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 == Usage ==
-The term is often used in a slightly derogatory or cynical manner, although it is also used as a compliment. It is used mainly in reference to the German Jews’ legendary attention to detail and  punctuality. This sense for detail extends into the strict adherence to ''[[minhag]]im'' (religious customs, especially when pertaining to the [[Jewish services|synagogue service]]). ''[[Oberlander Jews|Oberlander]]s''—Jews originating from parts of [[Austria]], the [[Czech Republic]], and [[Slovakia]]—are often confused with yekkes due to similar [[minhag]]im.
+The term is often used in a slightly derogatory or cynical manner, although it is also used as a compliment. It is used mainly in reference to the German Jews’ legendary attention to detail and punctuality. This sense for detail extends into the strict adherence to ''[[minhag]]im'' (religious customs, especially when pertaining to the [[Jewish services|synagogue service]]). ''[[Oberlander Jews|Oberlander]]s''—Jews originating from parts of [[Austria]], the [[Czech Republic]], and [[Slovakia]]—are often confused with yekkes due to similar [[minhag]]im.
-A classic humorous example of how exacting and detailed oriented Yekkes can be, is in the following parable: A Yekke says to his wife on the evening of [[December_4#Holidays_and_observances|4 December]], "I'll be home from [[synagogue]] services a little late tonight." Explanation: at the evening prayer on 4 December, the words "Tal U'matar" ([[Amidah#Prayers_for_rain_in_winter_and_dew_in_summer|dew and rain]]) are added to the [[prayer]]s for the upcoming [[winter]] season. The addition of these two words causes the Yekke to be "late" coming back home.
+A classic humorous example of how exacting and detailed oriented Yekkes can be, is in the following parable: A Yekke says to his wife on the evening of [[December_4#Holidays_and_observances|4 December]], "I'll be home from synagogue services a little late tonight." Explanation: at the evening prayer on 4 December, the words "Tal U'matar" ([[Amidah#Prayers_for_rain_in_winter_and_dew_in_summer|dew and rain]]) are added to the [[prayer]]s for the upcoming winter season. The addition of these two words causes the Yekke to be "late" coming back home.
 ==Demography==
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 ==Yekke minhag==
-Today, because of the [[Holocaust]], very few original Yekkes are still German residents, but they remain in regions such as Switzerland, Eastern France (Alsace and Lorraine), and [[Luxembourg]]. A significant community escaped [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] after [[Kristallnacht]], and relocated to the [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] region of New York City, where they still have a synagogue, [[Breuer's|K'hal Adass Jeshurun]], which punctiliously adheres to the Yekkish liturgical text, rituals, and melodies.<ref>''Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933-82, Its Structure and Culture'', by Stephen M. Lowenstein. Wayne State University Press. 1989.</ref> Most of the 200,000 Jews living in Germany today emigrated from the former [[USSR]] after 1990 and only 105,000 are registered members of Jewish communities.<ref>http://www.zwst.org/de/service/mitgliederstatistik/</ref>
+Today, because of the [[Holocaust]], very few original Yekkes are still German residents, but they remain in regions such as Switzerland, Eastern France (Alsace and Lorraine), and [[Luxembourg]]. A significant community escaped [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] after [[Kristallnacht]], and relocated to the [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] region of New York City, where they still have a synagogue, [[Breuer's|K'hal Adass Jeshurun]], which punctiliously adheres to the Yekkish liturgical text, rituals, and melodies.<ref>''Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933–82, Its Structure and Culture'', by Stephen M. Lowenstein. Wayne State University Press. 1989.</ref> Most of the 200,000 Jews living in Germany today emigrated from the former [[USSR]] after 1990 and only 105,000 are registered members of Jewish communities.<ref>http://www.zwst.org/de/service/mitgliederstatistik/</ref>
 A group of Yekkes established [[kibbutz]] [[Hafetz Haim|Chofetz Chaim]] in the Gedarim region of [[Israel]] just south of [[Tel Aviv]]. Recently a few new Yekkish communities have been started in Israel by "Machon Moreshet Ashkenaz," and one of the leading communities is K'hal Adas Yeshurun of Jerusalem, which is running a "Nusach Project", a project of preserving the special Yekkish melodies.