Bicycle helmets in Australia: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Cyclists riding in Melbourne for 350 Climate Action.jpg|thumb|400px|Cyclists wearing helmets on a street in Melbourne, during a climate protest event]] |
[[File:Cyclists riding in Melbourne for 350 Climate Action.jpg|thumb|400px|Cyclists wearing helmets on a street in Melbourne, during a climate protest event]] |
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Between 1990 and 1992, [[Australia |
Between 1990 and 1992, [[Australia]]n [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]] adopted various laws mandating that [[Cycling|cyclists]] wear [[bicycle helmet]]s while riding. |
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Because Australian bicycle helmet laws came into effect before such laws were enacted elsewhere, much of the data about mandatory bicycle helmet use comes from Australia.<ref name="Curnow2008">Curnow, W. J. "Bicycle Helmets: A Scientific Evaluation" in {{cite book|last=Anton De Smet|first=|title=Transportation Accident Analysis and Prevention|year=2008|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=Commack, N.Y|isbn=1-60456-288-9|url=http://www.cyclehelmets.org/papers/p787.pdf}}</ref> Debate continues, without consensus, about its efficacy. |
Because Australian bicycle helmet laws came into effect before such laws were enacted elsewhere, much of the data about mandatory bicycle helmet use comes from Australia.<ref name="Curnow2008">Curnow, W. J. "Bicycle Helmets: A Scientific Evaluation" in {{cite book|last=Anton De Smet|first=|title=Transportation Accident Analysis and Prevention|year=2008|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=Commack, N.Y|isbn=1-60456-288-9|url=http://www.cyclehelmets.org/papers/p787.pdf}}</ref> Debate continues, without consensus, about its efficacy. |
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==History: lead-up to the laws== |
==History: lead-up to the laws== |
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Modern varieties of bicycle helmet first became commercially successful from 1975.<ref> |
Modern varieties of bicycle helmet first became commercially successful from 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100404144522/http://www.bellbikehelmets.com/timeline.asp |title=Bell bike helmets timeline}}</ref> Industry helmet standards were developed from the 1970s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhsi.org/standard.htm] |title=Bicycle Helmet Standards |publisher=Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2011</ref> and are still under development.<ref>{{cite newspaper |title=New bike helmet standards send retailers into a spin |first=Matthew |last=Moore |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=19 November 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/new-bike-helmet-standards-send-retailers-into-a-spin-20101118-17zeq.html |accessdate=26 February 2011}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mandatory standard — Bicycle helmets |publisher=Product Safety Australia |url=http://www.productsafety.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/974624 |accessdate=26 February 2011}}</ref> |
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The [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] took an early lead in gaining public awareness, acceptance, and demand for helmet compulsion.<ref>Evidence to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety 28.6.77, p. 833.</ref><ref>House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety. Report on motorcycle and bicycle safety. AGPS, Canberra, 1978.</ref> The RACS had been influential in bringing compulsory seat belts and motorcycle helmets and urged a bicycle helmet law as the "third major step"<ref>House of Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety. McDermott evidence, 1984, p. 1081</ref> RACS members published in medical journals in support of helmet use by cyclists.<ref>McDermott FT, Klug GL Differences in head injuries of pedal cyclist and motorcyclist casualties in Victoria. The Medical Journal of Australia[1982, 2(1):30-32]</ref> Some of the arguments used have been disputed.<ref>Day–to-Day Travel in Australia, CR 69, INSTAT, FORS 1988 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1988/pdf/Aust_Trav.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Road fatality rates in Australia 1984-85. Report No. CR70|year=1989|publisher=Federal Office of Road Safety, Australian Department of Transport and Communications|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-642-51139-X|pages=293–295|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1989/pdf/Stats_Aust_2pt3.pdf|author=Anderson PR, Montesin HJ, Adena MA}}</ref><ref name="RobinsonDL1996">{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=DL|title=Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws.|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|year=1996|month=July|volume=28|issue=4|pages=463–475|doi=10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4|pmid=8870773|url=http://www.cycle-helmets.com/robinson-head-injuries.pdf|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> |
The [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] took an early lead in gaining public awareness, acceptance, and demand for helmet compulsion.<ref>Evidence to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety 28.6.77, p. 833.</ref><ref>House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety. Report on motorcycle and bicycle safety. AGPS, Canberra, 1978.</ref> The RACS had been influential in bringing compulsory seat belts and motorcycle helmets and urged a bicycle helmet law as the "third major step"<ref>House of Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety. McDermott evidence, 1984, p. 1081</ref> RACS members published in medical journals in support of helmet use by cyclists.<ref>McDermott FT, Klug GL Differences in head injuries of pedal cyclist and motorcyclist casualties in Victoria. The Medical Journal of Australia[1982, 2(1):30-32]</ref> Some of the arguments used have been disputed.<ref>Day–to-Day Travel in Australia, CR 69, INSTAT, FORS 1988 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1988/pdf/Aust_Trav.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Road fatality rates in Australia 1984-85. Report No. CR70|year=1989|publisher=Federal Office of Road Safety, Australian Department of Transport and Communications|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-642-51139-X|pages=293–295|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1989/pdf/Stats_Aust_2pt3.pdf|author=Anderson PR, Montesin HJ, Adena MA}}</ref><ref name="RobinsonDL1996">{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=DL|title=Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws.|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|year=1996|month=July|volume=28|issue=4|pages=463–475|doi=10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4|pmid=8870773|url=http://www.cycle-helmets.com/robinson-head-injuries.pdf|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> |
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Empirical studies of helmet use by injured cyclists were published from the late 1980s, some in Australia, both before and after helmet legislation. These consistently show that cyclists injured in accidents who were wearing helmets were less likely to sustain head injuries (as opposed to injuries to other parts of the body) than those who were not wearing helmets.<ref>"The results of a comparative study of the injury profiles of Victorian motorcyclist and bicyclist casualties were used by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in initiating a state-wide campaign to promote the wearing of approved safety helmets by Victorian bicyclists and to obtain the necessary legislation whereby such wearing would become compulsory." World Journal of Surgery Volume 16, Number 3, 379-383, {{doi|10.1007/BF02104435}} World Progress In Surgery. Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal Australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in Victoria, Australia. F. T. McDermott. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3448667v4p21611/ Accessed 28 Feb 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.bv.com.au/file/file/carrsq%20bike%20helmet%20report.pdf Center for Accident research and bike safety Bike Helmet Research]</ref><ref>http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2000/pdf/Bic_Crash_5.pdf Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: A formal review. accessed 4 January 2012</ref><ref name="RobinsonDL1996" /><ref name=RobinsonDL2007>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=DL|title=Bicycle helmet legislation: Can we reach a consensus?|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|year=2007|month=Jan|volume=39|issue=1|pages=86–93|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.007|pmid=16919590|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457506001126|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>McDermott F T, Lane J C, Brazenor G A and Debney A E, The effectiveness of bicyclist helmets: a study of 1710 casualties, Journal of Trauma, 34:834-844, 1993</ref><ref>Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria 1983-1990, Vic Roads GR90-9</ref><ref>Whately S, Bicycle Crashes in the Australian Capital Territories, CR 35, FORS, 1985 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Bic_Crash_1.pdf |
Empirical studies of helmet use by injured cyclists were published from the late 1980s, some in Australia, both before and after helmet legislation. These consistently show that cyclists injured in accidents who were wearing helmets were less likely to sustain head injuries (as opposed to injuries to other parts of the body) than those who were not wearing helmets.<ref>"The results of a comparative study of the injury profiles of Victorian motorcyclist and bicyclist casualties were used by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in initiating a state-wide campaign to promote the wearing of approved safety helmets by Victorian bicyclists and to obtain the necessary legislation whereby such wearing would become compulsory." World Journal of Surgery Volume 16, Number 3, 379-383, {{doi|10.1007/BF02104435}} World Progress In Surgery. Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal Australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in Victoria, Australia. F. T. McDermott. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3448667v4p21611/ Accessed 28 Feb 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.bv.com.au/file/file/carrsq%20bike%20helmet%20report.pdf Center for Accident research and bike safety Bike Helmet Research]</ref><ref>http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2000/pdf/Bic_Crash_5.pdf Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: A formal review. accessed 4 January 2012</ref><ref name="RobinsonDL1996" /><ref name=RobinsonDL2007>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=DL|title=Bicycle helmet legislation: Can we reach a consensus?|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|year=2007|month=Jan|volume=39|issue=1|pages=86–93|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.007|pmid=16919590|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457506001126|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>McDermott F T, Lane J C, Brazenor G A and Debney A E, The effectiveness of bicyclist helmets: a study of 1710 casualties, Journal of Trauma, 34:834-844, 1993</ref><ref>Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria 1983-1990, Vic Roads GR90-9</ref><ref>Whately S, Bicycle Crashes in the Australian Capital Territories, CR 35, FORS, 1985 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Bic_Crash_1.pdf |
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</ref><ref name="Attewell-et-al-2000">{{cite book|title=Bicycle Helmets and Injury Prevention: A formal review|year=2000|publisher=Australian Transport Safety Bureau|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0 |
</ref><ref name="Attewell-et-al-2000">{{cite book|title=Bicycle Helmets and Injury Prevention: A formal review|year=2000|publisher=Australian Transport Safety Bureau|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-642-25514-8|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2000/pdf/Bic_Crash_5.pdf|author=Attewell, R.|coauthors=Glase, K., McFadden, M.|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref> |
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The 1978 inquiry issued a final report in 1985. It recommended that cooperation of states and territories should be sought to "review the benefits of bicycle helmet wearing ... and unless there are persuasive arguments to the contrary introduce compulsory wearing of helmets by cyclists on roads and other public places". A federal parliament committee was set up in 1985. Early in the course of its inquiry (before it had reviewed all the evidence), it said: "It is, of course, this Committee’s belief that all cyclists should wear a helmet to increase cycling safety." <ref name=CRAG-BriefHistory>{{cite web|last=Anonymous|title=Brief History of Helmet Law in Australia|url=http://crag.asn.au/?p=19|publisher=Cyclists' Rights Action Group (CRAG)|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=March 2013}} |
The 1978 inquiry issued a final report in 1985. It recommended that cooperation of states and territories should be sought to "review the benefits of bicycle helmet wearing ... and unless there are persuasive arguments to the contrary introduce compulsory wearing of helmets by cyclists on roads and other public places". A federal parliament committee was set up in 1985. Early in the course of its inquiry (before it had reviewed all the evidence), it said: "It is, of course, this Committee’s belief that all cyclists should wear a helmet to increase cycling safety." <ref name=CRAG-BriefHistory>{{cite web|last=Anonymous|title=Brief History of Helmet Law in Australia|url=http://crag.asn.au/?p=19|publisher=Cyclists' Rights Action Group (CRAG)|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=March 2013}} |
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A report from the Australian Department of Transport in 1987 examined cycling accident victims and found that "of the unhelmeted cases involving severe head injury, over 40 percent would definitely have had an improved outcome if a substantial bicycle helmet had been worn". It also found that, while "children do have substantial protection from impacts to the head when wearing a bicycle helmet, it is likely that substantial head deformation occurs in a major impact due to the stiffness of the bicycle helmet liner in the Australian Standard bicycle helmet." It recommended changes to the standards, in particular softer foam, which were not implemented.<ref name=Corner-et-al-1987>{{cite book|title=Motorcycle and bicycle protective helmets: requirements resulting from a post-crash study and experimental research. Federal Office of Road Safety Report No. CR 55|year=1987|publisher=DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT, FEDERAL OFFICE OF ROAD SAFETY|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-642-51043-1|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1987/pdf/Mcycle_Helm_1.pdf|author=J.P. Corner|coauthors=C.W. Whitney, N. O'Rourke, D.E. Morgan|month=May}}</ref> |
A report from the Australian Department of Transport in 1987 examined cycling accident victims and found that "of the unhelmeted cases involving severe head injury, over 40 percent would definitely have had an improved outcome if a substantial bicycle helmet had been worn". It also found that, while "children do have substantial protection from impacts to the head when wearing a bicycle helmet, it is likely that substantial head deformation occurs in a major impact due to the stiffness of the bicycle helmet liner in the Australian Standard bicycle helmet." It recommended changes to the standards, in particular softer foam, which were not implemented.<ref name=Corner-et-al-1987>{{cite book|title=Motorcycle and bicycle protective helmets: requirements resulting from a post-crash study and experimental research. Federal Office of Road Safety Report No. CR 55|year=1987|publisher=DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT, FEDERAL OFFICE OF ROAD SAFETY|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-642-51043-1|url=http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1987/pdf/Mcycle_Helm_1.pdf|author=J.P. Corner|coauthors=C.W. Whitney, N. O'Rourke, D.E. Morgan|month=May}}</ref> |
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In 1987 the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee tabled a report in the Parliament of Victoria which included a recommendation for mandatory wearing of helmets.<ref>Safe roads for Children, Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety, Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee, Parliament of Victoria 1987</ref><ref name=ClarkHaworthLenneMUARC2005>{{cite book|title=The Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee - a History of Inquiries and Outcomes (MUARC Report No. 237)|year=2005|publisher=Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC)|isbn= |
In 1987 the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee tabled a report in the Parliament of Victoria which included a recommendation for mandatory wearing of helmets.<ref>Safe roads for Children, Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety, Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee, Parliament of Victoria 1987</ref><ref name=ClarkHaworthLenneMUARC2005>{{cite book|title=The Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee - a History of Inquiries and Outcomes (MUARC Report No. 237)|year=2005|publisher=Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC)|isbn=0-7326-2307-3 |pages=31–38|url=http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/muarc237.pdf|author=Clark B|coauthors=Haworth N, Lenne M|month=June}}</ref> |
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Meanwhile, in the late 1980s, cyclists in Australia experienced increased safety, associated with an increase in cycling though cycling still accounted for less than 2% of all journeys.<ref name=RobinsonDL1996 /> Helmets were worn by a large minority of cyclists.<ref>Victorian Bicycling Strategy; Vic Roads, Australia 1991</ref><ref name=WalkerMB1990>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=MB|title=Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales. Consultant Report 6/90.|year=1990|publisher=Road Safety Bureau, NSW Roads and Traffic Authority|location=Rosebery, NSW,Australia.|isbn=0-7305-3652-1|url=http://www.bicycleinfo.nsw.gov.au/downloads/cycle_research/law_compliance_and_helmet_use_amongst_cyclists_in_nsw.pdf}}</ref> In 1987, a majority of children aged five to seven years were in favour of wearing helmets, whereas older children were opposed. <ref>O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JD, Stuart GG. Head injuries to children riding bicycles, Med J Aust. 1987 Jun 15;146(12):619-21</ref> |
Meanwhile, in the late 1980s, cyclists in Australia experienced increased safety, associated with an increase in cycling though cycling still accounted for less than 2% of all journeys.<ref name=RobinsonDL1996 /> Helmets were worn by a large minority of cyclists.<ref>Victorian Bicycling Strategy; Vic Roads, Australia 1991</ref><ref name=WalkerMB1990>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=MB|title=Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales. Consultant Report 6/90.|year=1990|publisher=Road Safety Bureau, NSW Roads and Traffic Authority|location=Rosebery, NSW,Australia.|isbn=0-7305-3652-1|url=http://www.bicycleinfo.nsw.gov.au/downloads/cycle_research/law_compliance_and_helmet_use_amongst_cyclists_in_nsw.pdf}}</ref> In 1987, a majority of children aged five to seven years were in favour of wearing helmets, whereas older children were opposed. <ref>O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JD, Stuart GG. Head injuries to children riding bicycles, Med J Aust. 1987 Jun 15;146(12):619-21</ref> |
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Revision as of 08:29, 19 June 2013
 | This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. (May 2013) |
 |
Between 1990 and 1992, Australian states and territories adopted various laws mandating that cyclists wear bicycle helmets while riding.
Because Australian bicycle helmet laws came into effect before such laws were enacted elsewhere, much of the data about mandatory bicycle helmet use comes from Australia.[1] Debate continues, without consensus, about its efficacy.
History: lead-up to the laws
Modern varieties of bicycle helmet first became commercially successful from 1975.[2] Industry helmet standards were developed from the 1970s[3] and are still under development.[4][5]
The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons took an early lead in gaining public awareness, acceptance, and demand for helmet compulsion.[6][7] The RACS had been influential in bringing compulsory seat belts and motorcycle helmets and urged a bicycle helmet law as the "third major step"[8] RACS members published in medical journals in support of helmet use by cyclists.[9] Some of the arguments used have been disputed.[10][11][12]
Empirical studies of helmet use by injured cyclists were published from the late 1980s, some in Australia, both before and after helmet legislation. These consistently show that cyclists injured in accidents who were wearing helmets were less likely to sustain head injuries (as opposed to injuries to other parts of the body) than those who were not wearing helmets.[13][14][15][12][16][17][18][19][20]
The 1978 inquiry issued a final report in 1985. It recommended that cooperation of states and territories should be sought to "review the benefits of bicycle helmet wearing ... and unless there are persuasive arguments to the contrary introduce compulsory wearing of helmets by cyclists on roads and other public places". A federal parliament committee was set up in 1985. Early in the course of its inquiry (before it had reviewed all the evidence), it said: "It is, of course, this Committee’s belief that all cyclists should wear a helmet to increase cycling safety." [21][unreliable source?]
A report from the Australian Department of Transport in 1987 examined cycling accident victims and found that "of the unhelmeted cases involving severe head injury, over 40 percent would definitely have had an improved outcome if a substantial bicycle helmet had been worn". It also found that, while "children do have substantial protection from impacts to the head when wearing a bicycle helmet, it is likely that substantial head deformation occurs in a major impact due to the stiffness of the bicycle helmet liner in the Australian Standard bicycle helmet." It recommended changes to the standards, in particular softer foam, which were not implemented.[22]
In 1987 the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee tabled a report in the Parliament of Victoria which included a recommendation for mandatory wearing of helmets.[23][24]
Meanwhile, in the late 1980s, cyclists in Australia experienced increased safety, associated with an increase in cycling though cycling still accounted for less than 2% of all journeys.[12] Helmets were worn by a large minority of cyclists.[25][26] In 1987, a majority of children aged five to seven years were in favour of wearing helmets, whereas older children were opposed. [27]
By 1989, just before the government decided to introduce compulsory wearing of bicycle helmets, an officially commissioned survey showed that public support for it was 92% for children and 83% for all riders.[28] The RACS used this study to push for mandatory bicycle helmets in Victoria. Opposition was fragmented and ineffective; no major cycling groups opposed the law in public.[29]
Legal requirements
The law is laid out in Part 15 of the Australian Road Rules, approved by the Australian Transport Council. It specifies that "the rider of a bicycle must wear an approved bicycle helmet securely fitted and fastened on the rider’s head, unless the rider is exempt from wearing a bicycle helmet under another law of this jurisdiction." The law also requires helmet use by certain bicycle passengers.[30] The current legally-required standard for a bicycle helmet is AS/NZS 2063.[31]
Mandatory helmet laws were first introduced in Victoria in July 1990, followed in January 1991 by laws for adult cyclists in New South Wales and all age-groups in Tasmania. In July 1991, New South Wales extended the law's reach to child cyclists. In the same month, laws covering all cyclists were adopted in South Australia and in Queensland, where the law was not enforced until 1 January 1993.[32] In January 1992 helmet laws were introduced in the Northern Territory and Western Australia and in July 1992 in the ACT.
In Tasmania, the law only applies on public streets, while in the NT since March 1994 there is an exemption for adults cycling along footpaths or on cycle paths.[33]
The Queensland government announced in April 2013 that exemptions on religious grounds from mandatory bicycle helmet laws would be granted from 2014.[34]
See also
References
- ^ Curnow, W. J. "Bicycle Helmets: A Scientific Evaluation" in Anton De Smet (2008). Transportation Accident Analysis and Prevention (PDF). Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1-60456-288-9.
- ^ "Bell bike helmets timeline".
- ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.bhsi.org/standard.htm] |title=Bicycle Helmet Standards |publisher=Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2011
- ^ Moore, Matthew (19 November 2010). "New bike helmet standards send retailers into a spin". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 February 2011.}
- ^ "Mandatory standard — Bicycle helmets". Product Safety Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ Evidence to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety 28.6.77, p. 833.
- ^ House of Representatives Standing Committee on Road Safety. Report on motorcycle and bicycle safety. AGPS, Canberra, 1978.
- ^ House of Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety. McDermott evidence, 1984, p. 1081
- ^ McDermott FT, Klug GL Differences in head injuries of pedal cyclist and motorcyclist casualties in Victoria. The Medical Journal of Australia[1982, 2(1):30-32]
- ^ Day–to-Day Travel in Australia, CR 69, INSTAT, FORS 1988 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1988/pdf/Aust_Trav.pdf
- ^ Anderson PR, Montesin HJ, Adena MA (1989). Road fatality rates in Australia 1984-85. Report No. CR70 (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Federal Office of Road Safety, Australian Department of Transport and Communications. pp. 293–295. ISBN 0-642-51139-X.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Robinson, DL (1996). "Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws" (PDF). Accident Analysis & Prevention. 28 (4): 463–475. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4. PMID 8870773. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "The results of a comparative study of the injury profiles of Victorian motorcyclist and bicyclist casualties were used by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in initiating a state-wide campaign to promote the wearing of approved safety helmets by Victorian bicyclists and to obtain the necessary legislation whereby such wearing would become compulsory." World Journal of Surgery Volume 16, Number 3, 379-383, doi:10.1007/BF02104435 World Progress In Surgery. Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal Australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in Victoria, Australia. F. T. McDermott. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3448667v4p21611/ Accessed 28 Feb 2011.
- ^ Center for Accident research and bike safety Bike Helmet Research
- ^ http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2000/pdf/Bic_Crash_5.pdf Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: A formal review. accessed 4 January 2012
- ^ Robinson, DL (2007). "Bicycle helmet legislation: Can we reach a consensus?". Accident Analysis & Prevention. 39 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.007. PMID 16919590. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ McDermott F T, Lane J C, Brazenor G A and Debney A E, The effectiveness of bicyclist helmets: a study of 1710 casualties, Journal of Trauma, 34:834-844, 1993
- ^ Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria 1983-1990, Vic Roads GR90-9
- ^ Whately S, Bicycle Crashes in the Australian Capital Territories, CR 35, FORS, 1985 http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Bic_Crash_1.pdf
- ^ Attewell, R. (2000). Bicycle Helmets and Injury Prevention: A formal review (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Australian Transport Safety Bureau. ISBN 0-642-25514-8. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Anonymous. "Brief History of Helmet Law in Australia". Cyclists' Rights Action Group (CRAG). Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ J.P. Corner (1987). Motorcycle and bicycle protective helmets: requirements resulting from a post-crash study and experimental research. Federal Office of Road Safety Report No. CR 55 (PDF). Canberra, Australia: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT, FEDERAL OFFICE OF ROAD SAFETY. ISBN 0-642-51043-1.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Safe roads for Children, Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety, Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee, Parliament of Victoria 1987
- ^ Clark B (2005). The Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee - a History of Inquiries and Outcomes (MUARC Report No. 237) (PDF). Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC). pp. 31–38. ISBN 0-7326-2307-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Victorian Bicycling Strategy; Vic Roads, Australia 1991
- ^ Walker, MB (1990). Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales. Consultant Report 6/90 (PDF). Rosebery, NSW,Australia.: Road Safety Bureau, NSW Roads and Traffic Authority. ISBN 0-7305-3652-1.
- ^ O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JD, Stuart GG. Head injuries to children riding bicycles, Med J Aust. 1987 Jun 15;146(12):619-21
- ^ AGB McNair Survey Community Attitude November 1989
- ^ Williams, Meredyth-Ann (1995). Evaluation of the NSW introduction of compulsory bicycle helmet legislation. Research Note 17/94 (PDF). NSW Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA). ISBN 0-7305-3844-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ http://www.ntc.gov.au/filemedia/Reports/ARRFeb12.pdf
- ^ Australian Government: Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standard) (Bicycle Helmets) Regulations 2001
- ^ King, M. and Fraine, G. (1993). Bicycle helmet legislation and enforcement in Queensland 1991-1993: Effects on helmet wearing and crashes. Road User Behaviour Section, Road Transport and Safety Division, Queensland Transport.
- ^ Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation (BHRF). "Helmet laws: what has been their effect?". Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ Calligeros, Marissa (23 April 2013). "Bike helmet laws will change to allow religious exemptions". The Brisbane Times. Retrieved 23 April 2013.