List of academic ranks

This list of academic ranks identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars in academia. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema.

Afghanistan

• Pohand
• Pohanwal
• Pohandoi
• Pohanmal
• Pohanyar
• Pohyalai

Argentina

Main article: Academic ranks (Argentina)

Australia and New Zealand

Main article: Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)

Bangladesh

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Demonstrator

Belgium

Flemish community

• [Gewoon hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor) (professor ordinarius)
• [Buitengewoon hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor) (professor extraordinarius)
• [Hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Hoofddocent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor)
• [Docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor)
• [Doctor-assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (postdoc research assistant)
• [Assistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Rector
• Vice-Rector
• Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)

French community

• [Professeur ordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor, Switzerland)
• [Professeur extraordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting professor in Switzerland, part-time professor in Belgium)
• [Professeur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Chargé de cours définitif] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Chargé de cours temporaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor, tenure-track)
• [Chargé de cours invité] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
• [Maître de conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Directeur de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux agrégé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
• [Maître de Conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
• [Chercheur qualifié] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Premier assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
• [Chargé de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Assistant de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Recteur (president of university)
• Vice-Recteur
• Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
• Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
• Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
• Président de département (department head, elected)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• [Asistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - assistant (Must hold at least Masters Degree with excellent grades. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
• [Docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - assistant professor (Must hold PhD, Doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister Degree with evidence of further study to doctoral level. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
• [Vanredni profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
• [Profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks

• [Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - rector / chancellor / head of university
• [Prorektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
• [Dekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - dean / head of faculty or school at the university
• [Prodekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - vice-dean / head of faculty or school at the university
• [Šef katedre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - head of department

Honorary ranks

• [Profesor emeritus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - professor emeritus

Brazil

At the state universities the academic rank system is:

• Professor Titular (MS-6): equivalent to a "full professor" in the US
• Professor Associado (MS-5): must hold a Livre Docente title (equivalent to a German Habilitation)
• Professor Doutor (MS-3): must hold a doctorate; equivalent to an "assistant professor" in the US
• Professor Assistente (MS-2): must hold a master's or equivalent degree
• Auxiliar de Ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required

In the federal universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)

• Professor Titular
• Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)
• Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
• Professor Assistente, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
• Professor Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)

More information: (In portuguese)

Bulgaria

• Assistant professor – Асистент
• Chief assistant professor – Главен Асистент
• Docent – Доцент – associate professor
• Professor – Професор – full professor

Administrative ranks

• Rector
• Vice-rectors
• Assistant rector
• Secretary general
• Academic ombudsman

Canada

Faculty appointment

• Distinguished professor or university professor (distinguished professor emeritus, university professor emeritus)
• Professor or full professor (research professor, visiting professor, adjunct professor, professor emeritus; Fr professeur titulaire)
• Associate professor (research associate professor, visiting associate professor, adjunct associate professor; Fr professeur agrégé)
• Assistant professor (research assistant professor, adjunct assistant professor; Fr professeur adjoint)
• Lecturer or instructor (sessional lecturer or sessional instructor; Fr chargé de cours)

Assistant professor is the entry-level rank for non-tenured members of faculty.

Non-faculty teaching and research personnel

• Senior fellow, senior research fellow or senior scientist
• Fellow, research fellow or scientist
• Research supervisor or principal investigator
• Research associate or postdoctoral associate / Fr associé de recherche
• Research assistant or teaching assistant / Fr auxiliaire de recherche

Administrative ranks

• Dean (often also full professors)
• Associate dean (often also full professors)
• Directors of administrative departments
• Associate/assistant directors of administrative departments
• Chairs of academic departments (usually full professors)
• Graduate Coordinators
• Undergraduate Coordinators

China, People's Republic of

Principal faculty ranks in mainland China:

• Professor (教授)
• Associate professor (副教授)
• Lecturer (讲师)
• Teaching assistant (助教)

Academic trainee ranks in the mainland China:

• Postdoctoral research fellow (博士后研究员) and research fellow/researcher (研究员)
• Research assistant (研究助理) and teaching assistant (教学助理/助教)
• Postgraduate student (研究生)
• Undergraduate student (本科生)

Honorary titles:

• Principal professor (首席教授, being present in some Chinese universities)
• Emeritus professor (退休教授)
• Honorary professor (名誉教授, usually awarded to academics with important social contributions)
• Guest professor (客座教授, usually awarded to distinguished visiting scholars)
• Distinguished professor (特聘教授, usually awarded to academics with a recognized achievement in research)

Administrative ranks:

• President (校長)
• Vice-president (副校長)
• Registrar (教務長) and secretary of the Party Committee (黨委書記)
• Dean (院長)
• Deputy dean or associate dean (副院長) of schools and faculties
• Associate secretary of the Party Committee (黨委副書記)
• Director of research centre (所長/主任) and director of academic department (系主任)

Colombia

Academic ranks:

• Profesor Titular (Full Professor)
• Profesor Asociado (Associate Professor)
• Profesor Asistente (Assistant Professor)
• Instructor (Non-doctoral Teacher, mostly holding Bachelor or Master degree)
• Profesor emérito (Emeritus Professor)

Types of employment:

• Profesor de Planta (Full time faculty, may hold any of the above ranks)
• Profesor de Cátedra (Lecturer, part-time teacher)

Croatia

• Redoviti profesor u trajnom zvanju equivalent to distinguished professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Redoviti profesor equivalent to full professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Izvanredni profesor equivalent to associate professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Docent equivalent to assistant professor (doc. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Viši asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant
• Asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant
• Viši predavač equivalent to senior lecturer
• Predavač equivalent to lecturer

Honorary academic rank

• Professor emeritus - awarded to some full professors in retirement

Administrative ranks

• Rektor equivalent to rector, head of university (in USA equivalent to president of university)
• Prorektor equivalent to prorector, assistant to head of university (in USA equivalent to vice-president of university)
• Dekan equivalent to dean, head of faculty or school in university
• Prodekan equivalent to vice-dean, assistant to dean
• Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to department chair
• Predstojnik zavoda equivalent to head of department
• Predstojnik katedre equivalent to head of chair

Cyprus

Tenure-track faculty positions

• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer

Non-tenure track positions

• Special teaching personnel
• Special scientists

Czech Republic and Slovakia

• Profesor (professor), both degree and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of řízení o udělení profesury (process of awarding a professorship). One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
• Docent (associate professor), both degree and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain amount of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitace (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
• Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. is required.
• Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required.

Administrative

• Rektor (rector), head of the university
• Prorektor (vice-rector), typically 3 to 5 people are vice-rectors; the position is usually further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. research, communication, study-related issues)
• Kvestor (registrar, bursar), a "manager" of the university
• Děkan (Slovak: Dekan, English: dean), head of a faculty
• Proděkan (Slovak: Prodekan, English: vice-dean)
• Ředitel (Slovak: Riaditeľ, English: director), head of a sub-unit at a faculty (e.g. institute, research center)
• Vedoucí katedry (Slovak: Vedúci katedry, English: departmental chair), sometimes at the same level as director

Denmark

Administrative positions:

• Rektor (rector)
• Dekan (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
• Institutleder (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

• Professor
• Lektor (associate professor), time traditionally divided as 50-40-10 between teaching, research, and administration
• Adjunkt (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as lektor, although sometimes a little more time for research
• Post-doc, generally a research position, but with the possibility of teaching
• Ekstern Lektor part time teaching at university. Does not normally require a research degree (PhD or equivalent)

Egypt

• MOA'ED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant.
• MODARESS MOSAED (مدرس مساعد), Assistant Lecturer (with Master’s degree)
• MODARESS (مدرس), Lecturer (with PhD)
• OSTATH(the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE") MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to associate professor.
• OSTATH (أستاذ) (the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE"), equivalent to professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTATH MOSAED)

Estonia

• Emeriitprofessor (professor emeritus)
• Professor
• Dotsent (associate professor)
• Lektor (lecturer)
• Õpetaja (teacher)

Finland

Main article: Academic rank in Finland

France

Main article: Academic rank in France

Germany

Appointment grades

• [Professor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Pay grade: W3)
• [Professor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (W2)
• [Hochschuldozent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (W2, only in Baden-Württemberg, übrige Bundesländer C2 (auslaufend))
• [Juniorprofessor (not tenured)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (W1)
• [Juniordozent (not tenured)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg)
• [Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit (A13, A14, A15] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
• [Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (TVöD, A13 a.Z.] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
• [Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit (TVöD only in Baden-Württemberg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
• [Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft (TdL)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
• [Studentische Hilfskraft (TdL)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)

Non-appointment grades

• Privatdozent
• Außerplanmäßiger Professor (conferred, in some German States, to a Privatdozent, who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as professor.)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor, Präsident - rector or president, highest representative of the university or Polytechnic, elected
• Prorektor, Vizepräsident, prorector or vice president, elected
• Kanzler - chancellor, administrative head, often a permanent job
• Dekan - dean, elected
• Institutsdirektor - head of department, elected

Greece

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Adjunct lecturer or adjunct assistant professor (a temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct lecturers are sometimes called simply as "407", after the number of the Decree)
• Teaching assistant (This rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain teaching assistants until retirement.)

Administrative ranks

• rector
• Vice-rector
• Secretary general
• Dean
• Deputy dean
• Chairman of the department
• Deputy chairman of the department
• Director of the section

The holders of administrative ranks must be professors or associate professors. The only exception is secretary general, who is not a faculty member.

Guyana

• Professor Emeritus (on retirement)
• Professor
• Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer II
• Lecturer I
• Assistant Lecturer
• Tutor
• Laboratory Demonstrator

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Registrar
• Deputy Registrar
• Deans of Faculties
• Heads of Departments/Schools

Hong Kong

Academic ranks
In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition. Depending on institutions, the title of "professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

• Chair professor
• Emeritus professor
• Honorary professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Research assistant professor
• Post-doctoral fellow
• Adjunct (associate/assistant) professor
• Professional consultant or teaching consultant/fellow
• Research associate
• Research assistant and teaching assistant (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)
• Postgraduate or graduate
• Undergraduate

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular, normally the Chief Executive (formerly the Governor) of Hong Kong) or president in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University
• Pro-chancellor (titular, only for the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
• Vice-chancellor or president (or vice president principal in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University): being the chief executive of the institutution
• Deputy vice-chancellor (as the first among pro-vice-chancellors in the University of Hong Kong)
• Pro-vice-chancellors or vice-presidents or deputy presidents
• Associate pro-vice-chancellors (as in the Chinese University of Hong Kong) or Associate vice-president (as in the Hong Kong Baptist University, the Lingnan University, the Hong Kong Shue Yan University, and the Hong Kong Institute of Education)
• Registrar
• Provost (for some universities)
• Deans of faculties / schools
• Heads (or directors) of departments / schools

Hungary

At universities (egyetem)

• Professzor emeritus (emeritus professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc. = Doctor of Science, a National Academy awarded title)
• Egyetemi tanár (university professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc.);
• Egyetemi docens (reader (UK)/associate professor (US)/professor, always with Ph.D.)
• Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US)/associate professor, always with Ph.D. since 2005 or with rank of mestertanár = "master lecturer")
• Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/ instructor (US), generally without PhD.)

At college level (főiskola)

• Főiskolai tanár (college professor, always with a Ph.D., and usually with a special habilitation)
• Főiskolai docens (college reader (UK)/ college associate professor (US), usually with Ph.D.)
• Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US), sometimes without a Ph.D.)
• Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/instructor (US), generally without Ph.D.).

Research staff at universities/institutes

• Kutatóprofesszor (honored professor with special habilitation, and usually with /minimally correspondent/ membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
• Tudományos tanácsadó (research professor with special habilitation, usually with D.Sc.)
• Tudományos főmunkatárs (honored senior research fellow with Ph.D.)
• Tudományos munkatárs (associate research fellow with Ph.D.)
• Tudományos segédmunkatárs (funded research assistant usually without Ph.D.)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor (rector - at least with a "docens" rank, usually an "egyetemi tanár" with D.Sc.)
• Rektorhelyettes (vice-rector)
• Főigazgató (deputy principal)
• Dékán (dean of faculty)
• Dékánhelyettes (vice-dean)
• Gazdasági főigazgató
• Tanszékvezető (head of department)

India

School Level

• Kindergarten Teacher
• Primary Teacher(class 1-4)
• Secondary Teacher(class 5-7)
• Senior Secondary Teacher(class 8-10)
• Higher Secondary Teacher(class 11-12)
• Head of Department
• Vice Principal
• Principal
• Director(s) (Management Body of School)

University Level (Depending on the Fifth / Sixth Pay Scale nomenclature):

• Lecturer / Assistant Professor
• Lecturer (Senior Grade)/ Assistant Professor (Senior Grade)
• Lecturer (Selection Grade) / Assistant Professor (Selection Grade)
• Associate Professor
• Senior Associate Professor
• Professor
• Senior Professor
• Head of Department
• Dean/Director
• Pro Vice Chancellor
• Vice Chancellor
• Pro Chancellor
• Chancellor

Indonesia

Academic ranks There are 9 academic ranks which can be categorized to 4 main levels with one or more rates within each level.

• Asisten Ahli (lecturer, rates: 100, 150)
• Lektor (senior lecturer, rates: 200, 300)
• Lektor Kepala (associate professor, rates: 400, 550, 700)
• Guru Besar (professor)
  • Guru Besar Madya (professor) - Rate 850
  • Guru Besar (professor) - Rate 1050

Administrative ranks Universitas (university)

• Rektor (rector)
• Wakil Rektor (vice rector)

Fakultas-Fakultas (university schools)

• Dekan (dean)
• Wakil Dekan (vice dean)
• Kepala Program Studi (head of Programme)

Iran

• Ostád استاد (professor)
• Dánešyár دانشیار (associate professor)
• Ostádyár استادیار (assistant professor)
• Morabbi مربی (lecturer)

Emeritus ranks

• Emeritus professor
• Fellow

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor
• Dean
• Head of department

Iraq

• استاد equivalent to professor.
• دستیار استاد equivalent to associate professor.
• دستیار استاد equivalent to assistant professor in American Universities (with PhD).
• مدرس equivalent to lecturer(without PhD).
• دستیار مدرس Assistant lecturer.

Israel

Tenured and tenure-track positions

• Professor emeritus/emerita (full professor who has retired)
• Full professor [Hebrew: "Professor Min HaMinyan"]
• Associate professor [Hebrew: "Professor Khaver"]
• Senior lecturer (Tenured position) [Hebrew: "Martze Bakhir"]
• Lecturer [Hebrew: "Martze"]

Italy

Faculty (all these positions are tenured or tenure-track):

• Professore Emerito (full professor after retirement age whose high importance in academic field has been credited by the faculty council and approved by the Ministry of Higher Education: it is just an honorific title, although, in some cases, a Professore Emerito is allowed to keep his/her office for up to two years)
• Professore Ordinario, but more precisely: Professore di I fascia (full professor; tenured position)
• Professore Straordinario (a professor taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as full professor)
• Professore Associato, but more precisely: Professore di II fascia (associate professor; tenured position)
• Professore Associato non confermato: Professore di II fascia taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Professore Associato
• Professore aggregato (a faculty researcher with a temporary appointment for a given course)
• Ricercatore confermato (assistant professor or researcher; tenured position)
• Ricercatore non confermato (assistant professor or researcher in tenure-track; a researcher taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as researcher; ; no position of Ricercatore can be created after an Italian university reform in 2010, but whoever achieved this role before will keep his right to be tenured after the first three years)
• Assistente (The former entry level of permanent positions before Ricercatore replaced it in the early 1980s. No position of Assistente were created since then, but some personnel kept the title, though most of them became Ricercatore confermato)

Non-faculty and temporary:

• Professore a contratto (professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
• Professore incaricato (former name, before 1980, for Professore a contratto)
• Assegnista di Ricerca (research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph.D. title)
• Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph.D. student)

Notice that as of January 2011, some changes have been introduced in the above system, in particular faculties have been abolished in all Italian state universities substituted by larger departments in charge of both teaching and research. Therefore, the role of the "Preside" is now extinguished.

Administrative ranks

• Rettore (rector)
• Prorettore (vice-rector)
• Preside (dean of faculty)
• Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
• Direttore di Dipartimento (head of department)

Japan

Tenured or non-tenured faculty

• Professor emeritus, Meiyo Kyōju (名誉教授)
• Professor, Kyōju (教授)
• Associate professor, Junkyōju (准教授) (previously, Jokyōju (助教授))
• Assistant professor / (full time)lecturer, Kōshi (講師)
• Assistant professor / research associate, Jokyō (助教)

Kōshi (講師)andJokyō (助教) are likely to be non-tenure (most kōshi in the national university system are, however, tenured). fellow,Kenkyūin (研究員) and assistant,Joshu (助手) Tenured or non-tenured faculty

Jordan

• Professor (أستاذ)
• Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Lecturer (مدرس)
• Assistant lecturer (مدرس مساعد )
• Practitioner Professor (أستاذ ممارس)

Korea

Tenure track positions:

• (Full) professor (정교수/교수)
• Associate professor (부교수)
• Assistant professor (조교수)
• Full time instructor (전임 강사) : In some universities, this rank is missed and full time academic career begins with the assistant professor rank.

Other positions:

• Part time instructor (시간 강사)
• Research professor (연구 교수)
• Clinical professor (임상 교수)
• Adjunct professor (겸임 교수)
• Visiting professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
• Chaired professor (석좌 교수)
• Emeritus professor (명예 교수)

Latvia

Administrative positions:

• Rektors (male), Rektore (female) (rector)
• Dekāns (male), Dekāne (female) (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
• Nodaļas vadītājs (male) Nodaļas vadītāja (female) (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

• Profesors (male) Profesore (female) Professor
• Asociētais profesors (male) Asociēta profesore (female) associate professor
• Docents (male), Docente (female) (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as professor, Doctoral Degree required
• Lektors (male), Lektore (female) Lecturer. Requires MA degree
• Asistents (male), Asistente (female) research or teaching assistant

Libya

• Professor (أستاذ)
• Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Lecturer (محاضر)
• Assistant lecturer (محاضر مساعد )

Macau

At the University of Macau there are nine levels of faculty rank, namely

• Chair professor,
• Distinguished professor,
• Professor,
• Associate professor,
• Assistant professor
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Senior instructor
• Instructor

At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels

• professor (professor coordenador)
• associate professor (professor adjuncto)
• lecturer (assistente)

Macedonia

• Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employ in university)
• Younger assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
• Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
• Docent, Доцент-(Ph.D.)
• Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(associate professor)
• Professor, Професор-(full time professor)
• Professor emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(retired professor)
• Academic, Академик-(academician)

Administrative positions:

• Pomlad referent, Помлад референт- (Younger Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Referent, Референт- (Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Postar Referent, Постар Референт- (Senior Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Pomlad Sorabotnik, Помлад Соработник- (Younger Associate) -Associate Degree
• Sorabotnik, Соработник- (Аssociate) -Associate Degree
• Postar Sorabotnik, Постар Соработник- (Senior Associate) -Associate Degree
• Rakovoditel na studentski prasanja, Раководител на студентски прашања- (Head of Students Affairs) -Bachelors Degree
• Rakovoditel na katedra/institut, Раководител на катедра/институт- (Head of Department/Institute) -Ph.D.
• Prodekan, Продекан- (Vice Dean) -Ph.D.
• Dekan, Декан- (Dean) -Ph.D.
• Prorektor, Проректор- (Vice Rector) -Ph.D.
• Rektor, Ректор- (Rector) -Ph.D.

Malaysia

Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)

• [Profesor DiRaja] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (royal professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King)
• [Profesor emeritus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (usually retired professors)
• Senior professor (a newly introduced rank mainly to denote salary and hierarchical difference)
• Professor
• Professor Madya (associate professor)
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer/tutor/assistant lecturer
• Instructor (with pre-degree qualifications)

Administrative (in descending hierarchy)

• Chancellor (federal/state ruler)
• Pro chancellor (non-executive)
• Vice chancellor
• Deputy vice chancellor
• Assistant vice chancellor
• Deans of faculties
• Head of Programme

Mexico

• Assistant professor
• Associate professor
• Full time professor
• Research professor
• Professor emeritus

Netherlands

• [Hoogleraar 1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a senior full professor, leading a department or university institute)
• [Hoogleraar 2] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a junior full professor, leading a research group)
• [Persoonlijk Hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a junior full professor)
• [Universitair Hoofddocent 1,2] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior/junior associate professor)
• [Universitair Docent 1,2] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior/junior assistant professor)
• [Docent 1-4] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a lecturer; without research tasks. Pay grades varying from junior positions below PostDoc to positions equivalent in rank to junior associate professor)
• [Onderzoeker / Postdoc 1-4] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a research fellow without formal teaching tasks; postdoctoral fellow; ranging from grade 4 junior researcher (no PhD required) to grade 1 equivalent rank to junior associate professor)
• [/ Assistent in Opleiding / Promovendus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Ph.D. candidate employed by the university; rank equivalent to junior researcher)
• [Student Assistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research or teaching assistant, (under)graduate student employed by university for research or teaching activities)

special ranks outside the formal system

• [Universiteitshoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a distinguished full professor, appointed to represent the university as a whole)
• [Akademiehoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (a distinguished full professor, granted a 5 year scholarship exempted from administrative tasks, sponsored by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences)
• [Emeritus hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor, who retired in good standing. Allowed to keep the title of professor for life, allowed "ius promovendi" (the right to bestow doctorates - limited to full professor under Dutch law) 5 years following retirement.

Administrative position

• [Rector Magnificus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (head of research and education of a university)
• [Decaan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (dean; head of research and education of a faculty/school)
• [Department chair] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)

New Zealand

See under Australia and New Zealand (above)

Nigeria

Academic Positions

• Emeritus Professor
• Professor
• Associate Professor / Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer I
• Lecturer II
• Assistant Lecturer

Administrative Positions

• Chancellor
• Pro-chancellor
• Vice-chancellor
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Pro-vice-chancellor
• Deans of faculties(some are referred to as provost)
• Heads of departments/schools
• Department/school directors of studies

Norway

Elected or appointed faculty positions:

• [Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (rector; one per university; usually assisted by a prorektor and sometimes one or more [viserektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
• [Dekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (dean; one per faculty; sometimes assisted by a [prodekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and deans with a specific responsibility, e.g. research or student affairs). Male deans were formerly called dekanus, and female deans dekana.

Professorial ranks:

• Professor (full professor)
• Professor emeritus (males) or professor emerita (females). Retired professor; title conferred to all former full professors, regardless of how they are currently employed.
• [Professor II] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (part time professor; professors II are often full professors in another institution than the one in which they are professor II, or employed in other positions, for instance as a consultant at a university hospital)

Postdoctoral ranks:

• [Dosent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (reader; abolished at universities in 1985 (when all readers became full professors), today mostly used in professional colleges)
• [Førsteamanuensis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor)
• [Førstelektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior lecturer)
• [Postdoktor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)

Postgraduate ranks:

• [Amanuensis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)
• [Universitetslektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (university lecturer; lecturers in professional colleges are called [høgskolelektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
• [Stipendiat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research fellow)
• [Vitenskapelig assistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant; usually a graduate student)

Philippines

• Professor Emeritus
• Full professor VI
• Full professor V
• Full professor IV
• Full professor III
• Full professor II
• Full professor I
• Full professor
• Associate professor
• Aggregate professor
• Assistant professor
• Instructor II
• Instructor I

Dedication rank

• Exclusive dedication professor
• Full time professor
• Contracted professor

Administrative ranks (public national)

• Chancellor
• Vice Chancellor for Planning and Development
• Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension
• Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs
• Vice Chancellor for Finance and Management
• University secretary or registrar
  • Dean
  • Assistant Dean
    • • Department Chairman
        • Faculty Members and Staff

Other professors

• Professor-researcher
• Researcher
• Professor Emeritus
• Ad honorem professor

Poland

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

• (pl '[asystent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master degree)
• (pl '[adiunkt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - assistant professor (requires PhD)
• (pl '[docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - senior lecturer (requires PhD or habilitation), (a new position since 2007, optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching). Until 1987 a position between assistant professor and associate professor.
• (pl '[profesor nadzwyczajny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - associate professor (requires habilitation), according to German nomenclature sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
• (pl '[profesor zwyczajny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - full professor (requires the professor title, which is an academic title, not an academic position), sometimes called "professor ordinarius"

and also for a special purpose:

• (pl '[profesor wizytujący] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)')- visiting professor
• (pl '[profesor emerytowany] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)')- professor emeritus

Teaching staff: (lower rank)

• (pl '[instruktor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - instructor (sport)
• (pl '[lektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - instructor, foreign language teacher
• (pl '[wykładowca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - lecturer
• (pl '[starszy wykładowca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - senior lecturer

Elected or nominated posts

• Rector ([Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) - the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
• Dean ([Dziekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)); the principal head of the faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
• Head ([Kierownik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) - the head of the institute/department/chair (one per organizational unit)

Portugal

• Professor Catedrático, equivalent to full professor
• Professor Associado, equivalent to associate professor
• Professor Auxiliar, equivalent to assistant professor

Both Professor Associado and Professor Auxiliar may have Habilitation, while that extra degree is mandatory to all applicants to the rank of Professor Catedrático. This is an additional degree to which one can apply to usually years after the PhD (similar to the French Agrégation). Agregação is a two days exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors where the professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.

The 3 ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, coming from out of the university.

Portuguese universities still have some few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks have been extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.

• Assistente, equivalent to assistant lecturer (without a PhD), normally someone who is simultaneously doing a PhD and holding a master's degree. Only teaches practical (or lab) classes.
• Assistente Estagiário, equivalent to a junior teaching assistant. It used to be the start of the teaching career until 2009 and already extremely rare to find since the Bologna agreement. They are typically graduate studentss and only teach practical (lab) classes.

Romania

Administrative ranks

• Rector ("[Rector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per university; usually assisted by a "[prorector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Dean ("[Decan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per faculty; assisted by a "[Prodecan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Head of department ("[Şef de Catedră] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per department)

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

• Professor ("[profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Associate professor ("[conferenţiar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Assistant professor ("[lector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)" or "[şef de lucrări] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")

and also for a special purpose:

• Visiting professor ("[profesor vizitator] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Professor emeritus ("[profesor emerit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)" or "[profesor consultant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")

Teaching staff (lower rank)

• Teaching assistant or assistant lecturer ("[asistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Junior teaching assistant ("[preparator] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)") - this position type will become obsolete in 2015 (according to the current Romanian legislation)

Russia

• Professor (full professor), usually Doctor of Sc.
• Associate professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.
• lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both professor or dozent)
• Senior instructor (sometimes "lecturer")
• Instructor (sometimes "lecturer")
• Assistant professor (usually first academic level after Cand. of Sc. dissertation defence)
• Research assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).

Administrative positions:

• Rector (Russian: ректор)
• Provost (Russian: первый проректор)
• Vice-rectors (academic, research, financial, foreign activity)
• Dean (Russian: декан)
• Associate deans (academic, research)
• Chair (head) of a department (Russian: заведующий кафедрой)
• Head of administrative departments

Serbia

• [Saradnik u nastavi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (graduate student instructor/teaching assistant - may teach entire courses or share course teaching with other GSIs/TAs)
• [Asistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (teaching fellow - usually teaching entire courses)
• [Docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor)
• [Vanredni profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor - non-tenured position)
• [Profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor - tenured position)
• [Profesor emeritus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor emeritus)

Administrative ranks

• [Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (rector)
• [Dekan fakulteta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (faculty dean)
• [Šef katedre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (department chair)

Research ranks

• [Istraživač pripravnik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research trainee or junior researcher)
• [Istraživač saradnik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)
• [Naučni saradnik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research associate or assistant research professor)
• [Viši naučni saradnik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research associate or associate research professor)
• [Naučni savetnik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (principal research fellow or full research professor}

Slovenia

• Asistent - assistant (Must hold at least Bachelors degree with excellent grades, with evidence of further study to doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister level. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Asistent-raziskovalec - research assistant (Must hold at least Bachelors degree with excellent grades, with evidence of further study to doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister level. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Lektor (usually a native speaker of a taught language)
• Docent - assistant professor (Must hold PhD. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well.)
• Izredni profesor - associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
• Redni profesor - full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor - rector / chancellor / head of university
• Prorektor - prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
• Dekan - dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Prodekan - vice-dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Predstojnik oddelka - head of department; several per faculty, academy or school at the university

Honorary ranks Professor emeritus

South Africa

• Professor (must hold a PhD, except in accounting)
• Associate professor (must hold a PhD, except in accounting, although sometimes appointed while still studying the PhD)
• Senior lecturer (must hold a PhD, except in accounting, although sometimes appointed while still studying the PhD)
• Lecturer (must hold a Masters degree, except in accounting)
• Junior lecturer (must hold a Honours degree, except in accounting)
• Research assistant
• Tutor, student-assistant, demonstrator
• Administrative assistant
• Senior secretary

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular), (honorific)
• Vice chancellor
• Rector/principal & vice-chancellor (dual title)
• Vice-rector/vice-principal and deputy vice-chancellor/pro-vice-chancellor
• Dean
• Vice-dean/deputy dean
• Programme directors/Programme Convenor
• Departmental chairperson or head of department

In Afrikaans-speaking universities the terms rector and vice-rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms principal and vice-principal. The use of deputy vice-chancellor seems to be phasing out pro-vice-chancellor.

Spain

Tenured:

• Full Professor (Catedrático de Universidad) (chairholder, tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required)
• Full professor (Profesor Pleno/Catedràtic Contractat) (tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required.

• Professor(Profesor Titular de Universidad) (tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required)
• Aggregate professor (Profesor Agregado) (tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent to Profesor Titular de Universidad in Basque Country and Catalonia)
• Associate professor (Profesor Contratado Doctor) (tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required.)
• Full time lecturer (Profesor Colaborador) (does not have to hold a PhD) (lecturer, "acreditación" required, to be phased out)

Non-tenured:

• Private university lecturer Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a PhD)
• Lecturer (Profesor Ayudante Doctor) (must hold a PhD) (Profesor Adjunto in Basque Country, Professor Lector in Catalonia)
• Teaching assistant (Profesor Ayudante) (does no need to hold a PhD)

Other positions:

Teaching positions

• Profesor Asociado (a part time instructor who keeps a parallel job)
• Visiting professor (Profesor Visitante)
• Professor emeritus (Profesor Emérito)
• Profesor Titular de Escuela Universitaria (Tenured, Ph. D not required, to be extinguished)

Research-only positions

• Senior technical officer (Técnico Superior de Investigación)
• Technical officer (Técnico Medio de Investigación)

Administrative ranks

(university)

• rector (necessarily a chair professor)
• Vicerectors
• General secretary
• Manager

Faculties, university schools and technical schools

• Dean (faculty) or head (university or technical school)
• Vicedeans or deputy heads
• Secretary

Research institutes

• Head of research institute
• Deputy head of research institute
• Secretary of research institute

Departments

• Head of department
• Deputy head of department
• Secretary of department

Honorary positions (only in Catholic universities)

• Grand chancellor
• Vicechancellor

Sri Lanka

• Professor emeritus (on retirement)
• Senior professor
• Professor
• Associate professor (rare)
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant lecturer
• Instructor/ demonstrator
• Student instructor (undergrad)

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular)
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Registrar
• Deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools

Sweden

Main article: Academic rank in Sweden

Switzerland

German-language universities

• Hilfassistent/innen: Undergraduate research assistant / Undergraduate teaching assistant
• Assistent/innen: research assistant (typically a PhD student)
• Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter/innen: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/innen")
• Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
• Oberassistent/innen: senior researcher/lecturer (typically after 1–2 years as a postdoc)
• Lehrbeauftragte: lecturer / adjunct professor
• Gastdozent/innen: visiting lecturer
• Assistent professor: assistant professor (requires PhD)
• Privatdozent/innen: senior lecturer (has the habilitation but not professorship)
• Professor: full professor (ordinary and extraordinary)

French-language universities

• Professeur ordinaire (full professor, chair)
• Professeur extraordinaire
• Professeur invité
• Professeur associé (associate professor literally, yet functions as full professor or reader, non-chair, tenured)
• Professeur assistant (assistant professor literally, yet functions as associate professor or senior lecturer, non-tenured)
• Chargé de cours (associate professor or senior lecturer, tenured)
• Privat docent (has the habilitation but not professorship)
• Maître-Assistant (assistant professor or lecturer, non-tenured)
• Assistant (lecturer, usually a graduate student)
• Moniteur (undergraduate student)

Taiwan

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor (assistant professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
• Lecturer

Thailand

• Professor (Thai: ศาสตราจารย์)
• Associate professor (Thai: รองศาสตราจารย์)
• Assistant professor (Thai: ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์)
• Instructor (Thai: อาจารย์)

Other academic ranks

• Clinical professor (Thai: ศาสตราจารย์คลินิก)
• Adjunct professor (Thai: ศาสตราจารย์พิเศษ)
• Adjunct lecturer (Thai: อาจารย์พิเศษ)

Administrative ranks

• President or rector (Thai: อธิการบดี)
• Dean or director (Thai: คณบดี)
• Department head (Thai: หัวหน้าภาควิชา)

Tunisia

• [Professeur ordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor)
• [Professeur extraordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor)
• [Professeur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Chargé de cours définitif] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Chargé de cours temporaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor, tenure-track)
• [Chargé de cours invité] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
• [Maître de conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Directeur de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux agrégé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
• [Maître de Conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
• [Chercheur qualifié] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Premier assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
• [Chargé de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Assistant de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Recteur (president of university)
• Vice-Recteur
• Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
• Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
• Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
• Président de département (department head, elected)

Turkey

Academic ranks

• Profesör(Full professor)
• Doçent, (Associate professor)
• Yardımcı Doçent, (Assistant professor)
• Öğretim Görevlisi, (Lecturer)
• Okutman, (Instructor)
• Araştırma Görevlisi, (Research/teaching assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Rektör, rector or president (professors)
• Rektör Yardımcısı, vice-rector or vice-president (professors)
• Fakülte Dekanı, dean of the faculty (associate professor or above)
• Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
• Dekan Yardımcısı, vice-dean or associate dean (associate professor or above)
• Enstitü müdür yardımcısı, Deputy director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
• Bölüm Başkanı, head of department (assistant professor or above)
• Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, chair of academic programs (assistant professor or above)

United Kingdom

Teaching, research, and scholarship career pathway

• Professor
• Reader (It is noted that Oxford abolished this grade with no new appointments to this title. All permanent posts are now termed Lecturer. Lecturers at Oxford may apply for titles of Professor, but the main academic grade at Oxford is now Lecturer, roughly equivalent to that of Associate Professor in the US and Reader in the UK. Their pay and standing within the academic community within the University is not affected by grades as all Lecturers at Oxford are voting members of the congregation, having the same input as a Professor)
• Senior lecturer, or senior teaching fellow (or principal lecturer in post-1992 institutions)
• Lecturer, or clinical lecturer, or teaching fellow (lecturer or senior lecturer in post-1992 inst.)

Pre-/non-career grade: teaching, research, and scholarship

• Assistant lecturer, demonstrator, seminar leader, associate lecturer, Graduate teaching assistant,
• Visiting professor distinguished academic for the duration of a visit under a formal arrangement with an institution.

Research career pathway

• Professor or professorial fellow
• Reader
• Senior research fellow
• Research fellow / Research associate

Pre-/non-career grade: research career pathway

• Research officer
• Research assistant

Emeritus ranks

• Emeritus professor
• Emeritus reader
• Senior fellow
• Fellow

Administrative ranks: England, Wales, and Northern Ireland

• Chancellor (titular)
• Pro-chancellor (titular)
• Vice-chancellor (sometimes provost; increasingly 'Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer' )
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Pro-vice-chancellor
• Deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools
• Department/school directors of studies

Administrative ranks: Scotland

• Chancellor (titular)
• Rector (ancient universities only)
• Principal (who is also vice-chancellor)
• Deputy principal
• Vice-principals
• Deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools
• Department/school directors of studies

United States

Main article: Academic rank in the United States

Venezuela

• Titular professor (Professor Titular)
• Associated professor (Professor Asociado)
• Aggregate professor (Professor Agregado)
• Assistant professor (Professor Assistante)
• Instructor (Instructor)

Dedication rank

• Exclusive dedication professor (Professor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
• Full time professor (Professor a Tiempo Completo)
• Contracted professor (Porfesor a Tiempo Convencional - academic rank is usually optional)

Administrative ranks (public national)

• University council (Concejo Universitario - Órgano Colegiado)
• Rector or chairman (rector)
• University secretary or registrar (Secretario)
• Academic vice rector (Vicerrector Académico)
• Administrative vice rector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
  • Faculty council (Concejo de Facultad - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Dean (Decano - one per faculty)
  • Vice-dean (vicedecano - one per faculty - optional)
  • Academic council (Concejo Académico - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Dean's council (Concejo Decanal - Órgano Colegiado)
    • School council (Concejo de Escuela - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Principal (director - one per school)
    • Vice-principal (subdirector - one per school - optional)
      • Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
        • Chief of chair (Jefe de Cátedra)

Other professors

• Professor-researcher (Professor Investigador)
• Researcher (Investigador)
• Retired professor (Professor Retirado)
• Ad honorem professor (Professor Ad Honorem)
• Consultant professor (Professor Consultante)
• Visiting professor (Professor Visitante)
• Emergency teacher (Emergancia Docente)

Auxiliary and Lab assistants

• Auxiliary teacher I (Auxiliar Docente I)
• Auxiliary teacher II (Auxiliar Docente II)
• Auxiliary teacher III (Auxiliar Docente III)
• Auxiliary teacher IV (Auxiliar Docente IV)
• Auxiliary teacher V (Auxiliar Docente V)

External links

• Academic careers by country