Tomboy: Difference between revisions
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Throughout history, there has been a perceived correlation between tomboyishness and [[lesbian]]ism.<ref name=ELHAC>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Jayne Relaford|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0815319207|pages=771–772|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC|editor=B. Zimmerman|accessdate=21 August 2012|chapter=Tomboy|quote=The word [tomboy] also has a history of sexual, even lesbian, connotations. [ ... ] The connection between tomboyism and lesbianism continued, in a more positive way, as a frequent theme in twentieth-century lesbian literature and nonfiction coming out stories.}}</ref><ref name=Halberstam>{{cite book|last=Halberstam|first=Judith|title=Female Masculinity|year=1998|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822322439|pages=193–196|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC|quote=Hollywood film offers us a vision of the adult tomboy as the predatory butch dyke: in this particular category, we find some of the best and worst of Hollywood stereotyping.}}</ref> For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a "predatory butch [[Dyke (slang)|dyke]]".<ref name=Halberstam/> Lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of ''Tomboys!'', argue that "tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians," it "seems to remain a part of the foundation of who we are as adults".<ref name=ELHAC/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tomboys! Tales of Dyke Derring-Do|year=1995|publisher=Alysson|location=Los Angeles|editor=Yamaguchi, Lynne and Karen Barber}}</ref> Many contributors to ''Tomboys!'' linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside "cultural and gender boundaries".<ref name=ELHAC/> However, while some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of one's [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Gabriel Phillips and Ray Over|title=Differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in recalled childhood experiences|journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]|year=1995|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1007/BF01541985|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> |
Throughout history, there has been a perceived correlation between tomboyishness and [[lesbian]]ism.<ref name=ELHAC>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Jayne Relaford|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0815319207|pages=771–772|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC|editor=B. Zimmerman|accessdate=21 August 2012|chapter=Tomboy|quote=The word [tomboy] also has a history of sexual, even lesbian, connotations. [ ... ] The connection between tomboyism and lesbianism continued, in a more positive way, as a frequent theme in twentieth-century lesbian literature and nonfiction coming out stories.}}</ref><ref name=Halberstam>{{cite book|last=Halberstam|first=Judith|title=Female Masculinity|year=1998|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822322439|pages=193–196|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC|quote=Hollywood film offers us a vision of the adult tomboy as the predatory butch dyke: in this particular category, we find some of the best and worst of Hollywood stereotyping.}}</ref> For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a "predatory butch [[Dyke (slang)|dyke]]".<ref name=Halberstam/> Lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of ''Tomboys!'', argue that "tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians," it "seems to remain a part of the foundation of who we are as adults".<ref name=ELHAC/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tomboys! Tales of Dyke Derring-Do|year=1995|publisher=Alysson|location=Los Angeles|editor=Yamaguchi, Lynne and Karen Barber}}</ref> Many contributors to ''Tomboys!'' linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside "cultural and gender boundaries".<ref name=ELHAC/> However, while some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of one's [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Gabriel Phillips and Ray Over|title=Differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in recalled childhood experiences|journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]|year=1995|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1007/BF01541985|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | There have been few studies of the causality of women's behavior and interests, when they do not conform to the female social gender role. One report from the ''Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children'' suggests that preschool girls engaging in "masculine-typical" gender-role behavior, such as playing with toys typically preferred by boys, is influenced by genetic and prenatal factors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hines|first=Melissa|coauthors=Golombok, Susan; Rust, John; Johnston, Katie J.; Golding, Jean; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team|title=Testosterone during Pregnancy and Gender Role Behavior of Preschool Children: A Longitudinal, Population Study|journal=Child Development|date=1 November 2002|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1678–1687|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00498|jstor=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3696409}}</ref> Tomboys have also been noted to demonstrate a stronger interest in science and technology.<ref name="Bailey"/> |
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| ⚫ | In many fictional stories, giving a female child character the attributes of a tomboy allowed cultural norms to be superseded so that a girl's stronger will and more independent mind could be regarded affectionately, her spirit celebrated and her membership of the group accepted. Famous fictional tomboys include the character of "George" (Georgina) in [[Enid Blyton]]'s series ''[[The Famous Five (series)|The Famous Five]]'', said by the author to be modeled on herself; the character of [[Nancy Drew]] in the mystery fiction series; [[Scout Finch]] in [[Harper Lee]]'s novel ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' and [[Katniss Everdeen]] in [[Suzanne Collins]]' ''[[The Hunger Games]]'' |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery caption="Some historical examples of adults in dress associated with tomboy style" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> |
<gallery caption="Some historical examples of adults in dress associated with tomboy style" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> |
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| ⚫ | There have been few studies of the causality of women's behavior and interests, when they do not conform to the female social gender role. One report from the ''Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children'' suggests that preschool girls engaging in "masculine-typical" gender-role behavior, such as playing with toys typically preferred by boys, is influenced by genetic and prenatal factors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hines|first=Melissa|coauthors=Golombok, Susan; Rust, John; Johnston, Katie J.; Golding, Jean; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team|title=Testosterone during Pregnancy and Gender Role Behavior of Preschool Children: A Longitudinal, Population Study|journal=Child Development|date=1 November 2002|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1678–1687|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00498|jstor=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3696409}}</ref> Tomboys have also been noted to demonstrate a stronger interest in science and technology.<ref name="Bailey"/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In many fictional stories, giving a female child character the attributes of a tomboy allowed cultural norms to be superseded so that a girl's stronger will and more independent mind could be regarded affectionately, her spirit celebrated and her membership of the group accepted. Famous fictional tomboys include the character of "George" (Georgina) in [[Enid Blyton]]'s series ''[[The Famous Five (series)|The Famous Five]]'', said by the author to be modeled on herself; the character of [[Nancy Drew]] in the mystery fiction series; [[Scout Finch]] in [[Harper Lee]]'s novel ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' and [[Katniss Everdeen]] in [[Suzanne Collins]]' ''[[The Hunger Games]]'' |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 17:02, 31 October 2013
A tomboy is a girl who exhibits characteristics or behaviors considered typical of the gender role of a boy,[1][2] including wearing masculine clothing and engaging in games and activities that are physical in nature and are considered in many cultures to be the domain of boys.[2] Tomboy, since its print inception in 1592, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "has been connected with connotations of rudeness and impropriety".[3]
History and society
Gender scholar Judith Halberstam states that while the defying of gender roles is often tolerated in young girls, adolescent girls who display masculine traits are often repressed or punished.[4] However, the ubiquity of traditionally female clothing, such as dresses, blouses and skirts, has declined among the Western world where it is generally no longer considered a male trait if such clothing is not worn by girls and women; an increase in the popularity of women's sporting events (see Title IX) and other activities that were traditionally male-dominated has broadened tolerance and lessened the impact of tomboy as a pejorative term.[2]
Throughout history, there has been a perceived correlation between tomboyishness and lesbianism.[3][5] For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a "predatory butch dyke".[5] Lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of Tomboys!, argue that "tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians," it "seems to remain a part of the foundation of who we are as adults".[3][6] Many contributors to Tomboys! linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside "cultural and gender boundaries".[3] However, while some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of one's sexual orientation.[7]
General studies
There have been few studies of the causality of women's behavior and interests, when they do not conform to the female social gender role. One report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children suggests that preschool girls engaging in "masculine-typical" gender-role behavior, such as playing with toys typically preferred by boys, is influenced by genetic and prenatal factors.[8] Tomboys have also been noted to demonstrate a stronger interest in science and technology.[2]
Fiction
In many fictional stories, giving a female child character the attributes of a tomboy allowed cultural norms to be superseded so that a girl's stronger will and more independent mind could be regarded affectionately, her spirit celebrated and her membership of the group accepted. Famous fictional tomboys include the character of "George" (Georgina) in Enid Blyton's series The Famous Five, said by the author to be modeled on herself; the character of Nancy Drew in the mystery fiction series; Scout Finch in Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games
Gallery
- Some historical examples of adults in dress associated with tomboy style
-
Yoshiko Kawashima (AKA "Eastern Jewel") in 1933. -
Drag king performer Valentino King with false facial hair in 2010. -
Amelia Earhart in the cockpit of her airplane in 1937. -
Sinéad O'Connor performing in 2008. -
General Kawashima in her Manchukuo military uniform. -
Writer Gayle Rubin speaking in 2012. -
Hetty King pictured on sheet music in 1910. -
Drag king performance troupe "All the Kings Men" in 2006. -
"Rosie the Riveter" as depicted by Norman Rockwell in 1943.
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See also
References
- ^ Tomboy in the Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ a b c d Who Are Tomboys and Why Should We Study Them?, SpringerLink, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 31, Number 4
- ^ a b c d Brown, Jayne Relaford (1999). "Tomboy". In B. Zimmerman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Routledge. pp. 771–772. ISBN 0815319207. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
The word [tomboy] also has a history of sexual, even lesbian, connotations. [ ... ] The connection between tomboyism and lesbianism continued, in a more positive way, as a frequent theme in twentieth-century lesbian literature and nonfiction coming out stories.
- ^ Halberstam, Judith: Female Masculinity, Durham: Duke University Press, 1998.
- ^ a b Halberstam, Judith (1998). Female Masculinity. Duke University Press. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0822322439.
Hollywood film offers us a vision of the adult tomboy as the predatory butch dyke: in this particular category, we find some of the best and worst of Hollywood stereotyping.
- ^ Yamaguchi, Lynne and Karen Barber, ed. (1995). Tomboys! Tales of Dyke Derring-Do. Los Angeles: Alysson.
- ^ "Differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in recalled childhood experiences". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (1): 1–20. 1995. doi:10.1007/BF01541985.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Hines, Melissa (1 November 2002). "Testosterone during Pregnancy and Gender Role Behavior of Preschool Children: A Longitudinal, Population Study". Child Development. 73 (6): 1678–1687. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00498. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/3696409.
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External links
