Alan of Galloway: Difference between revisions
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'''Alan of Galloway''' (b. before 1199, d. 1234), also known as '''Alan fitz Roland''', was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish [[magnate]]. As the hereditary [[Lord of Galloway]] and hereditary [[Constable of Scotland]], Alan was one of the most influential magnates in the [[Irish Sea]] zone. He first appears in courtly circles in about 1200. After inheriting his father's possessions, and his mother's possessions almost almost two decades later, Alan was one of the most powerful magnates in the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. He was one of [[John, King of England]]'s advisors concerning ''[[Magna Carta]]'', and later played a considerable part in [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II, King of Scotland]]'s ambitions in violent aftermath of John's repudiation of the charter. Alan participated in the English colonisation of [[Ulster]], simultaneously aiding the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the region. He also entered into an inter-dynastic struggle for control of the [[Kingdom of the Isles]], supporting one of his kinsman over another. Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway descending from the dynasty of [[Fergus of Galloway|Fergus, Lord of Galloway]]. |
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'''Alan Fitz Roland''' (c. 1175 – 1234) was the last of the MacFergus dynasty of quasi-independent [[Lords of Galloway]]. He was also hereditary [[Constable of Scotland]]. |
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==Background== |
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He was the son of Roland, or [[Lochlann, Lord of Galloway]] and [[Helen de Morville]]. His date of birth is uncertain, but he was considered an adult in 1196. |
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Alan was born sometime before 1199. He was the eldest son of [[Lochlann of Galloway|Roland, Lord of Galloway]] (d. 1200), and his wife, Helen de Morville (d. 1217).<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#O5|Oram (2004d)]]; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 124.</ref> His parent's were likely married before 1185,<ref>[[#O5|Oram (2004d)]].</ref> possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to [[Henry II of England|Henry II, King of England]] in 1186.<ref>[[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 121.</ref> Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#O5|Oram (2004d)]]; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 124.</ref> The name of one Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young.<ref>[[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 124.</ref> The other, [[Thomas of Galloway|Thomas]] (d. 1231), became [[Earl of Atholl]] by right of his wife.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#O5|Oram (2004d)]]; [[#O6|Oram 1988)]] p. 124.</ref> One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 124.</ref> The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel (d. 1233).<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#S3|Stringer, KJ (2004)]] p. 225 n. 111.</ref> |
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Alan's mother was the sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland (d. 1196).<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> Alan's father was the eldest son of [[Uhtred of Galloway|Uchtred, Lord of Galloway]] (d. 1174),<ref>[[#O5|Oram (2004d)]]</ref> son of [[Fergus of Galloway|Fergus, Lord of Galloway]] (d. 1161). The familial origins of Fergus are unknown.<ref>[[#O4|Oram (2004b)]].</ref> |
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In right of his mother he inherited the de Morville Lordship of [[Lauderdale, Scotland|Lauderdale]], as well as others in that vicinity: West of Blainslie, in Lauderdale, but in the Lordship of Melrose, are the lands of Threepwood, which were granted by Alan, Constable of Scotland, to the monks of [[Melrose Abbey|Melrose]] between 1177 and 1204.<ref>Romanes, Charles S., CA., ''The Records of the Regality of Melrose'', Scottish History Society, Edinburgh, 1917, volume III, p.xli, (Alan is identified as son of Roland the Constable)</ref> |
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==Campaigns== |
==Campaigns== |
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In 1212 Alan responded to a summons from King [[John I of England]] by sending 1,000 troops to join the war against the Welsh. In this year he also sent one of his daughters to England as a hostage. She died in 1213 in the custody of her maternal uncle. Alan is listed as one of the 16 men who counseled King John regarding the [[Magna Carta]]. |
In 1212 Alan responded to a summons from King [[John I of England]] by sending 1,000 troops to join the war against the Welsh. In this year he also sent one of his daughters to England as a hostage. She died in 1213 in the custody of her maternal uncle. Alan is listed as one of the 16 men who counseled King John regarding the [[Magna Carta]]. |
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In 1225, Alan lent military aid to [[Raghnall mac Gofraidh|Ragnvald Godredsson, King of the Isles]] against Ragnvald's half-brother, [[Olaf the Black|Olaf]]. Sometime later, Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, was married to Ragnvald's daughter. The marriage gave Alan a stake in the kingship, and it appears that Thomas was intended to succeed to the Kingship of the Isles. However, the marriage appears to have angered the Manx people, and Ragnvald was deposed from the kinship and replaced by Olaf in 1226. Ragnvald may well have gone into exile at Alan's court. In 1228, Alan and his brother, Thomas, and Ragnvald, attacked and devastated the [[Isle of Man]], while Olaf was absent in the Hebrides. |
In 1225, Alan lent military aid to [[Raghnall mac Gofraidh|Ragnvald Godredsson, King of the Isles]] against Ragnvald's half-brother, [[Olaf the Black|Olaf]]. Sometime later, Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, was married to Ragnvald's daughter. The marriage gave Alan a stake in the kingship, and it appears that Thomas was intended to succeed to the Kingship of the Isles. However, the marriage appears to have angered the Manx people, and Ragnvald was deposed from the kinship and replaced by Olaf in 1226. Ragnvald may well have gone into exile at Alan's court. In 1228, Alan and his brother, Thomas, and Ragnvald, attacked and devastated the [[Isle of Man]], while Olaf was absent in the Hebrides. |
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==Family== |
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Alan died in 1234 and is buried at [[Dundrennan Abbey]] in [[Galloway]]. |
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Alan was married three times. His first wife was a daughter of [[Roger de Lacy (1170–1211)|Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester]].<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref>{{#tag:ref|The late twelfth- or early thirteenth-century Arthurian romance ''[[Roman de Fergus]]'' may have have been composed on behalf of Alan, to celebrate his first marriage; or perhaps on behalf of his daughter, [[Dervorguilla of Galloway|Dervorguilla]].<ref>[[#H1|Hunt (2004)]].</ref>|group=note}} His second marriage, which took place in 1209, was to [[Margaret of Huntingdon, Lady of Galloway|Margaret]] (d. before 1228), eldest daughter of [[David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon|David, Earl of Huntingdon]] (d. 1219).<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#S1|Stell (2004a)]].</ref> In about 1229, Alan married Rose (d. after 1237), daughter of [[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster|Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster]] (d. 1242).<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#S5|Smith (2006)]].</ref> |
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==Marriages== |
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Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters reached adulthood.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> Helen, the daughter from his first marriage, married [[Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester|Roger de Quincy]] (d. 1264).<ref>[[#P1|Prestwich (2005)]] p. 246; [[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#O2|Oram (2004c)]].</ref> At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married [[William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle|William de Forz]] (d. 1260).<ref>[[#P1|Prestwich (2005)]] p. 246; [[#E1|English (2004)]]; [[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> [[Dervorguilla of Galloway|Dervorguilla]] (d. 1290), a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married [[John I de Balliol|John de Balliol]] (d. 1268).<ref>[[#P1|Prestwich (2005)]] pp. 246–247; [[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#S1|Stell (2004a)]]; [[#S2|Stell (2004b)]].</ref> Alan also had bastard son, [[Thomas of Galloway (bastard)|Thomas]], who survived into adulthood.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> |
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Alan was married three times. His first wife was a daughter of [[Roger de Lacy (1170–1211)|Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester]].<ref name="odnb-alan"/> His second marriage, which took place in 1209, was to [[Margaret of Huntingdon, Lady of Galloway|Margaret]] (d. before 1228), eldest daughter of [[David, Earl of Huntingdon]] (d. 1219).<ref name="odnb-alan"/><ref name="odnb-dervorguilla"/> His third marriage was to Rose (d. after 1237), daughter of [[Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster]] (d. 1242).<ref name="odnb-alan"/><ref name="odnb-hughlacy">{{citation |last=Smith |first=B. |contribution=Lacy, Hugh de, earl of Ulster (d. 1242), magnate and soldier |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15853 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15853 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |format={{ODNBsub}} }}</ref> Alan had numerous children from his first two marriages, although only daughters reached adulthood.<ref name="odnb-alan"/> His eldest daughter from his first marriage, [[Helen of Galloway|Helen]], married [[Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester|Roger de Quincy]] (d. 1264).<ref name="odnb-alan"/><ref name="odnb-rogerdequincy">{{citation |last=Oram |first=Richard D. |author-link=Richard Oram |contribution=Quincy, Roger de, earl of Winchester (c.1195–1264) |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22966 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22966 |accessdate=6 November 2011 |format={{ODNBsub}} }}</ref> One daughter from his second marriage, Christina (or Christiana) (d. 1246), married [[William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle|William de Forz]] (d. 1260).<ref name="odnb-alan"/><ref name="odnb-willimforz">{{citation |last=English |first=Barbara |contribution=Forz , William de, count of Aumale (b. before 1216, d. 1260) |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29480 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29480 |accessdate=4 November 2011 |format={{ODNBsub}} }}</ref> Another daughter from his second marriage, [[Dervorguilla of Galloway|Dervorguilla]] (d. 1290), married [[John de Balliol]] (d. 1314).<ref name="odnb-alan"/><ref name="odnb-dervorguilla">{{citation |last=Stell |first=G. P. |contribution=Balliol, Dervorguilla de, lady of Galloway (d. 1290), noblewoman and benefactor |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49378 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49378 |accessdate=4 November 2011 |format={{ODNBsub}} }}</ref> Alan also had a bastard son, [[Thomas of Galloway (bastard)|Thomas]], who survived into adulthood.<ref name="odnb-alan">{{citation |last=Oram |first=Richard D. |author-link=Richard Oram |contribution=Alan, lord of Galloway (b. before 1199, d. 1234) |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49362 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49362 |accessdate=4 July 2011 |format={{ODNBsub}} }}</ref> |
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==Death== |
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With Alan's death his holdings were divided between his three daughters and their husbands. A popular attempt was made within Galloway to establish his illegitimate son, Thomas, as ruler, but this failed, and Galloway's period as an independent political entity came to an end. |
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[[File:Alan, Lord of Galloway effigy.jpeg|thumb|Nineteenth-century depiction of an effigy, at [[Dundrennan Abbey]], generally regarded as that of Alan.<ref>[[#B4|Brydall (1894–1895)]] pp. 343 (fig. 10), 344–345.</ref> ]] |
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Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231,<ref>[[#O10|Oram (2004e)]].</ref> possibly from injuries suffered in a [[Tournament (medieval)|tournament]] accident.<ref>[[#O10|Oram (2004e)]].</ref> Alan's death, about three years later in 1234,<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]; [[#S5|Smith (2006)]]; [[#S7|Stringer, KJ (2000)]] p. 145; [[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] pp. 530, 544; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 141.</ref> is recorded by the ''Annals of Ulster'',<ref>[[#A2|''Annala Uladh...'' (2003)]] § 1234.1; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 492 n. 2.</ref> the ''Chronicle of Melrose'',<ref>[[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 141; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 492.</ref> and the ''Chronicle of Lanercost''—the later which specifies the month February.<ref>[[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 492 n. 2; [[#S19|Stevenson (1839)]] p. 42.</ref> Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey,<ref>[[#S7|Stringer, KJ (2000)]] p. 145.</ref> where a particular effigy is generally identified as his.<ref>[[#S7|Stringer, KJ (2000)]] p. 145 n. 74.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The souls of Alan, his father, paternal grandfather, and paternal great-grandfather were still commemorated at [[Holyrood Abbey]] as late as the fifteenth century.<ref>[[#S7|Stringer, KJ (2000)]] p. 145 n. 72; [[#E1|Eels (1914)]] p. 2.</ref>|group=note}} He was the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate, patrilineal line of Fergus.<ref>[[#O3|Oram (1992)]] p. 34; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 141.</ref> Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under him and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis.<ref>[[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 141.</ref> |
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At the time of his death, Alan's closest legitimate male heir was his brother's son, [[Padraig, Earl of Atholl|Patrick of Atholl]] (d. 1242), who was still a minor at the time of his father's death.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> Although Celtic practice did not bar Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, from the succession of Galloway, according to feudal custom, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]].</ref> |
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[[File:Dundrennan Abbey, 2113731 a208cb13.jpg|thumb|left|Dundrennan Abbey, the site of Alan's internment, was founded by his paternal grandfather. ]] |
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The Gallovidian succession crisis was seized upon by the Scots. The husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect to bring about the demise of Alan's former semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such Anglo-Scottish noblemen, was an opportunity that Alexander could not pass up.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]</ref> The prospect of Alan's son succeeding to the lordship, however, threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and could thus threaten the welfare of the Scottish realm.<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2004a)]]</ref> According to the ''Chronicle of Melrose'', the Gallovidians appealed to Alexander to instead take lordship of Galloway into his own hands.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] p. 530; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 146; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 494.</ref> It may have been more likely, however, that the people considered Alan's son as their true lord.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] p. 530.</ref> Whatever the case, Alexander denied their request, quickly crushed a retaliatory Gallovidian uprising, and went ahead with the partitioning.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] pp. 530–531; [[#O6|Oram (1988)]] p. 146.</ref> |
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Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters. Forty years later the lands appear in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain. Similarly, the succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is uncertain.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] p. 544.</ref> They should have passed to his son if he had not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets).<ref>[[#O10|Oram (2004e)]]; [[#D2|Duncan (1996)]] pp. 544–545.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|group=note}} |
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==Citations== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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*''Curia Regis Rolls,'' 1935. |
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*''Cal. Charter Rolls,'' 1, 1895 |
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==References== |
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{| border=2 align="center" |
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;Primary sources |
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{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
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|width="30%" align="center"|Preceded by:<br>'''[[Lochlann, Lord of Galloway]]''' |
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*{{cite book |year=1922 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=AO |editor1-link=Alan Orr Anderson |title=Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924077097958 |volume=Vol. 2 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |publication-place=London |ref=A1 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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|width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Lords of Galloway]]''' |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001B/index.html |title=Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat |year=2003 |website=[[Corpus of Electronic Texts]] |edition=28 January 2003 |publisher=[[University College Cork]] |accessdate=5 February 2014 |ref=A2 }} |
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|width="30%" align="center"|Succeeded by:<br>'''Extinct: <br>See [[Thomas of Galloway (bastard)|Thomas]] & [[Gille Ruadh]]''' |
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*{{cite book |year=1868 |editor-last=Armytage |editor-first=GJ |title=Ancient Rolls of Arms: Glover's Roll of the Reign of King Henry III |publisher=John Russell Smith |publication-place=London |ref=A3 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]]. |
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|} |
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*{{cite book |year=1881 |editor-last=Bain |editor-first=Joseph |title=Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014807203 |volume=Vol. 1, A.D. 1108–1272 |publisher=H. M. General Register House |publication-place=Edinburgh |ref=B2 }} Accessed via [[HathiTrust]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1971 |editor1-last=Barrow |editor1-first=GWS |editor1-link=G. W. S. Barrow |editor2-last=Scott |editor2-first=WW |year=1971 |title=The Acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165–1214 |series=Regesta Regum Scottorum, 1153–1424 (series vol. 2) |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |isbn=0 85224 142 9 |ref=B3 }} Accessed via [[Questia]] (subscription required). |
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*{{cite book |last=Drew |first=KF |year=2004 |title=Magna Carta |series=Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |publication-place=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-32590-1 |ref=D3 }} |
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*{{cite book |year=1835 |editor-last=Hardy |editor-first=TD |editor-link=Thomas Duffus Hardy |title=Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati |volume=Vol. 1, pt. 1, Ab Anno MCCL Ad Annum MCCXVI |publisher=[[The Commissioners on the Public Records of the Kingdom]] |publication-place=n.p. |ref=H2 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1901 |title=Patent Rolls of the Reign of Henry III: A.D. 1216–1225 |url=https://archive.org/details/patentrollsreig00sirgoog |publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]] |publication-place=London |ref=P2 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite journal |last=Ragg |first=FW |year=1918 |title=Five Strathclyde and Galloway Charters—Four Concerning Cardew, and One the Westmorland Newbigging |url=http://www.dgnhas.org.uk/transonline/SerIII-Vol5.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society |volume=Third series, vol. 5 |pages=231–264 |ref=R2 }} |
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*{{cite book |year=1847 |editor-last=Reeves |editor-first=W |editor-link=William Reeves (bishop) |title=Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore, Consisting a Taxation of those Dioceses |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalan00reev |publisher=Hodges and Smith |publication-place=Dublin |ref=R1 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1832 |title=Registrum Monasterii de Passelet, Cartas Privilegia Conventiones Aliaque Munimenta Complectens, A Domo Fundata A.D. MCLXIII Usque Ad A.D. MDXXIX |url=https://archive.org/details/registrummonaste00mait |publisher=n.p. |publication-place=Edinburgh |ref=R4 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |editor-last=Shirley |editor-first=WW |editor-link=Walter Waddington Shirley |year=1862 |title=Royal and Other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III |url=https://archive.org/details/royalotherhistor01shir |volume=Vol. 1, 1216–1235 |series=Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores |publisher=[[Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts]] |publication-place=London |ref=S17 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=n.d. |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=GG |editor2-last=Galbraith |editor2-first=JD |title=Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, Preserved in the Public Record Office and British Library |volume=Vol. 5, Supplementary, A.D. 1108–1516 |publisher=[[Scottish Record Office]] |publication-place=n.p. |ref=S18 }} |
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*{{cite book |year=1871 |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=WF |editor-link=William Forbes Skene |title=Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum |url=https://archive.org/details/johannisdefordun01ford |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |publication-place=Edinburgh |ref=S12 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1872 |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=WF |editor-link=William Forbes Skene |title=John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/johannisdefordun02ford |publication-place=Edinburgh |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |ref=S13 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1835 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |editor-link=Joseph Stevenson |title=Chronica de Mailros |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicdemailros00melruoft |publisher=[[The Bannatyne Club]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |ref=S15 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1839 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |editor-link=Joseph Stevenson |title=Chronicon de Lanercost, M.CC.I.–M.CCC.XLVI |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicondelaner00stevuoft |publisher=[[The Bannatyne Club]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |ref=S19 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |year=1875 |editor-last=Sweetman |editor-first=BA |title=Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London, 1171–1251 |url=https://archive.org/details/calendarofdocume01grea_0 |publisher=Longman & Co. |publication-place=London |ref=S11 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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{{refend}} |
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;Secondary sources |
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{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Barrell |first=ADM |year=2003 |origyear=2000 |title=Medieval Scotland |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |publication-place=Cambridge |pages=199–239 |isbn=0 511 01720 0 |ref=B1 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Birch |first=WDG |year=1905 |title=History of Scottish Seals, from the Eleventh to the Seventeenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscottis01birc |volume=Vol. 1., The Royal Seals of Scotland |publisher=Eneas Mackay |publication-place=Stirling |ref=B9 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |last=Brault |first=GJ |year=1997 |origyear=1972 |title=Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries |publisher=[[The Boydell Press]] |publication-place=Woodbridge |isbn=978-0-85115-711-5 |ref=B8 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]]. |
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*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland (series vol. 4) |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |publication-place=Edinburgh |isbn=0748612386 |ref=B6 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]]. |
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*{{cite journal |last=Brydall |first=R |year=1894–1895 |title=The Monumental Effigies of Scotland, From the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century |volume=Vol. 29 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_029/29_329_410.pdf |format=PDF |pages=329–410 |ref=B4 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Davies |first=RR |author-link=Rees Davies |year=1990 |title=Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge Press]] |publication-place=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-38069-3 |ref=D1 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]]. |
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*{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=AAM |authorlink1=Archie Duncan |year=1996 |origyear=1975 |title=Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom |series=The Edinburgh History of Scotland (series vol. 1) |publisher=[[Mercat Press]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |isbn=0 901824 83 6 |ref=D2 }} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19379 |title=Morville, Hugh de (d. 1173/4) |last=Franklin |first=RM |year=2004 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19379 |accessdate=10 February 2014 |ref=F2 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14841 |title=John (1167–1216) |last=Gillingham |first=J |authorlink=John Gillingham |year= 2010 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |edition=September 2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14841 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=G2 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite journal |last=Greeves |first=R |year=1957–1958 |title=The Galloway Lands in Ulster |url=http://www.dgnhas.org.uk/transonline/SerIII-Vol36.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society |volume=Third series, vol. 36 |pages=115–121 |ref=G1 }} |
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*{{cite thesis |last=Oram |first=RD |authorlink=Richard Oram |title=The Lordship of Galloway, c. 1000 to c. 1250 |degree=Doctoral |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2638 |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |year=1988 |ref=O6 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=1992 |title=Bruce, Balliol and the Lordship of Galloway: South-West Scotland and the Wars of Independence |url=http://www.dgnhas.org.uk/transonline/SerIII-Vol67.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society |volume=Third series, vol. 67 |issn=0141-1292 |pages=29–47 |ref=O3 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Oram |first=RD |authorlink=Richard Oram |year=1993 |title=A Family Business? Colonisation and Settlement in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-century Galloway |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6623 |journal=[[The Scottish Historical Review]] |volume=Vol. 72 |pages=111–145 |doi=10.3366/shr.1993.72.2.111 |issn=0036-9241 |ref=O9 }} Accessed via [[Stirling Online Research Repository]]. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49362 |title=Alan, Lord of Galloway (b. before 1199, d. 1234) |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=2004a |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49362 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=O1 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49360 |title=Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161) |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=2004b |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49360 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=O4 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22966 |title=Quincy, Roger de, Earl of Winchester (c.1195–1264) |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=2004c |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22966 |accessdate=6 Nov 2011 |ref=O2 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49361 |title=Roland, lord of Galloway (d. 1200) |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=2004d |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49361 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=O5 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49364 |title=Thomas, earl of Atholl (d. 1231) |last=Oram |first=RD |author-link=Richard Oram |year=2004e |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49364 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=O10 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite book |last=Oram |first=RD |authorlink=Richard Oram |year=2005 |chapter=Introduction: An Overview of the Reign of Alexander II |editor-last=Oram |editor-first=R |editor-link=Richard Oram |title=The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 |series=The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures (series vol. 16) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |publication-place=Leiden |pages=1–47 |issn=1569-1462 |isbn=90 04 14206 1 |ref=O7 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Oram |first=RD |authorlink=Richard Oram |year=2011 |title=Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland (series vol. 3) |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |isbn=978 0 7486 1496 7 |ref=O8 }} Accessed via [[Google Books]] and [[Questia]] (subscription required for the latter). |
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*{{cite book |last=Orpen |first=GH |authorlink=Goddard Henry Orpen |year=1920 |title=Ireland Under the Normans |url=https://archive.org/details/irelandundernorm03orpeuoft |volume=Vol. 3, 1216–1333 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |publication-place=Oxford |ref=O11 }} Accessed via [[Internet Archive]]. |
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*{{cite book |last=Prestwich |first=M |author-link=Michael Prestwich |year=2005 |title=Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 |series=[[New Oxford History of England]] |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |publication-place=Oxford |isbn=0-19-822844-9 |ref=P1 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Ross |first=A |year=2007 |chapter=Moray, Ulster, and the MacWilliams |chapterurl=http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2174 |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600 |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |publication-place=Dublin |pages=24–44 |ref=R5 }} Accessed via [[Stirling Online Research Repository]].<!-- Note that the pagination of the document given by the url does not match that of the chapter in the book. --> |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49357 |title=Macwilliam family (per. c.1130–c.1230) |last=Scott |first=WW |year=2005 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |edition=May 2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49357 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=S14 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-180-001-727-C |title=Seal impression (cast), of Alexander II |website=[[National Museums Scotland]] |accessdate=13 February 2014 |ref=S22 }} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-180-001-725-C |title=Seal impression (cast), of William I (William the Lion) |website=[[National Museums Scotland]] |accessdate=13 February 2014 |ref=S21 }} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15853 |title=Lacy, Hugh de, earl of Ulster (d. 1242) |last=Smith |first=B |year=2006 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |edition=October 2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15853 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |ref=S5 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49378 |title=Balliol, Dervorguilla de, Lady of Galloway (d. 1290) |last=Stell |first=GP |year=2004a |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49378 |accessdate=24 January 2014 |ref=S1 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1208 |title=Balliol, John de (b. before 1208, d. 1268) |last=Stell |first=GP |year=2004b |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/1208 |accessdate=22 January 2014 |ref=S2 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite book |last=Stringer |first=K |year=1995 |chapter=Thirteenth-century Perspectives |editor1-last=Grant |editor1-first=A |editor2-last=Stringer |editor2-first=KJ |title=Uniting a Kingdom? The Making of British History |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London |pages=85–96 |isbn=0-203-74306-7 |ref=S8 }} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19380 |title=Morville, Richard de (d. 1189/90) |last=Stringer |first=K |year=2004 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19380 |accessdate=27 September 2011 |ref=S4 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite journal |last=Stringer |first=KJ |year=1972 |title=A New Wife for Alan of Galloway |url=http://www.dgnhas.org.uk/transonline/SerIII-Vol49.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society |volume=Third series, vol. 49 |pages=49–55 |ref=S10 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Stringer |first=KJ |year=1998 |origyear=1993 |chapter=Periphery and Core in Thirteenth-Century Scotland: Alan Son of Roland, Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland. Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow |editor1-last=Grant |editor1-first=A |editor2-last=Stringer |editor2-first=KJ |title=Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |publication-place=Edinburgh |pages=82–113 |isbn=0 7486 1110 X |ref=S9 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Stringer |first=KJ |year=2000 |chapter=Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland: Galloway, c. 1140–c. 1240 |editor1-last=Cowan |editor1-first=E |editor1-link=Edward J. Cowan |editor2-last=McDonald |editor2-first=R |title=Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages |publisher=Tuckwell Press |publication-place=East Linton |pages=127–165 |isbn=1-86232-151-5 |ref=S7 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Stringer |first=KJ |year=2004 |chapter=Nobility and Identity in Medieval Britain and Ireland: The de Vescy Family, c. 1120–1314 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=B |title=Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |publication-place=Cambridge |pages=199–239 |isbn=0-511-03855-0 |ref=S3 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Stringer |first=KJ |year=2005 |chapter=Kingship, Conflict and State-making in the Reign of Alexander II: The War of 1215-17 and its context |editor-last=Oram |editor-first=R |editor-link=Richard Oram |title=The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 |series=The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures (series vol. 16) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |publication-place=Leiden |pages=99–156 |issn=1569-1462 |isbn=90 04 14206 1 |ref=S16 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Strickland |first=MJ |year=2012 |chapter=The King of Scots at War, 1093–1286 |editor1-last=Spiers |editor1-first=EM |editor2-last=Crang |editor2-first=JA |editor3-last=Strickland |editor3-first=MJ |title=A Military History of Scotland |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |pages=94–132 |ref=S6 }} Accessed via [[Questia]] (subscription required). |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28276 |title=Vieuxpont, Robert de (d. 1228) |last=Summerson |first=H |year=2004 |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28276 |accessdate=10 February 2014 |ref=S20 }} Subscription or [http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/ UK public library membership] required. |
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*{{cite book |last=Turner |first=RV |year=2003 |title=Magna Carta: Through the Ages |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |publication-place=Harlow |isbn=0 582 43826 8 |ref=T1 }} |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://db.poms.ac.uk/record/person/451/ Alan, lord of Galloway (d.1234) @ People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1314] |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{s-bef |before=[[Lochlann of Galloway|Roland fitz Uhtred]] }} |
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{{s-ttl |title=[[Lord of Galloway]] |years=1200–1234 }} |
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{{s-non |reason=Extinct }} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Alan of Galloway |
| NAME = Alan of Galloway |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Alan fitz Roland |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Lord of Galloway, Constable of Scotland |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = |
| DATE OF BIRTH = Before 1199 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 1234 |
| DATE OF DEATH = 1234 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
| PLACE OF DEATH = |
||
}} |
}} |
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[[Category:1175 births]] |
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[[Category:1234 deaths]] |
[[Category:1234 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:12th-century births]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Gaels]] |
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[[Category:People of medieval Scotland]] |
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[[Category:12th-century Scottish people]] |
[[Category:12th-century Scottish people]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Scottish people]] |
[[Category:13th-century Scottish people]] |
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[[Category:History of Galloway]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Gaels]] |
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[[Category:People from Dumfries and Galloway]] |
[[Category:People from Dumfries and Galloway]] |
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[[Category:People of medieval Scotland]] |
Revision as of 00:17, 14 February 2014
Alan of Galloway (b. before 1199, d. 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate. As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and hereditary Constable of Scotland, Alan was one of the most influential magnates in the Irish Sea zone. He first appears in courtly circles in about 1200. After inheriting his father's possessions, and his mother's possessions almost almost two decades later, Alan was one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of Scotland. He was one of John, King of England's advisors concerning Magna Carta, and later played a considerable part in Alexander II, King of Scotland's ambitions in violent aftermath of John's repudiation of the charter. Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, simultaneously aiding the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the region. He also entered into an inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsman over another. Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway descending from the dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.
Background
Alan was born sometime before 1199. He was the eldest son of Roland, Lord of Galloway (d. 1200), and his wife, Helen de Morville (d. 1217).[1] His parent's were likely married before 1185,[2] possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II, King of England in 1186.[3] Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters.[4] The name of one Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young.[5] The other, Thomas (d. 1231), became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife.[6] One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne.[7] The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel (d. 1233).[8]
Alan's mother was the sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland (d. 1196).[9] Alan's father was the eldest son of Uchtred, Lord of Galloway (d. 1174),[10] son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161). The familial origins of Fergus are unknown.[11]
Campaigns
In 1212 Alan responded to a summons from King John I of England by sending 1,000 troops to join the war against the Welsh. In this year he also sent one of his daughters to England as a hostage. She died in 1213 in the custody of her maternal uncle. Alan is listed as one of the 16 men who counseled King John regarding the Magna Carta.
Alan, like his forebears, maintained a carefully ambiguous relationship with both the English and Scottish states, acting as a vassal when it suited his purpose and as an independent monarch when he could get away with it. His considerable sea power allowed him to supply fleets and armies to aid the English King John in campaigns both in France and Ireland.
In 1225, Alan lent military aid to Ragnvald Godredsson, King of the Isles against Ragnvald's half-brother, Olaf. Sometime later, Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, was married to Ragnvald's daughter. The marriage gave Alan a stake in the kingship, and it appears that Thomas was intended to succeed to the Kingship of the Isles. However, the marriage appears to have angered the Manx people, and Ragnvald was deposed from the kinship and replaced by Olaf in 1226. Ragnvald may well have gone into exile at Alan's court. In 1228, Alan and his brother, Thomas, and Ragnvald, attacked and devastated the Isle of Man, while Olaf was absent in the Hebrides.
Family
Alan was married three times. His first wife was a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester.[12][note 1] His second marriage, which took place in 1209, was to Margaret (d. before 1228), eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1219).[14] In about 1229, Alan married Rose (d. after 1237), daughter of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster (d. 1242).[15]
Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters reached adulthood.[16] Helen, the daughter from his first marriage, married Roger de Quincy (d. 1264).[17] At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married William de Forz (d. 1260).[18] Dervorguilla (d. 1290), a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married John de Balliol (d. 1268).[19] Alan also had bastard son, Thomas, who survived into adulthood.[20]
Death
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alan%2C_Lord_of_Galloway_effigy.jpeg/220px-Alan%2C_Lord_of_Galloway_effigy.jpeg)
Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231,[22] possibly from injuries suffered in a tournament accident.[23] Alan's death, about three years later in 1234,[24] is recorded by the Annals of Ulster,[25] the Chronicle of Melrose,[26] and the Chronicle of Lanercost—the later which specifies the month February.[27] Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey,[28] where a particular effigy is generally identified as his.[29][note 2] He was the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate, patrilineal line of Fergus.[31] Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under him and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis.[32]
At the time of his death, Alan's closest legitimate male heir was his brother's son, Patrick of Atholl (d. 1242), who was still a minor at the time of his father's death.[33] Although Celtic practice did not bar Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, from the succession of Galloway, according to feudal custom, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters.[34]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dundrennan_Abbey%2C_2113731_a208cb13.jpg/220px-Dundrennan_Abbey%2C_2113731_a208cb13.jpg)
The Gallovidian succession crisis was seized upon by the Scots. The husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect to bring about the demise of Alan's former semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such Anglo-Scottish noblemen, was an opportunity that Alexander could not pass up.[35] The prospect of Alan's son succeeding to the lordship, however, threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and could thus threaten the welfare of the Scottish realm.[36] According to the Chronicle of Melrose, the Gallovidians appealed to Alexander to instead take lordship of Galloway into his own hands.[37] It may have been more likely, however, that the people considered Alan's son as their true lord.[38] Whatever the case, Alexander denied their request, quickly crushed a retaliatory Gallovidian uprising, and went ahead with the partitioning.[39]
Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters. Forty years later the lands appear in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain. Similarly, the succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is uncertain.[40] They should have passed to his son if he had not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets).[41]
Notes
- ^ The late twelfth- or early thirteenth-century Arthurian romance Roman de Fergus may have have been composed on behalf of Alan, to celebrate his first marriage; or perhaps on behalf of his daughter, Dervorguilla.[13]
- ^ The souls of Alan, his father, paternal grandfather, and paternal great-grandfather were still commemorated at Holyrood Abbey as late as the fifteenth century.[30]
Citations
- ^ Oram (2004a); Oram (2004d); Oram (1988) p. 124.
- ^ Oram (2004d).
- ^ Oram (1988) p. 121.
- ^ Oram (2004a); Oram (2004d); Oram (1988) p. 124.
- ^ Oram (1988) p. 124.
- ^ Oram (2004a); Oram (2004d); Oram 1988) p. 124.
- ^ Oram (2004a); Oram (1988) p. 124.
- ^ Oram (2004a); Stringer, KJ (2004) p. 225 n. 111.
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Oram (2004d)
- ^ Oram (2004b).
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Hunt (2004).
- ^ Oram (2004a); Stell (2004a).
- ^ Oram (2004a); Smith (2006).
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Prestwich (2005) p. 246; Oram (2004a); Oram (2004c).
- ^ Prestwich (2005) p. 246; English (2004); Oram (2004a).
- ^ Prestwich (2005) pp. 246–247; Oram (2004a); Stell (2004a); Stell (2004b).
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Brydall (1894–1895) pp. 343 (fig. 10), 344–345.
- ^ Oram (2004e).
- ^ Oram (2004e).
- ^ Oram (2004a); Smith (2006); Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 145; Duncan (1996) pp. 530, 544; Oram (1988) p. 141.
- ^ Annala Uladh... (2003) § 1234.1; Anderson (1922) p. 492 n. 2.
- ^ Oram (1988) p. 141; Anderson (1922) p. 492.
- ^ Anderson (1922) p. 492 n. 2; Stevenson (1839) p. 42.
- ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 145.
- ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 145 n. 74.
- ^ Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 145 n. 72; Eels (1914) p. 2.
- ^ Oram (1992) p. 34; Oram (1988) p. 141.
- ^ Oram (1988) p. 141.
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Oram (2004a).
- ^ Oram (2004a)
- ^ Oram (2004a)
- ^ Duncan (1996) p. 530; Oram (1988) p. 146; Anderson (1922) p. 494.
- ^ Duncan (1996) p. 530.
- ^ Duncan (1996) pp. 530–531; Oram (1988) p. 146.
- ^ Duncan (1996) p. 544.
- ^ Oram (2004e); Duncan (1996) pp. 544–545.
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