Oriental Development Company: Difference between revisions
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'''Oriental Development Company''' ([[Shinjitai]]: 東洋拓殖株式会社, [[Hangul]]: 동양척식주식회사, [[Hanja]]: 東洋拓殖株式會社), established by the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1908, was a [[national enterprise]] which was built as one of colonial exploitation policies<ref>Mokenzie, F.A.. "Korea's Fight for Freedom". [[Yonsei University]] p. 195.</ref> towards the [[Korean Empire]] and other countries in [[East Asia]]. The company was headquartered in [[Seoul]] |
The '''Oriental Development Company''' ([[Shinjitai]]: 東洋拓殖株式会社, [[Hangul]]: 동양척식주식회사, [[Hanja]]: 東洋拓殖株式會社), established by the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1908, was a [[national enterprise]] which was built as one of colonial exploitation policies<ref>Mokenzie, F.A.. "Korea's Fight for Freedom". [[Yonsei University]] p. 195.</ref> towards the [[Korean Empire]] and other countries in [[East Asia]]. The company was headquartered first in [[Seoul]], then in [[Tokyo]].<ref>Hong I sup, p. 220 part. 18–1 March First Movement, "Korea's Self Identity".</ref> |
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== Foundation == |
== Foundation == |
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[[File:Japanese General Government Building.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul]]]] |
[[File:Japanese General Government Building.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul]]]] |
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In 1905 |
In 1905 the Empire of Japan made a treaty with the Korean Empire, called the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905]]. As a result, the Korean Empire became a [[protectorate]] of the Empire of Japan.<ref>[[Homer Hulbert|Hulbert, Homer]]. [[s:Page:The passing of Korea.djvu/577|''The History of Korea]]. pp. 461–462.</ref> This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty.<ref name="deoksu"> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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The treaty also allowed the Empire of Japan to build the [[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul|Japanese Government-General Building]] in [[Seoul]] |
The treaty also allowed the Empire of Japan to build the [[Japanese General Government Building, Seoul|Japanese Government-General Building]] in [[Seoul]] and appoint a [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea|resident-general]]. |
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The treaty |
The treaty of 1905 led to the foundation of the [[Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907]]. In March 1908 the [[National Diet of Japan]] passed the bill of the establishment of the Oriental Development Company, which the government of Korea was forced to sign. Even though it was initially managed by both the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan, when the headquarters were moved to Tokyo in 1917, it became wholly owned by the Empire of Japan. |
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In 1927, a Korean independent movement activist, |
In 1927 [[Na Seok-ju]], a Korean independent movement activist, bombed the interior of the building in Seoul, which resulted in the death of some of the managers.<ref>[http://www.independence.or.kr/NEW/english/information/indeman/IndemanResult.php?nKey=p0014&PRE_QUERY_DISP=(N)/%B0%A3%B7%AB%B0%CB%BB%F6 "Movement of Activist{{spaced ndash}} Na Seok Ju"]. [[Independence Hall of Korea]]. Retrieved 9 June 2011.</ref> Despite this incident, the company started to create more branches in countries abroad, such as [[Taiwan]], [[Manchuria]], [[Sakhalin]], and [[South Pacific Mandate]]. In 1938 there were nice branches with over 800 employees. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Migration |
=== Migration === |
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Due to |
Due to a decrease in arable land in Japan, Imperial Japan decided to establish migration policies which would help people move to the [[Korean Peninsula]] to farm. It has been estimated that the Korean branch of the company accepted 85,000 Japanese people in 1904, and about 500,000 had migrated there by 1908.<ref>Thomas F. Millard, Japanese Immigration into Korea [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1011225?seq=4</ref> |
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The land in the possession of the company that had been given away to Japanese colonists up to the spring of 1924, amounts to more than 8,000 landmass and normal immigrants reach to the number of 246,767, thus put together, forming one-seventh of the whole arable land attained by Japanese migrants.<ref>Dong-A Ilbo (13 December 1924). [http://dna.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1924121300209203017&edtNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1924-12-13&officeId=00020&pageNo=3&printNo=1568&publishType=00020 "On Colonial Policy"].</ref> |
The land in the possession of the company that had been given away to Japanese colonists up to the spring of 1924, amounts to more than 8,000 landmass and normal immigrants reach to the number of 246,767, thus put together, forming one-seventh of the whole arable land attained by Japanese migrants.<ref>Dong-A Ilbo (13 December 1924). [http://dna.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1924121300209203017&edtNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1924-12-13&officeId=00020&pageNo=3&printNo=1568&publishType=00020 "On Colonial Policy"].</ref> |
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Template:Contains Japanese text
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| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| Industry | International trade |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Founder | Empire of Japan |
| Defunct | 1945 |
| Headquarters | , |
The Oriental Development Company (Shinjitai: 東洋拓殖株式会社, Hangul: 동양척식주식회사, Hanja: 東洋拓殖株式會社), established by the Empire of Japan in 1908, was a national enterprise which was built as one of colonial exploitation policies[1] towards the Korean Empire and other countries in East Asia. The company was headquartered first in Seoul, then in Tokyo.[2]
Foundation
In 1905 the Empire of Japan made a treaty with the Korean Empire, called the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905. As a result, the Korean Empire became a protectorate of the Empire of Japan.[3] This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty.[4][5][6]
The treaty also allowed the Empire of Japan to build the Japanese Government-General Building in Seoul and appoint a resident-general.
The treaty of 1905 led to the foundation of the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907. In March 1908 the National Diet of Japan passed the bill of the establishment of the Oriental Development Company, which the government of Korea was forced to sign. Even though it was initially managed by both the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan, when the headquarters were moved to Tokyo in 1917, it became wholly owned by the Empire of Japan.
In 1927 Na Seok-ju, a Korean independent movement activist, bombed the interior of the building in Seoul, which resulted in the death of some of the managers.[7] Despite this incident, the company started to create more branches in countries abroad, such as Taiwan, Manchuria, Sakhalin, and South Pacific Mandate. In 1938 there were nice branches with over 800 employees.
History
Migration
Due to a decrease in arable land in Japan, Imperial Japan decided to establish migration policies which would help people move to the Korean Peninsula to farm. It has been estimated that the Korean branch of the company accepted 85,000 Japanese people in 1904, and about 500,000 had migrated there by 1908.[8]
The land in the possession of the company that had been given away to Japanese colonists up to the spring of 1924, amounts to more than 8,000 landmass and normal immigrants reach to the number of 246,767, thus put together, forming one-seventh of the whole arable land attained by Japanese migrants.[9]
After a great deal of migration policies and supports, the practice of "subleasing" came to float. The Japanese people who moved to Joseon were allowed to permit to initiate tenant farming, and then subleased such right for normal Joseon people who have lived originally.[10]
Land investment
After the Imperial Japan did the Cadastral Survey, the company had bought one third farmable lands in the Korean Peninsula by the late 1920s.[11] Soon, they forced tenants who were farming on their lands to pay over 50% of their production for farm rents, whereas the possession of Japanese migrants had skyrocketed by 300% to 400% per year across the Korean Peninsula.[12]
The large amounts of landmass were started to be in grip of Japanese migrants to gain additional taxes and tenure for farmers by the authorities. The seizure of landlord class formed a sense of guild, then farmers indigenous to the region could not but lose the independent class as a farming household.
According to Arthur C. Bunce's research, land tenure was the most popular type for farmers to go on farming since there had not been another measure to live on. 75% of Korean farmers were tenants operating farms whose harvests would fall upon landlord.[13]
The situation of residents in Hwanghae province (currently belonging to North Korea) is described in Dong-A Ilbo.
Owing to bad harvest, caused by the flood, drought, and attacks by insects, poor and wretched tenants have pleaded over a month that they must have been exempt from paying the rents, or that the rents must have been reduced, for the year. (abridged) Regardless of how old they are, most of residents came to the local office of the Oriental company and pleaded the cancellation of the tax. The local agents of the company threatened, however, that the farmers shall lose their tenant rights in case they do not pay the rents.[14]
Other investments
After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Imperial Japan started to plan on transforming the Korean Peninsula into a supply base. Soon, the company also participated in these plans by investing on electricity and railroads to exploit mines in the Korean Peninsula.
Aftermath
After Korea was liberated by the Allies, the United States Army Military Government in Korea decided to confiscate all the properties from the company in 1945.[15] Soon, this became Shinhan Gongsa, which were located in six major cities of South Korea.[16] It later owned and controlled the landmass of Oriental company with those of Japanese landholders.
After the First Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established, the lands that belonged to Oriental Development Company were distributed to farmers in 1949 by the Land Reform.[17]
Currently in South Korea, the Oriental Development Company still exists in Busan[18] and Mokpo.[19] Two buildings are both operated by modern history museum to record several incidents during Japanese colonial rule. The counterpart in Seoul is now occupied by the Korea Exchange Bank.
See also
- Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905
- Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907
- Korea under Japanese rule
- List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan
Footnotes
- ^ Mokenzie, F.A.. "Korea's Fight for Freedom". Yonsei University p. 195.
- ^ Hong I sup, p. 220 part. 18–1 March First Movement, "Korea's Self Identity".
- ^ Hulbert, Homer. The History of Korea. pp. 461–462.
- ^ "Deoksu Jungmyeongjeon". 23 June 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
- ^ Uk Heo, Terence Roehrig (2010). South Korea Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
- ^ [dead link] "Independence Leader Kim Koo". 28 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Movement of Activist – Na Seok Ju". Independence Hall of Korea. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ Thomas F. Millard, Japanese Immigration into Korea [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1011225?seq=4
- ^ Dong-A Ilbo (13 December 1924). "On Colonial Policy".
- ^ Lee Young Ho. "Footnotes, The survey of government owned land in Changwon county under Japanese colonial rule".
- ^ Yoo Young Ik, Syngman Rhee and Ahn Ch'ang-ho. A Profile of Patriotism in Conflict – Robert Hyung-chan Kim. Yonsei University. p. 601.
- ^ Dong-A Ilbo (28 January 1924). "Korean Land and Korean People".
- ^ Far Eastern Survey- JSTOR.org. Arthur C. Bunce, The Future of Korea: Part 2, p. 85.
- ^ Dong-A Ilbo (11 November 1924). "The Inhumanity of the Oriental Development Company".
- ^ Shin Bok Ryong. "An Evaluation of the U.S. Occupational Policy toward Korean Peninsula 1945–1948".
- ^ Song Kyung Hee. "The Agricultural Management of the New Korea Corporation (Sinhan Gonsa) in North Kyongsang province between 1946~1948" (PDF format). pp. 53–54.
- ^ Bang Young Hyuk, "Peasant Movement and Land Reform during the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea". Abstract.
- ^ [dead link] "Busan Modern History Museum Info". Destination Guide. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ Koehler, Robert (10 August 2008) "Mokpo: An Outdoor Museum of Colonial Korea". Retrieved 9 June 2011.