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==References==
==References==
*{{cite book | last=Clayton | first=Anthony | year=1992 | title=Three Marshals of France | location= | publisher=Brassey's | isbn=0-08-040707-2 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book | last=Clayton | first=Anthony | year=1992 | title=Three Marshals of France | location=London | publisher=Brassey's | isbn=0-08-040707-2 |oclc = 25026611 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book| last = Howe| first = George F.| title = Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West| location= Washington DC]]| series= United States Army in World War II: The War in the Mediterranean| publisher = [[Office of the Chief of Military History]], U.S. Department of the Army| year = 1957| oclc = 23304011}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 21:27, 11 June 2014

Alphonse Pierre Juin
Born(1888-12-16)16 December 1888
Bône, French Algeria
Died27 January 1967(1967-01-27) (aged 78)
Paris, France
Allegiance France
Years of service1912–1962
RankGénéral d'Armée
Commands
Battles/wars
Awards

(more, see below)

Alphonse Pierre Juin (French pronunciation: [alfɔ̃s ʒɥɛ̃]; 16 December 1888 – 27 January 1967) was a Marshal of France.

Early years

Alphonse Juin was born at Bône in French Algeria on 16 December 1888, the only son of Victor Pierre Juin, a soldier who became a gendarme after 15 years of military service, mostly in Algeria, and his wife Précieuse Salini, the daughter of another soldier and who had become a gendarme. He was named after his paternal grandfather. When he was six, his family moved to Constantine, where he went to primary school, and learnt Arabic from the local boys. In 1902 he was awarded a bursary to study at the Lycée d'Aumale in Constantine.[1]

In 1909 he passed the entrance examination for the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. Back then cadets were required to spend a year in the Army before commencing the course, so he enlisted in an Algerian regiment, the fr [1er Régiment de Zouaves], quickly rising to corporal and then sergeant. He entered Saint-Cyr in 1910.[1] Classes are named, and his class, the 94th, was known as promotion de Fès after the Moroccan city of Fès that was at the centre of the Agadir Crisis of 1911. Among the class of 223, which included eight foreigners from China, Turkey, Iran and Algeria, were future général d'armée Antoine Béthouart, three future généraux de corps d'armée, four future généraux de division and eighteen future généraux de brigade, including Charles de Gaulle. There would remain a special bond between members of the class, and de Gaulle would always address Juin using the personal pronoun tu. Juin, de Gaulle and Béthouart would give their names to the Saint-Cyr classes of 1966–68, 1970–72 and 2000–03 respectively.[2]

After graduating on 1 October 1912, Juin was commissioned as a sous-lieutenant in an Algerian regiment, the fr [1er Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens]. He soon saw service in Morocco in the Zaian War, participating in the fighting around Taza.[3][4]

World War I

Upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, a brigade of five battalions known as the Brigade des Chasseurs Indigènes was formed from Moroccan troops and sent to the Western Front in France. Juin joined Chef de Bataillon Joseph-François Poeymirau's 2e Régiment des Chasseurs Indigènes as a lieutenant.[5] On 5 September, the brigade joined the fighting in the First Battle of the Marne. Juin was wounded in his left hand the following day, but refused evacuation to hospital, remaining at the front with his arm in a sling. He was awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour. The brigade was withdrawn from the line in January 1915, but committed to battle again in March in the First Battle of Champagne. In this battle Juin was again wounded, this time in his upper right arm. The damage was permanent, and he was given permission to henceforth salute with his left.[6]

Juin found Poeymirau, who had also been wounded, in the hospital, and Poeymirau arranged for Juin to be sent back to Morocco in December 1915 to convalesce. Promoted to capitaine, Juin joined Moroccan troops preparing to go to France, but he accepted an offer from Général de division Hubert Lyautey, the Resident-General in Morocco, to become his aide-de-camp for six months. Juin returned to France towards the end of 1916 in command of a company of the fr [1er Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains], participating in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917.[4][7] He was selected for staff training February 1918. Whewn he returned in October 1918, he was initially posted to the staff of his division, but then joined the French Mission to the United States Army, where he was serving when the fighting ended in November 1918.[6]

Interwar Period

After the war, Juin returned to the 1er Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains, but was seconded to Lyautey's staff, and then sent to École Supérieure de Guerre for more staff training. After graduating in 1921, he was posted to the headquarters of the division in Tunisia. He turned down an offer of a staff appointment in Paris to serve under Poeymirau in Morocco, but Poeymirau died suddenly in 1924. Lyautey then divided Morocco into two commands. When Juin arrived at the new headquarters in Fès, he found Captaine Jean de Lattre de Tassigny occupying the position of G-3 (Operations) that Juin had expected. Since Juin was staff trained and de Lattre was not, Juin became G-4 (Logistics). His principal task was supplying the forts in the Ouergha River area. During the Rif War he served on the staff of Colonel fr [Charles Noguès]. For his services leading troops in the field, Juin was made an officer of the Légion d'honneur and promoted to commandant.[8]

Lyautey was blamed for the French lack of preparedness for the war and relieved of his command. As a marshal, Lyautey was member of the fr [conseil supérieur de la guerre], and as such was entitled to a small staff of three officers. He asked Juin to be its head, and Juin accepted, even though it was a desk job in Paris for an officer with little influence who refused to even attend the infrequent conseil meetings due to the presence of Maréchal Philippe Pétain. Juin was best man at de Lattre's wedding to Simonne Calary de Lamazière in March 1927. [9]

Juin returned to North Africa in September 1927 to assume command of a battalion of the fr [7e Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens]. He married Marie Gabrielle Cécile Bonnefoy, the daughter of an Army veterinary surgeon who had moved to Constantine and become a businessman, in 1928. They had two sons, Pierre and Michel. The following year he became military secretary to Noguès, who was now the Director of Political Affairs in Morocco. Due to an army requirement that officers complete six months in command of a battalion before they could be promoted, Juin spent six months in command of a battalion of the 1er Régiment de Zouaves.[10] He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in March 1932,[11] returning to his previous post in time for active operations that year. They were successful, and he was posted to the École supérieure de guerre as an instructor in 1933. Once again he chafed under the prevailing linear defence doctrine, and he returned to North Africa in 1935 to become second in command, and then commander, of the fr [3e Régiment de Zouaves].[12][10] He was promoted to colonel in June 1935.[11]

Noguès became Resident-General in Morocco in 1937, with the expectation that he would become commander in chief in North Africa in the event Of hostilities with Nazi Germany. If this happened, Noguès wanted Juin for his chief of staff, but since Juin was only a colonel, it was arranged for him to attend a senior officers course at the Centre des hautes études militaires. On graduation he returned to Algiers, where he was promoted to the rank of général de brigade on 26 December 1938.[13][11]

World War II

After World War II broke out in September 1939, Juin helped arrange the despatch of units from the Armée d'Afrique to help defend metropolitan France. on 4 December, he was given command of the fr [15th Infantry Division (France); 15e Division d'Infantrie Motorisée] (15e DIM). After the German attack began on 10 May 1940, the 15e DIM was ordered into Belgium to hold the area around Gembloux. This was held against German attacks on 14 and 15 May, before the defenders were compelled to retreat to Valenciennes. The 15e DIM came under heavy German attack on 24 May, and retreated into the Lille pocket, where it covered the British and French forces fighting in the Battle of Dunkirk. Some units of his division managed to escape to Dunkirk; the remainder fought until their ammunition ran out. Juin surrendered on 29 May.[11][14]

Juin became a prisoner of war, and was held in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, a prison camp for officers in Königstein Fortress in Saxony. While in prison he was promoted to général de division. He was released in June 1941 at the request of Pétain, now the head of the Vichy Government, in exchange for thirty German sailors, as a specialist in North African affairs. He was promoted to Général de corps d'armée on 16 July, and became commander of the troops in Morocco. Admiral François Darlan offered him the post of Minister for War following the death of Général d'armée Charles Huntziger in Novemver 1941, but Juin turned down the offer, saying that he only wished to serve in North Africa. On 20 November, he was promoted to Général de corps d'armée, replacing Weygand as commander of French land forces in North Africa. In December he led a French mission to Germany that met with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring to discuss what would happen if the German-Italian Panzerarmee Afrika was driven out of Libya by Operation Crusader. This did not occur, but a dispute over what should be done led to Juin relieving de Lattre of command of the forces in Tunisia, permantlyly damaging their friendship.[11][15]

Operation Torch, the invasion of Algeria and Morocco by British and American forces , came as a complete surprise to Juin, who had not been brought into secret discussions concerning the operation.[16] He was informed of the landings by Robert Daniel Murphy, the American consul-general in Algiers, on the morning of on 8 November 1942 as the first waves were heading toward the beaches. Juin had previously told Murphy that his orders were to resist an invasion of North Africa, but he agreed to immediately consult with Darlan, who arrived at Juin's villa within minutes. Darlan, in turn, sent a message to Pétain in Vichy.Murphy was placed under house arrest in Juin's villa, the pro-Allied troops who had surrounded the villa were driven away, and Général de division fr [Charles Mast], who had collaborated with the Allies, was relieved by Général de division fr [Louis Koeltz].[17]

Juin did not want Algeria occupied by the Americans any more than he wanted France occupied by the Germans, but he recognised the reality of the situation.[16] Darlan authorised Juin to negotiate a local ceasefire in Algiers, so Juin met with American Major General Charles W. Ryder, and the two arranged for an end to the fighting. Algiers was handed over to the Americans, French troops were confined to barracks but retained their weapons, and French police maintained law and order.[18] French resistance to the Allies continued elsewhere in North Africa until Darlan issued a ceasefire on 10 November, and directed Juin to order French forces in Tunisia to resist the Germans and the Italians.[19]

In the reorganisation of French forces in North Africa on 13 November, Juin became commander of the Eastern Sector.[19]

His great skills were exhibited during the Italian campaign when he commanded the French Expeditionary Corps in the Fifth U.S. Army. The Corps' expertise in mountain warfare was particularly well used.

The FEC was one of the crucial factors in the breaking of the Winter Line in May 1944. It was Juin who made the plan to break the Gustav line; he took the Belvedere, Monte Majo, attacked the Liri valley, won the battle of the Garigliano, the battle of the East of Rome and played an important part in the battle for Siena. Juin's ability to analyze where things had gone wrong in some initial thrust and to set things right for the new effort earned him great respect among his contemporaries and among historians of the war such as the American, Rick Atkinson. He was also very firm in bringing the wild Moroccan irregulars, the Goumiers, back under discipline and control after several excesses of mass rape and pillage—i.e. the Marocchinate;[20] it has also been alleged, however, that he instigated the Marocchinate, by telling the Goumiers (in order to motivate them) that they would be allowed to rape and pillage if they succeeded in battle.[21]

Following this assignment he was Chief of Staff of French forces and represented France at the San Francisco Conference. He was also in charge of organizing the French Army and had contact both with SHAEF and with General De Lattre de Tassigny, commander of the French First Army.

Later life

In 1947 Juin returned to Africa as the Resident General in Morocco. He opposed Moroccan attempts to gain independence. Next came a senior NATO position as he assumed command of CENTAG until 1956. During his NATO command, in 1952, he was promoted to Marshal of France. He was greatly opposed to Charles De Gaulle's decision to grant independence to Algeria, and he retired in 1962 as a result of the incident. (De Gaulle may have demanded Juin's resignation, but publicly announced that he was placing Juin "in the reserve of the Republic.")

On Bastille Day (July 14) of the year 1952, Alphonse Pierre Juin, was made a “Marshal of France,” and in November of that year he was elected to the elite literary Académie française.[20]

Juin was the French Army's last living Marshal of France until his death in Paris in 1967, when he was buried in Les Invalides, Paris.

Decorations

French

Foreign

Notes

  1. ^ a b Clayton 1992, pp. 10–12.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Historique de la 94e promotion (1909-12)" (PDF) (in French). École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  3. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 13–15.
  4. ^ a b "Maréchal Alphonse Juin" (in French). bone.piednoir.net. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  5. ^ Juin, Alphonse. "La Brigade Marocaine à la Bataille de la Marne (30 août au 17 septembre 1914)" (in French). 1914ancien.free. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  6. ^ a b Clayton 1992, pp. 14–16.
  7. ^ Juin, Alphonse. "Historique du 1er Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains" (in French). 1914ancien.free. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  8. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 17–18.
  9. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 18–19, 31.
  10. ^ a b Clayton 1992, pp. xi, 19–21.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Alphonse Juin" (in French). Ministère de la Défense. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  12. ^ "Juin" (in French). geneanet. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  13. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 21–22.
  14. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 65–66.
  15. ^ Clayton 1992, pp. 66–67.
  16. ^ a b Clayton 1992, pp. 70–71.
  17. ^ Howe 1957, pp. 249–250.
  18. ^ Howe 1957, pp. 250–251.
  19. ^ a b Howe 1957, pp. 262–265.
  20. ^ a b Clayton 1992, p. 87.
  21. ^ War Crimes in Ciociaria
  22. ^ 16 July 1946 Monitor Polski 1947 no. 27 pos. 188

References

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