Sinjar Mountains: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Nineveh anticlinal structures.svg|thumb|Anticlinal structures in Nineveh. Jebel Sinjar is the largest and most western structure]] |
[[File:Nineveh anticlinal structures.svg|thumb|Anticlinal structures in Nineveh. Jebel Sinjar is the largest and most western structure]] |
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The '''Sinjar Mountains'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA880830473774E0440003BA962ED3|Jabal Sinjār (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> |
The '''Sinjar Mountains'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA880830473774E0440003BA962ED3|Jabal Sinjār (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> <ref>{{GEOnet2|6D93E5EC87457489E040D6A411F73F70|جبل سنجار (Native Script)}}, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</ref> also '''Shengar/Shengal Mountains'''; {{lang-ku|چیای شهنگال/شهنگار}}) are a {{convert|100|km|mi}}-long east –west trending mountain range that rises to an elevation of {{convert|1,463|m|ft|sp=us}} and above the surrounding the alluvial plains, northern steppe, of Kurdistan. The highest segment, which is about {{convert|75|km|mi}} long, of these mountains lies in [[Nineveh Governorate]] in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. The western and lower segment of these mountains, which is about {{convert|25|km|mi}} long, lies in [[Syrian Kurdistan]]. The city of [[Sinjar|Shingal]] is just south of the range.<ref name="Edgell2006a">Edgell, H. S. 2006. ''Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin, and Evolution.'' Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 592 pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-3969-0</ref><ref name="NumanOthers2002a">Numan, N. M. S., and N. K. AI-Azzawi. 2002. ''Progressive Versus Paroxysmal Alpine Folding in Sinjar Anticline Northwestern Iraq.'' Iraqi Journal of Earth Science. vol. 2, no.2, pp.59-69.</ref> |
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== Geology == |
== Geology == |
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== Population and history == |
== Population and history == |
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Since the [[12th century]],<ref name=lister/> the area around the mountains have been mainly inhabited by [[Yazidis]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fuccaro, Nelida|year=1999|title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq|location=London|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=zXONFdwQRCkC&pg=PA47 47–48]|isbn=978-1-86064-170-1}}</ref> who venerate them and consider the highest to be the place where [[Noah's Ark]] settled after the biblical flood.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parry, Oswald Hutton|year=1895|title=Six Months in a Syrian Monastery: Being the Record of a Visit to the Head Quarters of the Syrian Church in Mesopotamia: With Some Account of the Yazidis Or Devil Worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, Their Sacred Book|location=London|publisher=H. Cox|page=[https://archive.org/stream/sixmonthsinasyr00parrgoog#page/n420/mode/2up 381]|oclc=3968331}}</ref> The Yazidis have historically used the mountains as a place of refuge and escape during periods of conflict. [[Gertrude Bell]] wrote, in the 1920s: "Until a couple of years ago the Yezidis were ceaselessly at war with the Arabs and with everybody else."<ref name=lister>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/10/world/meast/iraq-isis-sinjar/index.html |title=Dehydration or massacre: Thousands caught in ISIS chokehold |work=CNN |author=Tim Lister |date=August 12, 2014 |accessdate=2014-08-13}}</ref> |
Since the [[12th century]],<ref name=lister/> the area around the mountains have been mainly inhabited by [[Yazidis|Ezidi Kurds]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fuccaro, Nelida|year=1999|title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq|location=London|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=zXONFdwQRCkC&pg=PA47 47–48]|isbn=978-1-86064-170-1}}</ref> who venerate them and consider the highest to be the place where [[Noah's Ark]] settled after the biblical flood.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parry, Oswald Hutton|year=1895|title=Six Months in a Syrian Monastery: Being the Record of a Visit to the Head Quarters of the Syrian Church in Mesopotamia: With Some Account of the Yazidis Or Devil Worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, Their Sacred Book|location=London|publisher=H. Cox|page=[https://archive.org/stream/sixmonthsinasyr00parrgoog#page/n420/mode/2up 381]|oclc=3968331}}</ref> The Yazidis have historically used the mountains as a place of refuge and escape during periods of conflict. [[Gertrude Bell]] wrote, in the 1920s: "Until a couple of years ago the Yezidis were ceaselessly at war with the Arabs and with everybody else."<ref name=lister>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/10/world/meast/iraq-isis-sinjar/index.html |title=Dehydration or massacre: Thousands caught in ISIS chokehold |work=CNN |author=Tim Lister |date=August 12, 2014 |accessdate=2014-08-13}}</ref> |
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===Islamic State attacks=== |
===Islamic State attacks=== |
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Revision as of 02:37, 28 September 2014
| Sinjar | |
|---|---|
 Satellite picture of Sinjar Mountains | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,463 m (4,800 ft) |
| Geography | |
  Sinjar | |
The Sinjar Mountains[1] [2] also Shengar/Shengal Mountains; Kurdish: چیای شهنگال/شهنگار) are a 100 kilometres (62 mi)-long east –west trending mountain range that rises to an elevation of 1,463 meters (4,800 ft) and above the surrounding the alluvial plains, northern steppe, of Kurdistan. The highest segment, which is about 75 kilometres (47 mi) long, of these mountains lies in Nineveh Governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan. The western and lower segment of these mountains, which is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) long, lies in Syrian Kurdistan. The city of Shingal is just south of the range.[3][4]
Geology
The Sinjar Mountains are a spectacular example of a breached anticlinal structure.[3] These mountains consist of an asymmetrical, doubly plunging anticline, which is called the Sinjar Anticline, with a steep northern limb, gentle southern limb and a northerly vergence. The northern side of the anticline is normally faulted, which results in the repetition of the sequence of sedimentary strata exposed in it. The deeply eroded Sinjar Anticline exposes a number of sedimentary formations ranging from Late Cretaceous to Early Neogene in age. The Late Cretaceous Shiranish Formation outcrops within the middle of the Sinjar Mountains. The flanks this mountain range consist of outward dipping strata of the Sinjar and Aliji formations (Paleocene to Early Eocene); Jaddala Formation (Middle to Late Eocene); Serikagne Formation (Early Miocene); and Jeribe Formation (Early Miocene). The Sinjar Mountains are surrounded by exposures of Middle and Late Miocene sedimentary strata[4]
The mountain is a groundwater recharge area and should have good quality water, although away from the mountain groundwater quality is poor. Quantities are sufficient for agricultural and stock use.[5]
Sinjarite, a hygroscopic calcium chloride formed as soft pink mineral, was discovered in braided wadi fill in limestone exposures near Sinjar.[6]
Population and history
Since the 12th century,[7] the area around the mountains have been mainly inhabited by Ezidi Kurds[8] who venerate them and consider the highest to be the place where Noah's Ark settled after the biblical flood.[9] The Yazidis have historically used the mountains as a place of refuge and escape during periods of conflict. Gertrude Bell wrote, in the 1920s: "Until a couple of years ago the Yezidis were ceaselessly at war with the Arabs and with everybody else."[7]
Islamic State attacks
In August 2014, an estimated 40,000[10] or 50,000[11] Yazidis fled to the mountains following attacks by Islamic State (IS) forces on the city of Sinjar, which fell to the IS on August 3.[12] The Yazidi refugees on the mountain faced what a relief worker called a "genocide" by the Islamists.[13] Stranded without water, food, shade, or medical supplies, the Yazidis had to rely on scarce[14] supplies of water and food airdropped by American,[15] British,[16] Australian,[17] and Iraqi forces.[18] By August 10, Kurdish Peshmerga and officials had saved some 30,000 of the refugees by opening a corridor from the mountains into nearby Syria and from there into Iraqi Kurdistan with the help of PKK, [1] [19] although thousands more remained stranded on the mountain as of August 12.[13] It has been reported that 300 Yazidi women were taken as slaves and over 500 men, women, and children were killed, some beheaded or buried alive in the foothills, as part of an effort by the Islamists to instill terror generally and specifically to desecrate the mountain the Yazidis consider sacred.[15][19][20] Yezidi girls allegedly raped by ISIS fighters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.[21]
References
- ^ Jabal Sinjār (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ جبل سنجار (Native Script) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ a b Edgell, H. S. 2006. Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin, and Evolution. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 592 pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-3969-0
- ^ a b Numan, N. M. S., and N. K. AI-Azzawi. 2002. Progressive Versus Paroxysmal Alpine Folding in Sinjar Anticline Northwestern Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Earth Science. vol. 2, no.2, pp.59-69.
- ^ Al-Sawaf, F.D.S. 1977. Hydrogeology of South Sinjar Plain Northwest Iraq. Doctoral thesis, University of London
- ^ Aljubouri, Zeki A.; Aldabbagh, Salim M. (March 1980), "Sinjarite, a new mineral from Iraq" (PDF), Mineralogical Magazine, 43: 643–645
- ^ a b Tim Lister (August 12, 2014). "Dehydration or massacre: Thousands caught in ISIS chokehold". CNN. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
- ^ Fuccaro, Nelida (1999). The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-86064-170-1.
- ^ Parry, Oswald Hutton (1895). Six Months in a Syrian Monastery: Being the Record of a Visit to the Head Quarters of the Syrian Church in Mesopotamia: With Some Account of the Yazidis Or Devil Worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, Their Sacred Book. London: H. Cox. p. 381. OCLC 3968331.
- ^ Martin Chulov (3 August 2014). "40,000 Iraqis stranded on mountain as Isis jihadists threaten death". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
- ^ "Northern Iraq: UN voices concern about civilians' safety, need for humanitarian aid". United Nations News Centre. 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ "Irak : la ville de Sinjar tombe aux mains de l'Etat islamique" (in French). Le Monde. 2014-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ a b "Thousands of Yazidis 'still trapped' on Iraq mountain". BBC News. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ "People Eating Leaves to Survive on Shingal Mountain, Where Three More Die". Rûdaw.net. 2014-08-07. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ a b "Iraq crisis: No quick fix, Barack Obama warns". BBC News. 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
- ^ "Britain's RAF makes second aid drop to Mount Sinjar Iraqis trapped by Isis – video". The Guardian. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ "JTF633 supports Herc mercy dash". Media Release. Department of Defence. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "Irak : les opérations pour sauver les réfugiés yézidis continuent" (in French). Le Monde. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ^ a b "Irak: les yazidis fuient les atrocités des djihadistes". Le Figaro (in French). 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Etat islamique en Irak : décapités, crucifiés ou exécutés, les yézidis sont massacrés par les djihadistes" (in French). Atlantico. 9 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ahmed, Havidar (14 August 2014). "The Yezidi Exodus, Girls Raped by ISIS Jump to their Death on Mount Shingal". Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
External links
