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'''''The 33 Strategies of War ''''' by [[Robert Greene (author) | Robert Greene]] is a collection of discussions and examples on offensive and defensive [[Military strategy | strategies]]. Most examples are from wars, but a significant are from political and business situations. The goal is to educate the reader on these strategies so they may be used in everyday life. The book is classified as a [[self-improvement]], [[business]], [[psychology]] and/or [[military history]] book.
'''''The 33 Strategies of War''''' by [[Robert Greene (author)|Robert Greene]] is a collection of discussions and examples on offensive and defensive [[Military strategy | strategies]], which teaches the reader how to apply these strategies to resolve conflicts in daily life. The book uses examples from a wide variety of people and conditions such as [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Lawrence of Arabia]], [[Alexander the Great]], and the [[Tet Offensive]]. <ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.dcmilitary.com/navy/seaservices/11_02/commentary/40435-1.html
|title = The 33 Strategies of War by Robert Greene
|author = Youssef Aboul-Enein
|work = The Waterline
|publisher = Comprint Military Publications
|date = [[30 March]] [[2006]]
|accessdate=2006-07-25
}}</ref> Although one reviewer has called the book "an indispensable book, [which] provides all the psychological ammunition you need to overcome patterns of failure and forever gain the upper hand," <ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.militaryink.com/books/2006/january/0670034576.htm
|title = 33 Strategies of War (The), by Robert Greene
|publisher = Military Ink
|date = January 2006
|accessdate=2006-07-25
}}</ref> another one found it "perplexing — if not downright unhealthy — [to publish] a book on the lessons of war for everything but war at a time when we <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Canada]]] are, er, at war." <ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/article.jsp?content=20060320_123270_123270
|title = We shall fight them at the water cooler
|author = Mark Steyn
|work = Macleans.ca
|publisher = Rogers Media Inc
|date = [[20 March]] [[2006]]
|accessdate = 2007-07-25
}}</ref> Yet another reviewer found the book's coverage of military history informative, but the political tales "mostly foolish or just plain wrong". <ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/entertainment/reviews.nsf/book/story/1407D1ABABFBA31B862571030075C442?OpenDocument
|title = The 33 Strategies of War
|author = Joseph Losos
|publisher = STLtoday.com
|date = [[29 January]] [[2006]]
|accessdate = 2006-07-25
}}</ref>


''The 33 Strategies of War'' was part of the readling list for youths attending the [[Indigenous Leadership Forum]] organised by the [[University of Victoria]], which aimed to redesign radical [[Indigenous]] politics and the [[Indigenist]] movement. <ref>{{cite web
==Summary==
|url = http://web.uvic.ca/~igov/programs/masters/IGOV_595_S01/IGOV%20595%20INDIGENOUS%20LEADERSHIP%20FORUM.pdf
'''''The 33 Strategies of War ''''' is not as much about [[war]] as it is about strategies of dealing
|title = Indigenous Leadership Forum IGOV 595/384 A01
in various environments and understanding the strategies and methods to counter them. Whether you are trying to hone
|format = PDF
your offense strategy or better your defensive skills to thwart other's attacks, this book provides
|accessdate = 2006-07-25
a series of examples and interpretations to help. Mr. Greene's examples are from a wide variety
}}</ref> It is also read by students attending a [[Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary]] course in [[Christian]] [[apologetics]]. <ref>{{cite web
of people and conditions &mdash; Napoleon Bonaparte, Alfred Hitchcock, Sun Tzu, Margaret Thatcher, Shaka
|url = http://www.designinference.com/teaching/2006_fall_chr_apol_mdiv/syllabus_chr_theol_fall06_SWBTS_4373.pdf
the Zulu, Lord Nelson, Franklin Roosevelt, Hannibal, Ulysses S. Grant, and many more.
|title = PHREL 4373 Christian Apologetics

|format = PDF
The book is broken into five parts: Self-Directed Warfare, Organizational (Team) Warfare,
|author = William A. Dembski
Defensive Warfare, Offensive Warfare and [[Unconventional warfare | Unconventional (Dirty) Warfare]]. Each part contains
|accessdate = 2006-07-25
a differing number of [[List of military strategies | strategies]], each in a chapter. Each chapter has the similar layout. There are multiple examples of political situations (most are battles, but there are plenty of political or
}}</ref>
business examples) and an accompanying interpretation. There is an occasional "instructional"
section followed by examples. All chapters end with a "Reversal" to give a brief
discussion of where the strategy may not apply, a contrary view or defense. Throughout the book Mr. Greene
liberally sprinkles quotes from a variety of sources for the reader's interpretation. These are
artfully laced in the margins and between sections.

Usage: This book is not necessarily read cover-to-cover. In only a few places does Mr.
Greene assume previous sections were read and those conditions are rare. Therefore, it
can be used to supply information that may be relevant in specific situations. A suggested method of
reading this book is to read the first section in each chapter to provide a "feel" of the
discussion. When a situation is encountered where this strategy is being used the entire chapter or
all chapters in that part may be read. Regardless, the examples
educational and are applicable in many situations.

==Analysis==
Following is a synopsis of each chapter. This description serves three purposed:
# A summary of the books contents
# An aid to further understanding of the situations outlined
# As reference notes pointing to potentially relevant portions of the book

==Synopses of the Strategies==
===Part 1: Self-Directed Warfare===
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Identify and fight your opponents, but when you have won act conciliatory.
|}
'''1) Declare War on Your Enemies: The Polarity Strategy.''' To fight you must know and identify your opponents. Greene identifies:
*''The Inner Enemy.'' Hired to fight the [[Persian Empire | Persian]]s in [[401 BC | 401bce]], [[Xenophon]] had to turn a [[mercenary]] band of [[Ancient Greece | Greeks]] into a unified group fighting for self-preservation. They had to identify the opponent, determine the reasons for their fight and battle their own issues.
*''The Outer Enemy.'' [[Margaret Thatcher]], defined her fight and her opponent. She fought relentlessly for what she felt was right not backing down in the face of opposition driving her tasks to completion.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Define your opponent.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> If in doubt, test to ensure he is your opponent.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Having opponents implies your importance, maintain your focus.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Use your opponents to distract attention from you.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| No complete reversal, do not fight the last war, learn from it.
|}
'''2) Do Not Fight the Last War: The Guerrilla-War-of-the-Mind Strategy.''' Tactics age, keep tactics fresh and always develop new ones.
*''The Last War''. In [[1806]] [[Prince]] [[Friedrich Ludwig]] of [[Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]] fought [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]], but his strategies were those of [[Frederick the Great]] and were old and tired. Napoleon's innovative strategies outwitted him.
*''The Present War.'' In [[1605]] [[Miyamoto Musashi]], a [[samurai]], had series of defining duels. He developed a pattern for his fighting, but would regularly change his tactics to confound and confuse his opponents. His continual adaptation of his tactics afforded his opponents no comfort.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Drop preconceived notions.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Forget the last war.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Re-examine beliefs and principles.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Keep inventing new plans.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Adapt to current times.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Reverse course doing the opposite of what has been done before.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| The only reversal is to use this against others, intimidate them and raise their paranoia to allow them to intimidate themselves.
|}
'''3) Amidst the Turmoil of Events, Do Not Lose Your Presence of Mind: The Counterbalance Strategy.''' You must stay focused, define your goals and have the confidence to achieve those goals. With this in place, strive toward that goal relentlessly.
*''Hyper-Aggressive Tactic.'' [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson | Lord Nelson]] in the [[1801]] battle at [[Copenhagen]] disobeyed orders from a self-concern superior ([[Hyde Parker |Sir Hyde Parker]]). His confidence and leadership defeated the [[Denmark | Danish]] navy.
*''Detached Buddha Tactic.'' [[Film director]] [[Alfred Hitchcock]] always had a complete understanding and plan for his [[film | movies]]. He knew the look and feel that he wanted to achieve. His methodical approach, though confusing to others, gave him a calm demeanor on the [[Set construction | set]].
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not get frustrated by people less strategic or foolish, use them to your advantage.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Seek out the conflict, do not hide from it.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Maintain presence of mind, do not let yourself be intimidated by yourself or others.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not panic, focus on what you are confident in.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Develop a quick reaction sense, make decisions.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Rely only on yourself, minimize reliance on others.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Be aware that when you are the aggressor and your opponent has nothing to lose, this strategy will work for them.
|}
'''4) Create a Sense of Urgency and Desperation: The Death-Ground Strategy.''' When there are no other options, people fight harder. If the choice is life or death they have nothing to lose.
*''No Return Tactic.'' In [[1504]] [[Hernán Cortés]] used this tactic as he removed the ability of his 500 men to return to [[Cuba]]. They had to fight the [[Aztec]]s even though grossly out numbered.
*''Death at Your Heals.'' [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s near execution fortified his resolve to make each work as if it were his last. The intimate experience with his mortality allowed him to rise above life's trivialities.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Take the one and only chance approach.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not wait to be ready, act sooner.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Act as if it is you against the world.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Stay restless, do not seek comfort.</LI>
|}

===Part 2: Organizational (Team) Warfare===
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| It is never good to give up authority. <BR>Look at your opponents that are allied and determine ways to split them based on the weaknesses in their alliance.
|}
'''5) Avoid The Snare of [[Groupthink]]: The Command-and-Control Strategy.''' Take [[command and control]]. Do not be too [[authoritarian]] and not too weak
*''The Broken Chain.'' In early [[World War I]] ([[1915]]) the [[British]] attacked [[Constantinople]] attempting to open access to the [[Black Sea]] to supply [[Russia]] and to facilitate attacking the [[German Empire | Germans]] from the East. But [[Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton | General Ian Hamilton]] led his command by delegating details to subordinates. This resulted in lack of understanding of the tactical objectives of securing [[Battle of Scimitar Hill | Tekke Tepe]], hence losing the battle.
*''Remote Control.'' Throughput his career General [[George Marshall]] established a set of [[Mentoring | prot&eacute;g&eacute;s]] carefully teaching them his philosophy of command. This created the ability for him to know and trust the actions of his subordinates. Eventually allowing him to place generals, like [[Dwight Eisenhower]], in positions of extreme authority knowing the situation would be run according to his beliefs and style.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Create a chain of command.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="2" | <LI> Look for people to fill your voids of knowledge, rely on them but do not become captive to them.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Divided leadership is dangerous.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Ensure you get rapid information for the trenches.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Be wary of the politically inclined in your midst.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| At times, especially when change of tactics is required, the team may need to be tighten, brought together to become one again.
|}
'''6) Segment Your Forces: The Controlled-Chaos Strategy.''' Smaller units are more agile, mobile and deft. Create a command structure that allows independent movement of troops while maintaining objectives.
*''Calculated Disorder.'' In [[1805]] [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] was being attacked by the [[Austrian Empire | Austrian]] troops under [[Karl Mack]]. The former divided his troops and supplied them with specific instructions. Surrounding the Austrian troops who surrendered at the [[Battle of Ulm]] with little fighting.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
**Keep yourself in a position of force ([[Sun Tzu]]'s ''Shih'')
**Instill the philosophy of following commands "in spirit" not "by the letter"
**Create enmity in the troops so that when they are apart they follow the same philosophy

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Morale spreads, but so does discontent. At the first sign of discontent quell it. In [[58 BC | 58 bce]] [[Julius Caesar]] actually arrested his rumormongers.
|}
'''7) Transform Your War into a Crusade: Morale Strategies.''' Create an atmosphere of fighting for something noble&mdash;a cause or a need. Respect your troops.
*''The Art of Man Management.'' Be a leader 1) fight for a cause, 2) provide for the team, 3) lead by example, 4) focus the team's energy, avoid idleness, 5) feed the emotions to feed the cause. 6) reward and punish sparingly, but let the team know they exist, 7) build team history and use it to bond, 8) remove the disaffected.
*''Historical Examples.''
*# [[1630]]: [[Oliver Cromwell]], who had little [[Kingdom of England | British]] military background, joined the military to lead a [[crusade]] of the [[Puritan]]s. He recruited like minded individuals and commanded a formidable unit.
*# [[1931]]: [[Lyndon Johnson]] kept his teams working hard by keeping praise illusive and fostering competition to get that praise.
*# [[281 BC | 281bce]]: Building spirit for the upcoming fight, [[Hannibal]] provided competitive war games for his troops to show them the lengths that people would go to join their army.
*# [[1950]]: North American [[Football#North_American_football | football's]] [[Green Bay Packers]] hired [[Vince Lombardi]] who treated all players equally and made them all earn respect and praise. He used the fear of public reprimand to keep team members in line.
*# [[1796]]: [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] energized his troops with the "Spirit of the Republic" for their battles, often visiting troops or wounded so they would see his energy and build their morale.

===Part 3: Defensive Warfare===
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| One can win an expensive battle, but it is usually not worth the risk. Try to spend your opponent's assets, draw them into the battle, bait them to fight the expensive fight.
|}
'''8) Pick Your Battles: The Perfect Economy Strategy.''' Fight economically, conserving all your assets. Know your strengths and play to them. War consists of weakening the other side&mdash;militarily, financially and morally.
*''Spiral Effect''. In [[280 BC | 280bce]] [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] acted as a [[mercenary]] to the city of [[Taranto | Tarentum]] about to go to war with [[Ancient Rome | Rome]]. He was drawn into a series of battles by his ego and guided by inadequate intelligence. He won the battles, but his army was decimated. The final war, the [[Pyrrhic War]], ruined him forever and was the genesis of the term "[[pyrrhic victory]]".
*''Strengths and Weaknesses''. [[Queen Elizabeth I]] ascended to the thrown of [[Tudor dynasty | England]] in [[1558]], at that time a secondary military power. Against her advisors she waited and did not engage [[Philip II of Spain | Philip II]] of [[Spain]]. Instead she looked for more subtle ways of damaging him, she enlisted the [[royal Navy]] to run [[Francis_Drake#The_Spanish_Armada | pirate]] raids on his ships returning from the [[New World]] and using other less conventional [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham | techniques]] to destroy the [[Spanish Armada]]. Queen Elizabeth I carefully picked her battles to conserve resources and slowly decimate and superior force.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make due with what you have. Leverage your assets.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not rely on technology and equipment, rely on your knowledge.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Balance your ends to your means. Do not get over extended.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Use deception where you do not have the economic means to expand.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not proceed only out of pride. Stop before it gets worse.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Know your limits.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> .</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| There are times when one needs to strike first, but try to draw your opponent into the first strike, on your terms. If this does not work re-assess your options for an offensive approach.

|}
'''9) Turn the Tables: The Counterattack Strategy.''' Moving first shows your opponent your strategy. Wait; draw them to make the first move. Analyze their strategy and counterattack based on the weaknesses they reveal.
*''Disguise Aggression.'' Prior to the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] ([[1805]]), [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] played scared and panicky. [[Alexander I of Russia | Czar Alexander I]] of [[Russian Empire | Russia]], anxious for revenge, decided to lead the allies into battle. Napoleon drew the opposing forces forward to expose their weak center and defeat them.
*''Jujitsu.'' In the [[1944]] [[Democratic Party (United States) | Democratic]] [[President of the United States | Presidential]] race, the [[Republican Party (United States) | Republican]] Party, trying to elect [[Thomas Dewey]], made continual slanderous remarks about [[Franklin D. Roosevelt | Franklin Roosevelt]] (FDR). FDR waited and did not respond until they made comments on his dog, [[Fala]]. FDR delivered a [[satire | satirical]] [[Fala#Fala_speech | speech]] defending his dog, humiliating Dewey.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> History shows that defenders usually win the war.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Turn the aggressor's anger against them.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Remove your emotions.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Attempt to draw your opponent into battle by their anger.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Keep calm, irritating and frustrating your opponent.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Deceive your opponent into attacking.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Risk is inherent in making yourself look foolish and threatening. Without action you will condition people to ignore you. You need to take action on occasion.
|}
'''10) Create a Threatening Presence: Deterrence Strategies.''' Make people think they will lose, bluff if needed. People want an easy victory and will not attack if they think they will lose.
*''Reverse Intimidation.'' 1) Make bold maneuvers and bluff wisely, 2) be a threat, make sudden moves, imply aggression, 3) move irrationally, create unpredictability, act crazy, 4) Feed your opponent's paranoia by indicating capabilities that they are afraid of, 5) maintain a bad reputation, mean, nasty and non-negotiable.
*''Deterrence and Reverse Intimidation in Practice''
*# [[1862]] in the [[American Civil War]] [[Stonewall Jackson]] acted strong and played to [[George B. McClellan | George McClellan]]'s weak points focusing on his anxiety and timid nature.
*# In the [[13th century]], [[Robert I of Scotland | Robert the Bruce]] made great strides with a ragtag army against the [[Kingdom of England | British]] armies and [[Edward II of England | King Edward II]]. His efforts eventual brought him recognition (from [[Edward III of England | King Edward III]]). Most of the gains by Robert the Bruce were through bold raids, swift incursions and combination of offensive and defensive actions.
*# In [[1874]] [[Louis XI of France]] used [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza | Duke of Milan]]'s [[ambassador]] to [[French Third Republic | France]], [[Christopher Bollate]], to carry fabricated rumors about France's suspicions of the [[Duke]]'s intentions, threatening attack and irrational actions. This helped maintain a peaceful alliance.
*#[[John Boyd (military strategist) | John Boyd]] was assigned to work in [[The Pentagon]] to design a [[F-15 Eagle | new]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon | fighter]] and found the politics difficult. He used a strategy of playing dumb, but heavily researching issues purposed by others and plotting tactics to kill the initiatives.

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Retreat is not an end, unless your goal is martyrdom. Your plan must include an attack. Fighting for martyrdom has a grander cause you will never see.
|}
'''11) Trade Space for Time: The Nonenagement Strategy.''' Retreat will gain the advantage of thinning your opponent's forces and lengthening their supply and communication lines allowing your forces to concentrate. Not fighting, when they know you can, will aggravate your opponent and increase the chance of them making an irrational move.
*''Retreat to Advance.'' [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Kuomintang | nationalist party]] forced [[Mao Zedong | Mao Tse-tung]]'s [[Communist Party of China | communists]] to retreat in the early stages of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. This action had the effect of strengthening support for the Communists by uniting and galvanizing the [[Autumn Harvest Uprising | peasants]]. In [[1949]] the [[People's Republic of China | communists]] defeated the nationalists.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Retreat to solidify troops and support.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Frustrate the opponent by refusing to fight.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Draw out supply and communication lines of opponent.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Create condition for increased error on the opponent's side.</LI>
|}


===Part 4: Offensive Warfare===
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Having a grand strategy can result in success that creates 1) too many options and resulting indecision, and 2) a "drunkenness" on success and reckless behavior.
|}
'''12) Lose The Battles But Win The War: Grand Strategy.''' Have a bigger plan.

*''Great Campaign.'' [[Alexander the Great]] developed a new strategy of looking far forward, differentiating him from other leaders. He first gained the ground he needed (territorially and emotionally) but did not increase his holdings to a point that they could not be governed. He did not fight battles he could not win, for instance devising plans to capture the major [[History of the Mediterranean region | Mediterranean]] ports; effectively nullifying the [[Persian Empire | Persian]] navy.
*''Total Warfare .'' In [[1968]] during the [[Viet Nam]] [[Vietnam War | war]] [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] executed a country-wide [[Tet Offensive | offensive]] on the [[Tet]] holiday. Although having to retreat from their gains, the offensive was designed confuse the [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam | US]] and [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam | South Vietnamese]] armies and to play to the US [[Media (disambiguation) | media]]. It was quite successful.

*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100% bgcolor="#F8FCFF"
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Look past what appears to be the threat and find the source and attack it.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Look beyond the opponent's horizon.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make your actions hard to follow, do not expose your strategy.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Have purpose and goal, looking far into the future.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| You must be formless and difficult to read, spread false information to lead other's astray.
|}
'''13) Know Your Enemy: The Intelligence Strategy.''' Know your opponent's moves and do not let your motives be known. Understand their way of thinking.
*''The Mirrored Enemy.'' In [[1838]] the [[European influence in Afghanistan | British]] [[First Anglo-Afghan War | invasion]] of [[History of Afghanistan | Afghanistan]] (led by [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland | Lord Auckland]]) was to reinstate western friendly [[Shuja Shah Durrani]], [[Deposition (politics) | deposing]] the current leader [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]. But Auckland did not understand the Afghan people or their culture, making numerous mistakes. The result was his death and the return of Dost Mohammad to power.
*''Close Embrace.'' Between [[1806]] and [[1813]] Prince [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich | Metternich]] met with [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] in hopes of understanding him and finding points of weakness that he could exploit. Eventually he assisted in orchestrating Napoleon's marriage to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma | Marie Louise]]. Metternich used this and other knowledge to the advantage of [[Austrian Empire | Austria]] allowing them to build an army and join a greater [[Concert of Europe | alliance]] in [[Europe]] eventually leading to the defeat of Napoleon at [[Waterloo]].
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100% bgcolor="#F8FCFF"
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Gather knowledge of your opponent.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Learn to read people, learn them.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Hide your observations.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Strive for quality of information, not quantity.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Be aware of internal spies and disarm them.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI >Submerge yourself in their mind.</LI>
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Slow erratic start that is non-predictive, speed is imperative.
|}
'''14) Overwhelm Resistance With Speed and Suddenness: The [[Blitzkrieg]] Strategy.''' Slow methodical start with a well-planned attack, move fast and sure.
*''Slow-slow-quick-quick.'' In [[1218]] [[Genghis Khan]] attacked and defeated the more powerful [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] starting with a series of small deliberate attacks that looked like losses. He then made more serious and speedy [[Genghis_Khan#Invasion_of_Khwarezmid Empire | attacks]] to defeat Muhammad II.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Small units provide mobility.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Must have superior coordination.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Quick orders through light chains of command.</LI>
|}


{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| There is no reversal, you must have control, although you may not want to show it.
|}
'''15) Control the Dynamic: Forcing Strategies.''' Be in control. Be assertive. Control your opponent's mind. Move them into your territory.
*''The Art Of Ultimate Control.'' Make the first move, fight on your territory where you are comfortable, look for your opponent's weakness and draw them into it, deceive your opponent to make them think they are in control.
*''Historical Examples''
*# In [[1942]] during [[World War II]], [[Erwin Rommel | Rommel]] used smaller units on the [[North Africa]] deserts to strike the [[North African campaign | British]]. He kept the units moving continuously, like ships at sea, reducing the ability to attack them. Often he rode with the front line of attack in order to shorten the information chain.
*# While working on the [[Paramount Pictures]] film ''[[Night After Night]]'', in [[1932]], [[Mae West]] slowly made moves to change the dynamic of power into her court. Eventually she took over significant portions of the films writing.
*# During the [[American Civil War]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman | General Sherman]] faced off with [[Albert Sidney Johnston | General Johnston]] in battles over [[Richmond, Virginia]]. He played to Johnston's [[paranoia]] and his overall defensive nature. He continued the tactics against [[John Bell Hood | General Hood]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] and took the city in a surprise move.
*# The [[History of slavery in the United States | slave]] [[Frederick Douglass]], originally owned by [[Captain Thomas Auld | Thomas Auld]], was sent to be "broken" by [[Edward Covey]]. After many battles, Douglass became openly defiant to Covey, fearing death and having nothing to lose Covey fought Covey and achieved victory simply by creating a situation where Covey would lose his reputation as a [[Slavery#Slavery_in_North_America | slave]] breaker.
*# [[Psychiatrist]] [[Milton H. Erickson]] used, [[hypnotherapy]] among other techniques, to help his patients. Occasionally his patients would not cooperate with his therapy. He would gain control through various [[Psychotherapy | means]] including [[hypnosis]], deception and reversal.

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| No reversal, everyone regardless of structure has a center of gravity.
|}
'''16) Hit Them Where it Hurts: The Center of Gravity Strategy.''' Attack the central point, be it the command center, supply lines, belief system. Capture and destroy it.
*''Pillars of Collapse.'' In [[209 BC]] [[Publius Cornelius Scipio | Publius Scipio]] attacked and captured [[Cartagena, Murcia | New Carthage]], [[Hannibal]]'s main supply point and the [[Carthage | Carthagian]] capital in [[Prehistoric Spain | Spain]]. This crippled Hannibal's supply routes. Scipio continued on to Carthage in [[204 BC]], capturing it in [[203 BC]] recalling Hannibal from [[History of Italy during Roman times | Italy]] and removing his threat.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Find the center point of your opponent and attack it&mdash;be it communication, media, supply lines.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Dividing your team can generate a deft and mobile force.
|}
'''17) Defeat Them in Detail: The Divide and Conquer Strategy.''' Look at the parts and determine how to control the individual parts, create dissension and leverage it.
*''Central Position.'' In [[490 BC]] the [[Persian_Empire | Persian]]s planned an attack on ancient [[History of Athens | Athens]] they landed 24 miles north on [[Athens]] on the plains of [[Marathon, Greece | Marathon]]. The [[Greece | Greeks]] traveled north blocking the pass between the two areas. The Persians split their troops at night and attempted an attack Athens directly by sea. The Greeks attacked the troops in what is known as [[Battle of Marathon]] and then ran back to Athens to prevent the Persians from disembarking (hence the [[Marathon | running event]]).
*''Attacking the Joints.'' Leading up to the [[American Revolution]], [[Samuel Adams]] was continually fighting for the free representation for the [[Thirteen Colonies | colonies]]. For the most part he struggled, until the enactment of the [[Stamp Act]] by the [[British]]. In [[1765]] Adams was able to rally the colonists around the point of "[[No taxation without representation]]". Then with the [[Tea Act]], in [[1773]], Adams rallied people to revolt, [[Boston Tea Party | dumping tea]] into the [[Boston]] Harbor.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Romans divided the power base of their captured areas so that no one area had the power to attack.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Divide groups and they are easier to conquer.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Historically people have banded together to defend themselves, deny them this comfort.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Surprise and splinter the group attacking the pieces.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Occupying the opponent's position can reverse on you by making you look too much like them, losing differentiating factors.
|}
'''18) Expose and Attack Your Enemy's Soft Flank: The Turning Strategy.''' Bait for a frontal attack, get your opponent to extend his ranks and in the distraction have your forces attack his exposed flank or rear.
*''Turning the Flank.'' In [[1796]] Baron [[Joseph Alvinczy]] attempting to dispel the [[French]] from [[Verona]] was drawn forward by [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] in the [[Battle of Arcola ]] exposing his flank and allowing Napoleon to surround and defeat him.
*''Occupying the Flank.'' [[Julius Caesar]] perfected the art of indirect fighting. Although there were many times when he enlisted the direct method, there are many cases where he fought indirectly. Notably were the power struggles with [[Pompey]]. Much of his work was done by showing Pompey's men his kindness and honest treatment of his troops. This worked to get many of his opponent's troops to surrender.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
*Indirection is the key to modern day business battles ([[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]] used the [[Countess de Castiglione]]) to influence [[Napoleon III of France | Napoleon III ]] (''note: the book says Napoleon II, but this is in error'') to place him as the King of [[Italy]])
*Use charm and flattery to lure you opponent to drop guard
*Show your opponent's bad traits ([[Hernán Cortés]]' appointment of a treasurer to collect [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar | Velázquez]]'s taxes)

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| No reversal. Without 100% success you are left open to reprisal.
|}
'''19) Envelop The Enemy: The Annihilation Strategy.''' Maintain constant pressure on your opponent to defeat their will power.
*''Horns of the Beast.'' In [[1778]] the [[Kingdom of Great Britain | British]] in [[Natalia Republic | Natal]] wanted to absorb the [[Zulu]] territories. In the [[Battle of Isandlwana]] the Zulu used their knowledge of the land to surround, surprise and rout the British.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="2" | <LI> The psychology of enclosure is strong. [[John D. Rockefeller]] used this tactic continually to "surround" potential competition by buying land and infrastructure they needed to compete with him.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Use what you have in abundance.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Create the feeling of being surrounded by creating attacks from nowhere.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| There is no advantage of a direct attack. Maneuvering, though, can give you too many options and can paralyze your advance.
|}
'''20) Maneuver Them Into Weakness: The Ripening For the Sickle Strategy.''' Continue calculated moves in your position. This will enable you to control the situation and bewilder and exhaust your opponent.
*''Maneuver Warfare .''
** Create flexible plans with many options.
** Make plans that keep your opponent in check and always on a new defensive.
** Make plans that give you room to maneuver.
** Make plans with slight irrationality to puzzle your opponent.
*''Examples''
*# In [[1800]] [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]] had to [[Napoleon_I_of_France#An_interlude_of_peace | defeat]] the [[Austrian]] armies in [[History of Italy during foreign domination and the unification | Italy]]. He made his plans and nearly everything went wrong. But Napoleon had made enough alternate plans and he kept maneuvering to the new situations at hand and he defeated them at [[Battle of Marengo (1800) | Marengo]] where is original plans had predicted he would.
*# In the [[1936]] US [[Presidential campaign]] the [[Republican Party (United States) | Republican]] Party nominated [[Alf Landon]] to run against [[incumbent]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ([[Democratic Party (United States) |D]]). Landon tried to defeat Roosevelt by supporting the [[New Deal]] but criticizing the creator ([[FDR]]). Roosevelt waited until Landon did not have enough time to move from this stance and attacked.
*# In [[World War I]] the [[British]] tried to capture [[Aqaba]] from the [[Ottoman Empire | Turks]]. [[T. E. Lawrence]], fluent in [[Arabic]] and familiar with the tribes of the [[Syrian Desert]], used a small army to move quickly through the desert and antagonize the Turks. His fast maneuvering denied the Turks a target and he was able to cut their supply lines resulting in the surrender of Aqaba.
*# In [[1937]] [[Harry Cohn]] of [[Columbia Pictures]] hired [[Leo McCarey]] to direct ''[[The Awful Truth]]'' The script was poor and McCarey had to figure out how to improve the script. He routinely made changes at the last minute and would wait to shoot until he felt it was right. This ploy gave the movie spontaneity and drove it to success.
*# [[Tsukahara Bokuden]], a master [[samurai]], was challenged by a young unnamed [[Swordsmanship | swordsman]]. Bokuden practiced [[Mutekatsu-ryu]] and moved the challenge to an island. As his challenger stepped from the [[Watercraft rowing | boat]], Bokuden pushed the boat away from the shore, stranding (and out maneuvering) the young swordsman.

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Moving too far or being too aggressive came embitter your opponent and others creating animosity and prolonged resentment leading to retribution.
|}
'''21) Negotiate While Advancing: The Diplomatic-War Strategy.''' When negotiating a settlement you should not let up on the pressure to advance. This provides you more to negotiate with and does not give your opponent time to regroup.
*''War by Other Means.'' [[Philip II of Macedon | Philip II]] of [[Macedon | Macedonia]] came to power in [[359 BC]]. The [[city-state]] of [[History of Athens | Athens]] did not support his ascent. In the negotiations between the Athenians and Philip II he continued to make promises of peace but continued to grow his empire. Eventually he formed the [[League of Corinth]] ''(Note: The book refers to this as [[Delian League | Hellenic League]] which appeared 100 years earlier)'' to ally many [[Ancient Greece | Greek]] city-states to attack the [[Persian_Empire | Persians]].
*''Jade for Tile.'' At the onset of the [[Greek War of Independence]] ([[1821]]) the [[Russian Empire | Russia's]] Greek born foreign minister [[John Capodistria | Capo d'Istria]] felt it imperative that Russia support Greece. This would give Russia access to warm water ports in the [[Mediterranean Sea | Mediterranean]]. Wary of the desire of [[Austrian Empire | Austria]]'s Prince [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich | Metternich]] to keep Russia from these ports, he cautioned his emissary to not let Metternich negotiate. This failed and Metternich played to the weaknesses of [[Tsar | Czar]] [[Alexander I of Russia | Alexander I]] and he thwarted attempts of Russia [[Alexander_I_of_Russia#The_revolt_of_the_Greeks | assisting]] Greece.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Be amiable, but focus on the goal of advancement.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Negotiation gives your opponent time to regroup.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Maintain pressure and advance to give your opponent reason to conclude.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Ask for little, you get only a little.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| No reversal, you must end an engagement positively.
|}
'''22) Know How To End Things: The Exit Strategy.''' Know when you are beat and cut your loses. Know how to win with flair and bring a positive conclusion to the encounter; reducing your opponents in the future.
*''No Exit.'' The [[Soviet Union]]'s invasion of [[Afghanistan]], and the resulting [[Soviet war in Afghanistan | war]], caused a no win situation for the Soviet Union primarily due to the lack of understanding of the [[Demographics of Afghanistan | Afghan]] people. Significant expense (monetarily, politically and in troop loss) caused [[Mikhail Gorbachev | Gorbachev]] to withdraw Soviet troops, completed in [[1989]]. (''Note: A potential error in the book where Greene refers to Afghanistan's "ports on the Indian Ocean", I can find no reference to alliances that would bring that.'')
*''Ending as Beginning.'' [[Lyndon B. Johnson | Lyndon Johnson]] fought a tough election for the [[Texas]] [[Texas's 10th congressional district | 10th Congressional]] seat in [[1937]]. He had few friends in the [[Democratic Party (United States) | party]] and soundly defeated the well-seasoned political veterans. Immediately after the election he amiably approached his opponents thanking them to the hard fight and successfully wooing them into his alliance.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Dreamers never complete, their end is always poor.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Closure needs satisfaction for all involved.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Humiliation of the defeated only creates animosity.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="3" | <LI> Conclusion in exhaustion is not favorable since there is not energy left to create alliances.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="3" | <LI> Conclude realizing the end is more important than the success of the fight.</LI>
|}

===Part 5: Unconventional (Dirty) War===

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Uncovered deception is a huge advantage to your opponent.<BR> Maintain a cover story in case you are discovered.<BR> Don't rely only on deception; it is tool not a plan.
|}
'''23) Weave a Seamless Blend of Fact and Fiction: Misperception Strategies.''' Deception is an ancient art and invaluable when throwing people off your track. Misinformation and decoys can consume your opponent.

*''The False Mirror.'' During preparation for the invasion at [[Battle of Normandy | Normandy]] in [[World War II]], the [[Allies of World War II | allies]] developed a significant number of [[Operation Fortitude | deceptive plans]]. These included a fake army in England ([[Operation Quicksilver (WWII) |FUSAG]]) and a look alike of General [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein | Montgomery]] in the [[Mediterranean]] [[Theater (warfare) | theater]]. A wealth of misinformation, paralyzed [[Adolf Hitler | Hitler's]] decision making capabilities when the actual invasion started, slowed his reaction.

*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make a strong front look weak.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make a weak front look strong and attack from another direction.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Feed your opponent with misinformation.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Maintain a pattern with the intent of changing it for surprise.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Use imaginative and complete [[camouflage]].</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make the real look false and the false look real to create complete ambiguity.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| There is no advantage to attacking by the expected means and methods.
|}
'''24) Take The Line of Least Expectation: The Ordinary-Extraordinary Strategy.''' Do the unexpected. If always calm be radical, if always radical do something ordinary.
*''Unconventional Warfare ''
**Use tactics that your opponent does not know.
**Mix ordinary tactics with the unusual.
**Act crazy but calculated.
**Continue to think of new things.
*''Historical Examples''
*#In [[219 BC]] [[Roman Republic | Rome]] decide to take the offensive with [[Hannibal]]. They chose to face him at the [[Battle of the Trebia | Trebia]] river. Hannibal exhibited erratic behavior drew the [[Military history of ancient Rome | Roman army]] across the river and then shocked them with his use of [[War elephant | elephants]]. The Romans made many other attempts to draw Hannibal into a fight but Hannibal did the opposite of what they expected giving him a great advantage.
*#[[Cassius Clay]] challenged then [[Heavyweight]] champion [[Sonny Liston]] to the [[boxing]] in [[1962]]. [[Ali versus Liston | title]]. Clay's unorthodox behavior and fighting technique and his [[nonconformism | nonconformist]] behavior gave him a great advantage in the fight since his opponent did not know what to expect.
*#In [[1862]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[American Civil War]] General led a [[Battle of Vicksburg | battle]] to capture [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. He moved troops across the [[Mississippi River]] and sent them toward [[Jackson, Mississippi | Jackson]] to cut the supply lines to Vicksburg. This move was not expected since it would mean that Grant's forces would not have their communication lines open. It surprised [[Confederate States of America | Confederate]] General [[John C. Pemberton]]; who was unable to predict the impact of the maneuver.
*#The [[Ojibwa]] tribe had an elite band of warriors called the [[Wendigo | Wendigokan]]. This band would act crazy during battles, yelling the exact opposite of their intent. This caused confusion in their opponents and terrified them not to engage in battle.
*#For the [[New York City | New York]] [[Society of Independent Artists]]' first exhibition, [[Marcel Duchamp]] chose a radical new format&mdash;anyone could exhibit a work of art. Duchamp under the [[pseudonym]] "R. Mutt" submitted a [[urinal]] laying on its back called the ''[[Fountain (Duchamp) | Fountain]]''. There was outrage in the organization, but opened a new view and challenged the definition of art.

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Playing the high ground can make you look righteous and condescending. This can alienate and disgust your supporters.
|}
'''25) Occupy the Moral High Ground: The Righteous Strategy.''' Justify your cause as the correct and moral way. Show your opponent's self-serving side. Show yourself as the underdog.
*''The Moral Offensive.'' [[Pope]] [[Leo X]] wanted to complete construction of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. To raise the funds for the [[Roman Catholic Church | church]], he started the practice of selling [[indulgence]]s. A [[Germans | German]] [[Theology | theologian]] and [[Priest]] named [[Martin Luther]] challenged the practices in the ''[[95 Theses]]'' saying that only [[God]] could forgive one's [[sin]]s. He argued his stand based solely on the [[Bible]] systematically refuting each of the Pope's retorts. This effort by Martin Luther was the genesis of the [[Lutheran]] and [[Protestant]] traditions.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Reveal the [[hypocrisy]] of your opponent.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Justify your actions based on [[morality]].</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Represent yourself as "good", your opponent as "bad".</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> An immoral act will ruin your reputation.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Make your opponent start the actual "fight".</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Wars of self-interest are short and defined.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="3"| <LI> Wars on moral grounds are long and protracted, attempting to [[Annihilation | annihilate]] the roots of the immoral.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | &nbsp;
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| You cannot use conventional means with a [[guerrilla]] you must deny them targets. If you do attack, attack strong and quick at any central point they have.
|}
'''26) Deny Them Targets: The Strategy of the Void.''' Remove any targets you have for your opponents. Do not create a front or make your front so broad that attacking it attacks their base. No targets will frustrate your opponents increasing the chance they will make a mistake.
*''The Lure of the Void.'' [[Napoleon I of France | Napoleon]]'s [[1812]] [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia | invasion]] of [[Russian empire | Russia]] met with a retreating Russian army putting up little resistance and buying time. [[Cossacks]] sniped him, retreating Russian troops left behind burned out towns and fields and no food. The initial [[French First Republic | French]] force of 450,000 troops was reduced to 100,000 by the time they reached [[Moscow]]. The retreat lead to further decimation.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> [[Guerrilla]] bands are easier to hide and maneuver.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Large armies are susceptible to guerrilla attack.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Guerrilla warfare is strongly [[Psychological operations | psychological]].</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Exhaust the opponent.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" colspan="2" | <LI> Lure your opponent to attack to use guerrilla tactics effectively.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Be wary of people that come to your assistance. Other will use this against you, ensure that they do not use you negatively. Look to turn that alliance to your positive.
|}
'''27) Seem to Work for the Interests of Others While Furthering Your Own: The Alliance Strategy.''' Form temporary allies to meet your current needs, do what is necessary to hide the temporary nature of your business. Undermine the alliances of your opponents to weaken them.
*''The Perfect Ally.'' [[1467]] [[Charles I, Duke of Burgundy]] expanded his empire by forming an alliance with [[Edward IV of England | Edward IV]] of [[Kingdom of England | England]] to attack [[Louis XI of France | Louis XI]] of [[France/History#France_in_the_Middle_Ages | France]]. But King Louis XI found out about the invasion and formed an alliance with Edward IV removing the threat from the Duke.
*''False Alliances.'' [[Murray Bowen]], a [[Psychiatry | psychiatrist]], used his clinical knowledge to resolve a personal family situation. He wrote a series of letters to family members in order to show concern for the person, but exposing a series on gossipy relations that were in the family. In this process he actually created a degree of autonomy for himself which gave him the power to control the situation and facilitate his siblings in creating a healthy family relationship.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Find those to advance your current interests.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Help someone else you need help from to create debt.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> We need allies in our sturggles&mdash;for resource, skill or protection.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Damage other's alliances.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Play the autonomous center, brokering resolution.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> When fighting allies create mistrust between them dividing their ranks.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| This approach can raise suspicions and be politically costly; a direct approach will minimize that cost. Use this sparingly.
|}
'''28) Give Your Rivals Enough Rope To Hang Themselves: The One-Upmanship Strategy.''' Give your opponents the space to make mistakes, provide them with assignments they cannot complete and damage their reputation. Hide your involvement and maintain your innocent.
*''The Art of One-Upmanship .'' Look for the internal rival, find their weak spot and needle it to make them anxious. Employ others to work the anxiety and make it bigger. Get the rival to over-react and step back and let them do the rest. When they are near the end of their destruction offer help, not to rub in the defeat, but help show your innocence.
*''Historical Examples ''
*# [[John Alexander McClernand | John McClernand]] volunteered as a [[Brigadier General]] in the [[American Civil War]]. He wanted fame and ascension to the presidency. He tried using his influence with [[President of the United States | President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] to try to take over the siege of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]. General [[Ulysses S. Grant | Grant]], whose department [[Battle of Vicksburg | Vicksburg]] fell under, caught wind of the plans and diverted troops head to McClernand for his own use. This and other actions infuriated McClernand, whom made numerous moves that alienated him from his allies.
*# [[Académie Française]] was founded in [[1635]] to maintain the purity of the [[French language]]. In [[1694]] [[King Louis IV]] appointed the [[Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis | Bishop of Noyons]] to the counsel. Although qualified, he was arrogant and offensive. On inauguration day the [[abb&eacute; de Caumartin]] gave a subtly mocking speech that was seen as such by all but the [[Bishop]]. His eventual humiliation led to the Bishop leaving the Académie.
*# [[Tsukahara Bokuden]], renowned [[samurai]], was challenged by an [[Cross-dominance | ambidextrous]] young samurai. Bokuden accepted the challenge, but focused challenger's attention on the "unfair" use of his left arm. In the fight, Bokuden attacked his right. Later, in [[1605]], the [[Swordsmanship | swordsman]] [[Genzaemon]] was challenged by [[Miyamoto Musashi]]. Musashi showed up late and in non-standard attire, this angered Genzaemon positioning him to make many errant moves.
*# [[Bob Dole]] of [[Kansas]] challenged [[George H. W. Bush]] for the [[1998]] [[Republican Party (United States) | Republican's]] nomination for [[Presidential campaign | President]]. [[Lee Atwater]], Bush's strategist, knowing of Dole's temper, spread rumors about his wife's, [[Elizabeth Dole]], qualifications as [[Secretary of Transportation]]. Doles anger came through in the media severely damaging him.
*# [[Joan Crawford]] had a continual rivalry with [[Norma Shearer]] and [[Bette Davis]]. She contrived two methods for steeling their thunder. With Shearer she worked to annoy her on set and got her to expose her nasty demeanor. While with Davis, she stole the spotlight while accepting [[Anne Bancroft]]'s [[Academy Awards | Oscar]] for ''[[The Miracle Worker]]''.

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| When being attacked by this method, stop it decisively.
|}
'''29) Take Small Bites: The Fait Accompli Strategy.''' Make advances by small pieces, often going unnoticed by your rivals. By the time they notice your growth, it may be too late.
*''Piecemeal Conquest.'' Upon the [[Battle of France | fall]] of [[France]] to the [[Nazi Germany | Germans]] in [[World War II]], [[Charles de Gaulle]] received permission from [[Winston Churchill]] to broadcast to the [[Free French Forces | Fighting French]] over the [[BBC]]. The broadcast was met with great public support. He continued to expand this small foothold by leading forces in Central Africa, building the [[French Resistance]] with [[Jean Moulin]]. When [[Franklin D. Roosevelt | FDR's]] plotted to replace him with [[Henri Giraud]], de Gaulle fought bitterly with Giraud and was able to fill his staff with de Gaulle loyalists.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> People dislike confrontation so giving little pieces is easy.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Take control, your opponent will have to fight to get it back.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Look for opportunities in a rival's troubled times.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Be patient, time is your ally.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Watch other people's communication for generalities that hide their intents or cliches that distract peoples focus.
|}
'''30) Penetrate Their Minds: Communication Strategies.''' Fight with words that will occupy your opponent, make them think and try to interpret your meaning. Use actions other than words, when needed, to make a lasting impression.
*''Visceral Communication.'' In filming ''[[The 39 Steps (1935 film) | The 39 Steps]]'' in [[1935]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]] handcuffed the leads [[Madeleine Carroll]] and [[Robert Donat]] and then feinted losing the key and left them [[handcuffs | handcuffed]] for many hours. The ploy was to make them understand the script they were about to play. Hitchcock furthered his indirect communication by actions contrary to the situation&mdash;working his actor's minds.
*''The Mastermind.'' [[Niccolo Machiavelli]] worked in [[Florence]]'s Second [[Ambassador | Chancery]]. As Florence went in and out of Medici control between [[1494]] and [[1512]] Machiavelli was displaced from his job. In order to stay in touch with the Florentine government he wrote ''[[The Prince]]'', on princely rule, and engaged his friend [[Francesco Vettori]] to show it to the Medici's. He later wrote ''[[Discourses on Livy]]''. These unpublished works were a stepping stone for Machiavelli to return to favor. After his death the manuscripts were published in multiple languages. Eventually his works permeated the minds of many cultures having a greater communication power than Machiavelli could have ever imagined.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Use the profound to stay with other people over time.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Communicate with action, not only words.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Silence can say more than words.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Shock will bring short lived communication.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Communication must focus on change.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Look for the saboteur within, but do not be paranoid. Treat your troops fairly and they will police themselves.
|}
'''31) Destroy From Within: The Inner Front Strategy.''' Infiltrate your opponent's camp. Once there, you do not need to attack or show your intentions. Slowly take over from within.
*''The Invisible Enemy.'' [[Adolf Hitler]] assigned [[Wilhelm Canaris]] to set up the [[Abwehr]] ([[Nazi Germany |Germany's]] intelligence group for the [[German General Staff | General Staff]]) in late [[1933]]. Hitler was impressed and trusted him for advice. During his tenure he advised against the [[Operation Sealion | invasion]] of the [[United Kingdom]], advised against allying with [[Francisco Franco]] of [[Spain in World War II | Spain]] to use the [[Rock of Gibraltar | island]] of [[Gibraltar]] to weaken the [[British]] and assured Hitler that [[Italy]]'s [[Pietro Badoglio]] was not about to surrender in [[1943]]. Only after the latter did the [[Germanic-SS]] determine he was working to subvert Hitler.
*''Friendly Takeover.'' [[1929]] [[André Breton]], creator of the [[Surrealist Manifesto]], wanted to breathe more life into the [[Surrealism | surrealistic]] movement. He felt [[Salvador Dalí]] could provide that boost. It did. But Dali's affinity to Hitler and [[Vladimir Lenin | Lenin]] brought the group to a boil. Dali left for [[New York City| New York]] where he made a successful career and became synonymous with surrealism.
*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not attack the walls of the fort, attack from within.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Exploit the disaffected with your opponent and use them.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Undermine the morale of your opponent's troops.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Befriend your opponent and work from within their mind.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Be patient and take small steps.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Keep your group of conspirators small.</LI>
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Intimidation is the reversal of the [[passive-aggressive behavior]]. Threaten but do not act.
|}
'''32) Dominate While Seeming to Submit: The Passive-Aggressive Strategy.''' Use non-aggression to fight your opponent. Their aggressive acts will benefit you and garner support from others. Since there is the presentation of both "good" and "bad" traits, people normally see only the positive approach.
*''The Guilt Weapon.'' To [[protest]] the [[Sea salt | Salt]] [[Tax]] imposed by the [[British India | British Raj]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] stage a 200 mile [[Salt Satyagraha | march]] of to the [[Arabian Sea | ocean]]. The [[Governor-General of India]], [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax| Lord Edward Irwin]], was relieved at the seeming insignificant action Gandhi proposed. Lord Edward Irwin did nothing to stop the march. But the march attracted thousands. Irwin had limited his options since he had not acted early to stop the march and now it would be a big issue. Gandhi had chosen his protest wisely&mdash;[[benign]] to the British and poignant to the [[India | Indians]].
*''Passive Power.'' [[Tsar | Czar]] [[Alexander_I_of_Russia#Liberal_political_views | Alexander I]] wanted to reform the [[Monarchy | monarchies]] of [[History of Europe | Europe]]. He used the 1820 revolts in Spain and [[Congress of Troppau | Naples]] to solicit a meeting of the monarchs to address the issues. [[Austrian]] [[Prince]] [[Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich#Post-Napoleonic_Europe | Metternich]] used this to subtly move the Czar to a position of supporting the "old guard rule" over any form of liberalization.

*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Using passive-aggressive behavior the "positive" stands out.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Succumb to others, while covertly fighting.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Do not be too eager for power.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Train yourself to see passive-aggressive and react to it.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Stop passive-aggressive behavior quickly.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | &nbsp;
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="200"
|+'''Reversal '''
|-
| Direct and [[Asymmetric warfare | symmetrical]] warfare, up-front and honest
|}
'''33) Sow Uncertainty and Panic Through Acts of Terror: The Chain Reaction Strategy.''' The goal is chaos and creating the lack of trust in familiar surroundings. What was once safe is now uncertain.

*''The Anatomy of Panic.'' In [[1092]] death of [[Nizam al-Mulk]] was at first felt to be a reprisal for the attempts to suppress the growth of the sect [[Nizari]] [[Ismaili]]. The Nizari, a group cloaked in secrecy, had developed a new method of revolt where [[Assassination | Assassins]] (derived from [[Arabic]] [[Hashshashin]]) would emerge from a seemingly calm crowd and kill their target with a dagger. This new form of warfare appeared to be able to manifest itself in an omnipresent form against its opponents.

*'''Keys to Warfare '''
{| border="0" width=100%
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Responding dispassionately will defeat the cause.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Thwart the attacks at the point of the attack.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Create unstable ground.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Take the moral high ground, exploit being the victim.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Randomize the frequency of attack.</LI>
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" | <LI> Most effective in small bands.</LI>
|-
| bgcolor="#F8FCFF" Colspan="3"| <LI> Fighting back in a disproportionate manner fuels their cause.</LI>
|}

==Complete Table of Contents==

*Preface
Part I: Self-Directed Warfare
*1 - Declare War on Your Enemies: The Polarity Strategy
*2 - Do Not Fight the Last War: The Guerrilla-War-of-the-Mind Strategy
*3 - Amidst the Turmoil of Events, Do Not Lose Your Presence of Mind: The Counterbalance Strategy
*4 - Create a Sense of Urgency and Desperation: The Death-Ground Strategy

Part II: Organizational (Team) Warfare
*5 - Avoid The Snare of Groupthink: The command and Control Strategy
*6 - Segment Your Forces: The Controlled Chaos Strategy
*7 - Transform Your War into a Crusade: Morale Strategies

Part III: Defensive Warfare
*8 - Pick Your Battles: The Perfect Economy Strategy
*9 - Turn the Tables: The Counterattack Strategy
*10 - Create a Threatening Presence: Deterrence Strategies
*11 - Trade Space for Time: The Nonenagement Strategy

Part IV: Offensive Warfare
*12 - Lose The Battles But Win The War: Grand Strategy
*13 - Know Your Enemy: The Intelligence Strategy
*14 - Overwhelm Resistance With Speed and Suddenness: The Blitzkrieg Strategy
*15 - Control the Dynamic: Forcing Strategies
*16 - Hit Them Where it Hurts: The Center of Gravity Strategy
*17 - Defeat Them in Detail: The Divide and Conquer Strategy
*18 - Expose and Attack Your Enemy's Soft Flank: The Turning Strategy
*19 - Envelop The Enemy: The Annihilation Strategy
*20 - Maneuver Them Into Weakness: The Ripening For the Sickle Strategy
*21 - Negotiate While Advancing: The Diplomatic-War Strategy
*22 - Know How To End Things: The Exit Strategy

Part V: Unconventional (Dirty) War
*23 - Weave a Seamless Blend of Fact and Fiction: Misperception Strategies
*24 - Take The Line of Least Expectation: The Ordinary-Extraordinary Strategy
*25 - Occupy the Moral High Ground: The Righteous Strategy
*26 - Deny Them Targets: The Strategy of the Void
*27 - Seem to Work for the Interests of Others While Furthering Your Own: The Alliance Strategy
*28 - Give Your Rivals Enough Rope To Hang Themselves: The One-Upmanship Strategy
*29 - Take Small Bites: The Fait Accompli Strategy
*30 - Penetrate Their Minds: Communication Strategies
*31 - Destroy From Within: The Inner Front Strategy
*32 - Dominate While Seeming to Submit: The Passive-Aggressive Strategy
*33 - Sow Uncertainty and Panic Through Acts of Terror: The Chain Reaction Strategy

*Selected Bibliography
*Index

==Other Books==


== References ==
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[[Category:2006 books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:2006 books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Management | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Management | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
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[[Category:Business books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
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[[Category:Psychology books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Self_help_books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Self help books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Military_books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]
[[Category:Military books | 33 Strategies of War, The]]

Revision as of 13:53, 25 July 2006

The 33 Strategies of War
AuthorRobert Greene (author)
LanguageEnglish
GenreBusiness, Management, Military History, Psychology, self-improvement
PublisherPenguin Group
Publication date
January 2006
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (Hardcover)
Pages496
ISBNISBN 0670034576 Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character

The 33 Strategies of War by Robert Greene is a collection of discussions and examples on offensive and defensive strategies, which teaches the reader how to apply these strategies to resolve conflicts in daily life. The book uses examples from a wide variety of people and conditions such as Napoleon Bonaparte, Lawrence of Arabia, Alexander the Great, and the Tet Offensive. [1] Although one reviewer has called the book "an indispensable book, [which] provides all the psychological ammunition you need to overcome patterns of failure and forever gain the upper hand," [2] another one found it "perplexing — if not downright unhealthy — [to publish] a book on the lessons of war for everything but war at a time when we [Canada] are, er, at war." [3] Yet another reviewer found the book's coverage of military history informative, but the political tales "mostly foolish or just plain wrong". [4]

The 33 Strategies of War was part of the readling list for youths attending the Indigenous Leadership Forum organised by the University of Victoria, which aimed to redesign radical Indigenous politics and the Indigenist movement. [5] It is also read by students attending a Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary course in Christian apologetics. [6]

References

  1. ^ Youssef Aboul-Enein (30 March 2006). "The 33 Strategies of War by Robert Greene". The Waterline. Comprint Military Publications. Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "33 Strategies of War (The), by Robert Greene". Military Ink. January 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  3. ^ Mark Steyn (20 March 2006). "We shall fight them at the water cooler". Macleans.ca. Rogers Media Inc. Retrieved 2007-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Joseph Losos (29 January 2006). "The 33 Strategies of War". STLtoday.com. Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "Indigenous Leadership Forum IGOV 595/384 A01" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  6. ^ William A. Dembski. "PHREL 4373 Christian Apologetics" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-25.
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