German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin: Difference between revisions
GrahamBould (talk | contribs) Marshal, not marshall |
|||
| Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
The German Navy has always maintained a policy of not assigning a name to a ship until it is launched. The first German carrier, laid down as "Flugzeugträger A" ("Carrier A"), was named ''Graf Zeppelin'' when launched in 1938. The second carrier, never launched, bore only the title "[[Flugzeugträger B]]", but would if completed have been called the <i>Peter Strasser</i> (Green,W Swanborough G: The Complete Book of Fighters, Salamander Books 1994). |
The German Navy has always maintained a policy of not assigning a name to a ship until it is launched. The first German carrier, laid down as "Flugzeugträger A" ("Carrier A"), was named ''Graf Zeppelin'' when launched in 1938. The second carrier, never launched, bore only the title "[[Flugzeugträger B]]", but would if completed have been called the <i>Peter Strasser</i> (Green,W Swanborough G: The Complete Book of Fighters, Salamander Books 1994). |
||
A review of Hitler's conferences on matters dealing with the German Navy, the minutes of which were captured after the fall of the Third Reich, reveals Hitler's vacillating interest in the carriers. |
A review of Hitler's conferences on matters dealing with the German Navy, the minutes of which were captured after the fall of the Third Reich, reveals Hitler's vacillating interest in the carriers. Marshal [[Hermann Göring]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[Luftwaffe]], was resentful of any incursion on his authority as head of the country's air power and he frustrated Raeder at every opportunity. Within his own service, Raeder found opposition in Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], a submariner. |
||
==1941–45== |
==1941–45== |
||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
Construction on the carriers had been fitful from the start. "Carrier B" was abandoned in 1940 and broken up. Worker and material shortages plagued the ''Graf Zeppelin''. |
Construction on the carriers had been fitful from the start. "Carrier B" was abandoned in 1940 and broken up. Worker and material shortages plagued the ''Graf Zeppelin''. |
||
Prodded by Raeder, Hitler ordered Göring to produce aircraft for the carrier and under this pressure, the air |
Prodded by Raeder, Hitler ordered Göring to produce aircraft for the carrier and under this pressure, the air marshal offered redesigned versions of the [[Junkers]] [[Junkers Ju 87|Ju 87B]] and the [[Messerschmitt]] [[Messerschmitt Bf 109 |Bf 109E-3]], which were at that time being phased out of the [[Luftwaffe]] first-line squadrons. Raeder was unhappy, but he had to accept them or none at all (including Göring's insistence that the flying personnel would remain under Luftwaffe command). All this forced another delay in the construction of the carrier: the flight deck installations had to be changed. |
||
Later in 1942 projects for naval aircraft included the ME 155 V2 and JU 87E (navalised D version). None of the JU-87E were completed. |
Later in 1942 projects for naval aircraft included the ME 155 V2 and JU 87E (navalised D version). None of the JU-87E were completed. |
||
Revision as of 16:53, 29 July 2006
| The Graf Zeppelin at her launch in 1938 | |
| Career | German naval jack |
|---|---|
| Ordered: | November 16, 1935 |
| Laid down: | December 28, 1936 |
| Launched: | December 8, 1938 |
| Commissioned: | – |
| Decommissioned: | – |
| Fate: | Sunk as a target ship on August 16, 1947 |
| General Characteristics (design) | |
| Displacement: | 33,550 tonnes |
| Length: | 861 feet |
| Beam: | 103 feet |
| Draft: | |
| Powerplant | Geared turbines |
| Power: | 200,000 hp |
| Propellers: | Four screws (German ships usually had three) |
| Speed: | 65 km/h |
| Endurance: | 14,816 km at 35 km/h |
| Complement: | 1,720 crew 306 flight personnel |
| Armament: | 16 × Sk. 15 cm. 12 × Flak (10.5 cm) 22 × Flak (3.7 cm) 28 × Flak (2.0 cm) |
| Aircraft: | Complement of 50 |
Graf Zeppelin was an aircraft carrier of the Kriegsmarine, named in honour of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin. It was Germany's only aircraft carrier during World War II. Its construction was ordered on 16 November 1935, and its keel was laid down 28 December 1936 by Deutsche Werke of Kiel. It was launched on 8 December 1938, but was never completed, never commissioned, and never saw action.
Planning and construction
In 1935, Adolf Hitler announced that Germany would construct aircraft carriers to strengthen the Kriegsmarine. The keels of two were laid down the next year. Two years later, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder presented an ambitious shipbuilding program called Plan Z, in which four carriers were to be built by 1945. In 1939, he revised the plan, reducing the number to be built to two.
The German Navy has always maintained a policy of not assigning a name to a ship until it is launched. The first German carrier, laid down as "Flugzeugträger A" ("Carrier A"), was named Graf Zeppelin when launched in 1938. The second carrier, never launched, bore only the title "Flugzeugträger B", but would if completed have been called the Peter Strasser (Green,W Swanborough G: The Complete Book of Fighters, Salamander Books 1994).
A review of Hitler's conferences on matters dealing with the German Navy, the minutes of which were captured after the fall of the Third Reich, reveals Hitler's vacillating interest in the carriers. Marshal Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, was resentful of any incursion on his authority as head of the country's air power and he frustrated Raeder at every opportunity. Within his own service, Raeder found opposition in Admiral Karl Dönitz, a submariner.
1941–45
By May 1941, Raeder was still optimistic about the project and informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin, then about 85% complete, would be completed in about a year and that another year would be required for sea trials and flight training.
Though Raeder continued to assure Hitler that the carriers would be built, the Admiral's war with Göring had no truce and became increasingly bitter. Göring showed his contempt for the naval air arm by informing Hitler and Raeder that the aircraft ordered for Graf Zeppelin could not be available until the end of 1944. Göring's delaying tactics worked.
Construction on the carriers had been fitful from the start. "Carrier B" was abandoned in 1940 and broken up. Worker and material shortages plagued the Graf Zeppelin.
Prodded by Raeder, Hitler ordered Göring to produce aircraft for the carrier and under this pressure, the air marshal offered redesigned versions of the Junkers Ju 87B and the Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3, which were at that time being phased out of the Luftwaffe first-line squadrons. Raeder was unhappy, but he had to accept them or none at all (including Göring's insistence that the flying personnel would remain under Luftwaffe command). All this forced another delay in the construction of the carrier: the flight deck installations had to be changed.
Later in 1942 projects for naval aircraft included the ME 155 V2 and JU 87E (navalised D version). None of the JU-87E were completed.
By 1943, Hitler had become disenchanted with his Navy. Raeder was relieved at his own request and Dönitz, the submarine admiral, took the top naval post. Work on the then over 95% completed carrier stopped completely.
As the end of World War II neared, the roughly completed carrier was scuttled in shallow water at Stettin (now Szczecin) on 25 April 1945, just before the Red Army captured the city.
Fate after the war
The carrier's history and fate after Germany's surrender is unclear. According to the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission, a "Category C" ship (damaged or scuttled) should have been destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946. Instead, the Soviets decided to repair the damaged ship. It was refloated in March 1946. The last known photo of the carrier shows it leaving Swinemünde (now Swinoujscie) on 7 April 1947 (see picture). The photo appears to show the carrier deck loaded with various containers, boxes and construction elements, hence the supposition that it was probably used to carry looted factory equipment from Poland and Germany to the Soviet Union.
For many years no other information about the ship's fate was available. There was some speculation that it was very unlikely that the hull made it to Leningrad, as it was argued that the arrival of such a large and unusual vessel would have been noticed by Western intelligence services. This seemed to imply that the hull was lost at sea during transfer between Swinemünde and Leningrad. One account concluded that it struck a mine north of Rügen on 15 August 1947, but Rügen, west of Swinemünde, is not on the sailing route to Leningrad. Further north, in the Gulf of Finland, a heavily-mined area difficult for Western observers to monitor, seemed more likely.
After the opening of the Soviet archives, new light was shed on the mystery. It appears that the carrier was towed to Leningrad. There, after unloading, it was designated as "PO-101" (Floating Base Number 101). The Russians hoped that the carrier could be repaired in Leningrad's shipyards (those in Szczecin were destroyed). When this proved impractical, the ship was towed out to sea, back to the Swinemünde area. There, on 16 August 1947, it was used as a practice target for Soviet ships and aircraft. Allegedly, the Soviets installed aerial bombs on the flight deck, in hangars and even inside the funnels (to simulate a load of combat munitions), and then dropped bombs from aircraft, fired shells, and shot torpedoes into it. This assault would both comply with the Tripartite mandate (albeit late) and provide the Soviets with experience in sinking an aircraft carrier. By this point, the Cold War was underway, and the Soviets were well aware of the large numbers and central importance of aircraft carriers in the US Navy, which in the event of an actual war between the Soviet Union and US would be targets of high strategic importance. Hence, experience in sinking carriers by aircraft was much more valuable in 1947 than before 1945. After being hit by 24 bombs and projectiles, the ship did not sink and had to be finished off by torpedoes. The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades.
Discovery in 2006
On 12 July 2006 a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic found a 265 m long wreck close to the port of Łeba (BBC report says 55 km north of Władysławowo) which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin. On July 26, 2006 the crew of the Polish Navy's hydrographic vessel ORP Arctowski commenced penetration of the wreckage to confirm its identity, and the following day the Polish Navy confirmed that the wreckage was indeed that of Graf Zeppelin.[1] [2][3]
Notes and references
See also
- List of aircraft carriers
- List of World War II ships
- List of naval ships of Germany
- List of naval ship classes of Germany
- List of Kriegsmarine ships
- List of ship launches in 1938