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ELIZA is a computer program and an early example of primitive natural language processing. ELIZA operated by processing users' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist. Using almost no information about human thought or emotion, DOCTOR sometimes provided a startlingly human-like interaction. ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966.

When the "patient" exceeded the very small knowledge base, DOCTOR might provide a generic response, for example, responding to "My head hurts" with "Why do you say your head hurts?" A possible response to "My mother hates me" would be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA was implemented using simple pattern matching techniques, but was taken seriously by several of its users, even after Weizenbaum explained to them how it worked. It was one of the first chatterbots.

Overview

Weizenbaum said that ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, provided a "parody" of "the responses of a nondirectional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview."^[1] He chose the context of psychotherapy to "sidestep the problem of giving the program a data base of real-world knowledge,"^[2] the therapeutic situation being one of the few real human situations in which a human being can reply to a statement with a question that indicates very little specific knowledge of the topic under discussion. For example, it is a context in which the question "Who is your favorite composer?" can be answered acceptably with responses such as "What about your own favorite composer?" or "Does that question interest you?"

ELIZA was named after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, who is taught to speak with an upper-class accent.^[3]

First implemented in Weizenbaum's own SLIP list-processing language, ELIZA worked by simple parsing and substitution of key words into canned phrases. Depending upon the initial entries by the user, the illusion of a human writer could be instantly dispelled, or could continue through several interchanges. It was sometimes so convincing that there are many anecdotes about people becoming very emotionally caught up in dealing with DOCTOR for several minutes until the machine's true lack of understanding became apparent.^{[citation needed]}

In 1966, interactive computing (via a teletype) was new. It was 15 years before the personal computer became familiar to the general public, and three decades before most people encountered attempts at natural language processing in Internet services like Ask.com or PC help systems such as Microsoft Office Clippy. Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion (however brief) of human-human interaction.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1976 article "Computer Power and Human Reason," an excerpt of which is included in The New Media Reader edited by Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, Weizenbaum notes how quickly and deeply people became emotionally involved with the computer program, taking offence when he asked to view the transcripts, saying it was an invasion of their privacy, even asking him to leave the room while they were working with the DOCTOR script.^{[citation needed]}

At the ICCC 1972 ELIZA met another early artificial intelligence program named PARRY and had the first computer only conversation. While ELIZA was built to be a "Doctor" PARRY was intended to simulate a patient with Schizophrenia.

Significant implementations

Weizenbaum's original MAD-SLIP implementation was re-written in Lisp by Bernie Cosell.^[4]^[5] A BASIC version appeared in Creative Computing in 1977 (although it was written in 1973 by Jeff Shrager).^[6] This version, which was ported to many of the earliest personal computers, appears to have been subsequently translated into many other versions in many other languages.

Another version of Eliza popular among software engineers is the version that comes with the default release of GNU Emacs, and which can be accessed by typing M-x doctor from most modern emacs implementations.

Influence on games

ELIZA had an impact on a number of early computer games by demonstrating additional kinds of interface designs. Don Daglow wrote an enhanced version of the program called Ecala on a DEC PDP-10 minicomputer at Pomona College in 1973 before writing the computer role-playing game, Dungeon (1975). Both these games appeared some nine years after the original ELIZA.

Response and legacy

Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter. In the independent documentary film Plug & Pray (2010) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.^[7]

The Israeli poet David Avidan, who was fascinated with future technologies and their relation to art, desired to explore the use of computers for writing literature. He conducted several conversations with an APL implementation of ELIZA and published them – in English, and in his own translation to Hebrew – under the title My Electronic Psychiatrist – Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer. In the foreword he presented it as a form of constrained writing.^[8]

There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages. For example, in 1980, a company called "Don't Ask Software", founded by Randy Simon, created a version called "Abuse" for the Apple II, Atari, and Commodore 64 computers, which verbally abused the user based on the user's input.^[9] Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus (both serious and comedic) and another Apple II variant called I Am Buddha. The 1980 game The Prisoner incorporated ELIZA-style interaction within its gameplay. George Lucas and Walter Murch incorporated an Eliza-like dialogue interface in their screenplay for the feature film THX-1138 in 1969. Inhabitants of the underground future world of THX would retreat to "confession booths" when stressed, and initiate a one-sided Eliza-formula conversation with a Jesus-faced computer who claimed to be "Omm". In 1988 the British artist and friend of Weizenbaum Brian Reffin Smith created and showed at the exhibition 'Salamandre', in the Musée du Berry, Bourges, France, two art-oriented ELIZA-style programs written in BASIC, one called 'Critic' and the other 'Artist', running on two separate Amiga 1000 computers. The visitor was supposed to help them converse by typing in to 'Artist' what 'Critic' said, and vice versa. The secret was that the two programs were identical. GNU Emacs formerly had a psychoanalyze-pinhead command that simulates a session between ELIZA and Zippy the Pinhead.^[10] The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains.

ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on Artificial Intelligence. For example, when Siri (Apple's voice activated service) was asked "Who would you vote for – Mitt Romney or Barack Obama?", Siri replies "I can't vote. But if I did, I would vote for ELIZA. She knows all." Users can also repeatedly tell Siri "tell me a story." Eventually, it will tell a story about how it was chosen to work for Apple Inc. and mentions ELIZA in the story. Users can even ask about ELIZA to Siri and it will respond talking about ELIZA.^{[citation needed]}

Partial list of implementations

Using Java, and based very closely on Weizenbaum's published description of the program: http://www.chayden.net/eliza/Eliza.html
Using Z80 assembly language on the TI-83 Plus: ticalc.org

Template:Computing platform requirements

Trans-Tex Software has released shareware versions for Classic Mac OS and Mac OS X^[11]
doctor.el (circa 1985) in Emacs lisp: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/classics/eliza/emacs/doctor.el. Current version.
Source code in Tcl: http://wiki.tcl.tk/9235
Source code in BASIC: http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/showpage.php?page=20
Used in AGT: Automatic Goblin Therapist (World of Warcraft add-on) http://www.wowinterface.com/downloads/fileinfo.php?id=9780#info
Written in TDBS for the Kakadu Konnection BBS in Darwin Australia and widely distributed to other TBBS bulletin boards in 1989.
Source code in Guile Scheme: https://github.com/apgwoz/chatter
Lisp reimplementation (apparently based on the Apple II Basic version): [1]

online Prolog demo complete with source code [2]
Javascript implementation [3]
Editing source code, Darius Steighler brings a new version of Eliza. ( ELIS [4] )
Perl CPAN Module http://search.cpan.org/~neilb/Chatbot-Eliza-1.05/lib/Chatbot/Eliza.pm
Python Eliza implementation http://www.jezuk.co.uk/cgi-bin/view/software/eliza

Notes

^ Weizenbaum 1976, p. 188
^ Weizenbaum 1976, pp. 188–189
^ Markoff, John (2008-03-13), "Joseph Weizenbaum, Famed Programmer, Is Dead at 85", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-01-07
^ Coders at Work: Bernie Cosell
^ The Genealogy of Eliza
^ Big Computer Games: Eliza - Your own psychotherapist
^ Plug & Pray, documentary film featuring Joseph Weizenbaum and Ray Kurzweil
^ Avidan, David (2010), Collected Poems, vol. 3, Jerusalem: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, OCLC 804664009
^ Davidson, Steve (January 1983), "Abuse", Electronic Games, vol. 1, no. 11
^ "lol:> psychoanalyze-pinhead".
^ Trans-Tex Software

References

McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd., ISBN 1-56881-205-1
Weizenbaum, Joseph (January 1966), "ELIZA—A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", Communications of the ACM, 9 (1): 36–45, doi:10.1145/365153.365168
Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976), Computer power and human reason: from judgment to calculation, W. H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-0463-3
Whitby, Blay (1996), "The Turing Test: AI's Biggest Blind Alley?", in Millican, Peter & Clark, Andy (ed.), Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, pp. 53–62, ISBN 0-19-823876-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

External links

A page dedicated to the genealogy of Eliza programs.
dialogues with colorful personalities of early AI, a collection of dialogues between ELIZA and various conversants, such as a company vice president and PARRY (a simulation of a paranoid schizophrenic)
Weizenbaum. Rebel at work – Peter Haas, Silvia Holzinger, Documentary film with Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA.
CounterCounseling – Source code in C, Windows
WoWInterface AGT^{[dead link]} – Automatic Goblin Therapist, an ELIZA-based add-on for the massive online game World of Warcraft
Eliza Chat Bot – This Chat Bot is an implementation of Weizenbaum's original software
Eliza, Computer Therapist Online

[computerpower-1] Weizenbaum 1976, p. 188

[2] Weizenbaum 1976, pp. 188–189

[weizenbaumobit-3] Markoff, John (2008-03-13), "Joseph Weizenbaum, Famed Programmer, Is Dead at 85", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-01-07

[4] Coders at Work: Bernie Cosell

[5] The Genealogy of Eliza

[6] Big Computer Games: Eliza - Your own psychotherapist

[7] Plug & Pray, documentary film featuring Joseph Weizenbaum and Ray Kurzweil

[8] Avidan, David (2010), Collected Poems, vol. 3, Jerusalem: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, OCLC 804664009

[abusereview-9] Davidson, Steve (January 1983), "Abuse", Electronic Games, vol. 1, no. 11

[10] "lol:> psychoanalyze-pinhead".

[11] Trans-Tex Software

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[4]

[5]

[6]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Other uses}}
-ELIZA + SIRI = SIRIZA
+{{More footnotes|article|date=January 2009}}
+[[File:GNU Emacs ELIZA example.png|thumb|325px|Example of ELIZA in [[GNU Emacs|Emacs]].]]
+'''ELIZA''' is a [[computer program]] and an early example of primitive [[natural language processing]]. ELIZA operated by processing users' responses to ''scripts'', the most famous of which was '''DOCTOR''', a simulation of a [[Rogerian psychotherapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. Using almost no information about human thought or emotion, DOCTOR sometimes provided a startlingly human-like interaction. ELIZA was written at [[MIT]] by [[Joseph Weizenbaum]] between 1964 and 1966.
+When the "patient" exceeded the very small knowledge base,
+DOCTOR might provide a generic response, for example, responding to "My head hurts" with "Why do you say your head hurts?" A possible response to "My mother hates me" would be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA was implemented using simple [[pattern matching]] techniques, but was taken seriously by several of its users, even after Weizenbaum explained to them how it worked. It was one of the first [[chatterbot]]s.
+==Overview==
+[[Joseph Weizenbaum|Weizenbaum]] said that ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, provided a "[[parody]]" of "the responses of a nondirectional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview."<ref name="computerpower">{{Harvnb|Weizenbaum|1976|p=188}}</ref> He chose the context of psychotherapy to "sidestep the problem of giving the program a data base of real-world knowledge,"<ref>{{Harvnb|Weizenbaum|1976|pp=188–189}}</ref> the therapeutic situation being one of the few real human situations in which a human being can reply to a statement with a question that indicates very little specific knowledge of the topic under discussion. For example, it is a context in which the question "Who is your favorite composer?" can be answered acceptably with responses such as "What about your own favorite composer?" or "Does that question interest you?"
+ELIZA was named after [[Eliza Doolittle]], a working-class character in [[George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw's]] play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', who is taught to speak with an [[upper-class]] [[Accent (dialect)|accent]].<ref name="weizenbaumobit">{{Citation |last=Markoff |first=John |authorlink=John Markoff |date=2008-03-13 |title=Joseph Weizenbaum, Famed Programmer, Is Dead at 85 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/13/world/europe/13weizenbaum.html |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref>
+First implemented in Weizenbaum's own [[SLIP (programming language)|SLIP]] list-processing language, ELIZA worked by simple [[parsing]] and substitution of key words into canned phrases. Depending upon the initial entries by the user, the illusion of a human writer could be instantly dispelled, or could continue through several interchanges. It was sometimes so convincing that there are many anecdotes about people becoming very emotionally caught up in dealing with DOCTOR for several minutes until the machine's true lack of understanding became apparent.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}
+In 1966, interactive computing (via a teletype) was new. It was 15 years before the personal computer became familiar to the general public, and three decades before most people encountered attempts at [[natural language processing]] in Internet services like [[Ask.com]] or PC help systems such as Microsoft Office [[Office Assistant|Clippy]]. Although those programs included years of research and work, ''ELIZA'' remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion (however brief) of human-''human'' interaction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}
+In the 1976 article "Computer Power and Human Reason," an excerpt of which is included in ''[[The New Media Reader]]'' edited by [[Noah Wardrip-Fruin]] and [[Nick Montfort]], Weizenbaum notes how quickly and deeply people became emotionally involved with the computer program, taking offence when he asked to view the transcripts, saying it was an invasion of their privacy, even asking him to leave the room while they were working with the DOCTOR script.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}
+At the [[International Conference on Computer Communications|ICCC 1972]] ELIZA met another early artificial intelligence program named [[PARRY]] and had the first computer only conversation. While ELIZA was built to be a "Doctor" PARRY was intended to simulate a patient with [[Schizophrenia]].
+==Significant implementations==
+Weizenbaum's original [[MAD (programming language)|MAD]]-[[SLIP (programming language)|SLIP]] implementation was re-written in [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] by Bernie Cosell.<ref>[http://www.codersatwork.com/bernie-cosell.html Coders at Work: Bernie Cosell]</ref><ref>[http://elizagen.org/index.html The Genealogy of Eliza]</ref> A [[BASIC]] version appeared in [[Creative Computing]] in 1977 (although it was written in 1973 by Jeff Shrager).<ref>[http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/showpage.php?page=20 Big Computer Games: Eliza - Your own psychotherapist<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This version, which was ported to many of the earliest personal computers, appears to have been subsequently translated into many other versions in many other languages.
+Another version of Eliza popular among software engineers is the version that comes with the default release of [[GNU Emacs]], and which can be accessed by typing <code>[[Meta key|M]]-x doctor</code> from most modern emacs implementations.
+==Influence on games==
+ELIZA had an impact on a number of early [[computer games]] by demonstrating additional kinds of [[interface design]]s. [[Don Daglow]] wrote an enhanced version of the program called ''[[Ecala]]'' on a [[DEC PDP-10]] [[minicomputer]] at [[Pomona College]] in 1973 before writing the computer [[role-playing game]], ''[[Dungeon (computer game)|Dungeon]]'' (1975). Both these games appeared some nine years after the original ''ELIZA''.
+==Response and legacy==
+Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book ''[[Computer Power and Human Reason|Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation]]'', in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter. In the independent documentary film ''[[Plug & Pray]]'' (2010) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.<ref>[http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/content.html ''Plug & Pray''], documentary film featuring Joseph Weizenbaum and [[Ray Kurzweil]]</ref>
+The [[Israel]]i poet [[David Avidan]], who was fascinated with future technologies and their relation to art, desired to explore the use of computers for writing literature. He conducted several conversations with an [[APL (programming language)|APL]] implementation of ELIZA and published them – in English, and in his own translation to [[Hebrew]] – under the title ''My Electronic Psychiatrist – Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer''. In the foreword he presented it as a form of [[constrained writing]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Avidan|first=David|title=Collected Poems|volume=3|year=2010|publisher=Hakibbutz Hameuchad|location=Jerusalem|oclc=804664009}}</ref>
+There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages. For example, in 1980, a company called "Don't Ask Software", founded by Randy Simon, created a version called "[[Abuse (chatterbot)|Abuse]]" for the [[Apple II]], [[Atari 8-bit family|Atari]], and [[Commodore 64]] computers, which verbally abused the user based on the user's input.<ref name="abusereview">{{Citation | last = Davidson | first = Steve | title = Abuse | newspaper = Electronic Games | date = January 1983 | volume = 1 | issue = 11 | url = http://www.atarimania.com/magazine_review.awp?id=86 | format = }} </ref> Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus (both serious and comedic) and another Apple II variant called ''I Am Buddha''. The 1980 game ''[[The Prisoner (computer game)|The Prisoner]]'' incorporated ELIZA-style interaction within its gameplay. [[George Lucas]] and [[Walter Murch]] incorporated an Eliza-like dialogue interface in their screenplay for the feature film ''[[THX-1138]]'' in 1969. Inhabitants of the underground future world of THX would retreat to "confession booths" when stressed, and initiate a one-sided Eliza-formula conversation with a Jesus-faced computer who claimed to be "Omm". In 1988 the British artist and friend of Weizenbaum [[Brian Reffin Smith]] created and showed at the exhibition 'Salamandre', in the Musée du Berry, [[Bourges]], France, two art-oriented ELIZA-style programs written in [[BASIC]], one called 'Critic' and the other 'Artist', running on two separate [[Amiga 1000]] computers. The visitor was supposed to help them converse by typing in to 'Artist' what 'Critic' said, and vice versa. The secret was that the two programs were identical. [[GNU Emacs]] formerly had a <code>psychoanalyze-pinhead</code> command that simulates a session between ELIZA and [[Zippy the Pinhead]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/lol/pinhead.html|title=lol:> psychoanalyze-pinhead}}</ref> The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains.
+ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on Artificial Intelligence. For example, when [[Siri (software)|Siri]] (Apple's voice activated service) was asked "Who would you vote for – Mitt Romney or Barack Obama?", Siri replies "I can't vote. But if I did, I would vote for ELIZA. She knows all." Users can also repeatedly tell Siri "tell me a story." Eventually, it will tell a story about how it was chosen to work for Apple Inc. and mentions ELIZA in the story. Users can even ask about ELIZA to Siri and it will respond talking about ELIZA.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
+==Partial list of implementations==
+* Using [[Java (programming language)|Java]], and based very closely on Weizenbaum's published description of the program: [http://www.chayden.net/eliza/Eliza.html http://www.chayden.net/eliza/Eliza.html]
+* Using [[Zilog Z80#Z80 assembly language|Z80 assembly language]] on the [[TI-83#TI-83 Plus|TI-83 Plus]]: [http://www.ticalc.org/archives/files/fileinfo/354/35463.html ticalc.org]
+{{Computing_platform requirements| OS_name=TI-83&4 series| CPU_name=Zilog Z80| this_software_genre=games}}
+* Trans-Tex Software has released [[shareware]] versions for Classic Mac OS and {{nowrap|Mac OS X}}<ref>[http://www.tex-edit.com/index.html#Eliza Trans-Tex Software]</ref>
+* <code>doctor.el</code> (circa 1985) in [[Emacs lisp]]: [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/classics/eliza/emacs/doctor.el http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/classics/eliza/emacs/doctor.el]. [http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git/tree/lisp/play/doctor.el Current version].
+* Source code in [[Tcl]]: [http://wiki.tcl.tk/9235 http://wiki.tcl.tk/9235]
+* Source code in [[BASIC]]: http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/showpage.php?page=20
+* Used in AGT: Automatic Goblin Therapist (''[[World of Warcraft]]'' add-on) http://www.wowinterface.com/downloads/fileinfo.php?id=9780#info
+* Written in [[TDBS]] for the Kakadu Konnection BBS in Darwin Australia and widely distributed to other [[The Bread Board System|TBBS]] [[bulletin boards]] in 1989.
+* Source code in [[Guile Scheme]]: [https://github.com/apgwoz/chatter https://github.com/apgwoz/chatter]
+* Lisp reimplementation (apparently based on the Apple II Basic version): [http://jeffshrager.org/llisp/26.html]
+* online [[Prolog]] demo complete with source code [http://www.lpa.co.uk/pws_dem4.htm]
+* [[Javascript]] implementation [http://www.masswerk.at/elizabot/]
+* Editing source code, Darius Steighler brings a new version of Eliza. ( ELIS [http://www.kurehumanite.com/ELIS/] )
+* Perl CPAN Module [http://search.cpan.org/~neilb/Chatbot-Eliza-1.05/lib/Chatbot/Eliza.pm http://search.cpan.org/~neilb/Chatbot-Eliza-1.05/lib/Chatbot/Eliza.pm]
+* Python Eliza implementation [http://www.jezuk.co.uk/cgi-bin/view/software/eliza http://www.jezuk.co.uk/cgi-bin/view/software/eliza]
+==See also==
+* [[List of chatterbots]]
+* [[ELIZA effect]]
+==Notes==
+{{reflist}}
+==References==
+* {{McCorduck 2004}}
+* {{Citation | last = Weizenbaum | first = Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Weizenbaum | title = ELIZA—A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine | journal = [[Communications of the ACM]] | volume = 9| issue = 1 | date = January 1966 | pages = 36–45 | url= | doi = 10.1145/365153.365168 }}
+* {{Citation | last = Weizenbaum | first = Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Weizenbaum | year = 1976 | title = [[Computer Power and Human Reason|Computer power and human reason: from judgment to calculation]] | isbn = 0-7167-0463-3 | publisher = [[W.H. Freeman|W. H. Freeman and Company]]}}
+* {{Citation | last = Whitby | first = Blay | authorlink = Blay Whitby | year = 1996 | contribution = The Turing Test: AI's Biggest Blind Alley? | title = Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing | volume = 1 | editor = Millican, Peter & Clark, Andy | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | pages = 53–62 | isbn = 0-19-823876-2 | url=http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/blayw/tt.html}}
+* {{FOLDOC}}
+==External links==
+* [http://elizagen.org/index.html A page dedicated to the genealogy of Eliza programs.]
+* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html dialogues with colorful personalities of early AI], a collection of dialogues between ELIZA and various conversants, such as a company vice president and [[PARRY]] (a simulation of a paranoid schizophrenic)
+* [http://www.ilmarefilm.org/W_E_1.htm Weizenbaum. Rebel at work] – Peter Haas, Silvia Holzinger, Documentary film with Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA.
+* [http://maedanaoki.moggy.jp/eng/countercounseling/index.html CounterCounseling] – Source code in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Windows]]
+* [http://www.wowinterface.com/downloads/fileinfo.php?id=9780#info WoWInterface AGT]{{dead link|date=July 2013}} – Automatic Goblin Therapist, an ELIZA-based add-on for the massive online game [[World of Warcraft]]
+* [http://apps.facebook.com/eliza-chatbot Eliza Chat Bot] – This Chat Bot is an implementation of Weizenbaum's original software
+* [http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3 Eliza, Computer Therapist Online]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Eliza}}
+[[Category:History of artificial intelligence]]
+[[Category:Chatterbots]]
+[[Category:Health software]]
+[[Category:Psychotherapy]]