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Hydrocortisone was discovered in 1955.<ref name=Wal2012>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=S. R.|title=Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400926592|page=109|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|language=en}}</ref> It is on the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[health system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> It is avaliable as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/>
Hydrocortisone was discovered in 1955.<ref name=Wal2012>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=S. R.|title=Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400926592|page=109|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|language=en}}</ref> It is on the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[health system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> It is avaliable as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> The wholesale cost in the [[developing world]] is about 0.27 USD per day as of 2014 for the form taken by mouth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hydrocortisone|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=HYD10T&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=10%20mg&desc=Hydrocortisone&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=18%2E1%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2818%2E1%2E%29Adrenal%20hormones%20and%20synthetic%20substitutes%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> In the United States it costs less than 25 USD for a typical month of treatment.<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=202}}</ref>


== Pharmacology ==
== Pharmacology ==

Revision as of 09:02, 1 September 2016

Hydrocortisone
Clinical data
Trade namesCortef, Solu-Cortef, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682206
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A
Routes of
administration		By mouth (tablets), intravenous, topical, rectal
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: Pharmacist only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: OTC for topical administration; Rx-only for oral tablets, rectal use and intravenous therapy
Identifiers
  • (11β)-11,17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H30O5
Molar mass362.460 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3([C@@](O)(C(=O)CO)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C21H30O5/c1-19-7-5-13(23)9-12(19)3-4-14-15-6-8-21(26,17(25)11-22)20(15,2)10-16(24)18(14)19/h9,14-16,18,22,24,26H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Hydrocortisone is a name for cortisol when it is used as a medication. Uses includes conditions such as adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndrome, high blood calcium, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma, and COPD.[1] It can be given by mouth or by injection.[1] After long term use, it should be stopped slowly.[1]

Side effects may include mood changes, increased risk of infection, and swelling.[1] With long term use common side effects include osteoporosis, upset stomach, physical weakness, easy bruising, and yeast infections.[1] While used, it is unclear if it is safe during pregnancy.[2] It works as an antiinflammatory and by immune suppression.[1]

Hydrocortisone was discovered in 1955.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[4] It is avaliable as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.27 USD per day as of 2014 for the form taken by mouth.[5] In the United States it costs less than 25 USD for a typical month of treatment.[6]

Pharmacology

Cortisol for injection

Hydrocortisone is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol used in oral administration, intravenous injection, or topical application. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients needing steroid treatment but unable take oral medication, and perioperatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent Addisonian crisis. It may also be injected into inflamed joints resulting from diseases such as gout.

Compared to hydrocortisone, prednisolone is about four times as strong and dexamethasone about forty times as strong, in their anti-inflammatory effect.[7] Prednisolone can also be used as cortisol replacement, and at replacement dose levels (rather than anti-inflammatory levels), prednisolone is about eight times more potent than cortisol.[8] For side effects, see corticosteroid and prednisolone.

It may be used topically for allergic rashes, eczema, psoriasis, pruritis (itchyness) and other inflammatory skin conditions. Topical hydrocortisone creams and ointments are available in most countries without prescription in strengths ranging from 0.05% to 2.5% (depending on local regulations) with stronger forms available by prescription only. Covering the skin after application increases the absorption and effect. Such enhancement is sometimes prescribed, but otherwise should be avoided to prevent overdose and systemic impact.

Protein binding

Most serum cortisol (all but about 4%) is bound to proteins, including corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and serum albumin. Free cortisol passes easily through cellular membranes, where they bind intracellular cortisol receptors.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Hydrocortisone". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. February 9, 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  2. ^ "Hydrocortisone Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  3. ^ Walker, S. R. (2012). Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN 9789400926592.
  4. ^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  5. ^ "Hydrocortisone". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  6. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 202. ISBN 9781284057560.
  7. ^ "Dexamethasone". drugs.com. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  8. ^ Caldato, Milena C. F.; Fernandes, Vânia T.; Kater, Claudio E. (2004-10-01). "One-year clinical evaluation of single morning dose prednisolone therapy for 21-hydroxylase deficiency". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 48 (5): 705–712. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302004000500017. ISSN 0004-2730. PMID 15761542.
  9. ^ Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2011). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4377-1753-5.
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