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Coordinates: 53°23′N 22°10′E / 53.383°N 22.167°E / 53.383; 22.167
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: "A Wehrmacht unit from the 21st Infantry Division briefly occupied Stawiski for about three weeks in September 1939. The soldiers raped Jewish women and plundered Jewish stores. Ordered to supervise Jewish labor brigades, some local Poles humiliated the conscripted workers. A Stawiski priest blamed the Jews for the murder of some soldiers. In retaliation, the Germans executed several Jews, burned the small synagogue, or perhaps a Bet Midrash, and set part of Stawiski on fire. The Germans deported a group of able- bodied male Jews (and Christians) to forced labor camps in East Prussia before turning over Stawiski to Soviet forces.</ref>
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: "A Wehrmacht unit from the 21st Infantry Division briefly occupied Stawiski for about three weeks in September 1939. The soldiers raped Jewish women and plundered Jewish stores. Ordered to supervise Jewish labor brigades, some local Poles humiliated the conscripted workers. A Stawiski priest blamed the Jews for the murder of some soldiers. In retaliation, the Germans executed several Jews, burned the small synagogue, or perhaps a Bet Midrash, and set part of Stawiski on fire. The Germans deported a group of able- bodied male Jews (and Christians) to forced labor camps in East Prussia before turning over Stawiski to Soviet forces.</ref>


Soviet rule lasted until the Germans returned to the town in June 1941 during [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The local Poles welcomed the arriving Germans with flowers, and German army scouts who arrived on 27 June noted the hatred the Poles harbored towards the Jews. Locals Poles, mostly recently released from Soviet prisons, asked for German permission to take revenge on the Jews, and killed some 70 Jews. In early July 1941 the Germans instigated a pogrom in which Polish mobs armed with iron bars murdered some 300 Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bender|first=Sara|date=2015|title=Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369|journal=Holocaust Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1-38|via=}}</ref><ref>Bender, Sara., Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941." Holocaust Studies 19.1 (2013): 1-38.'' quote: More German soldiers followed a little while later, and the Poles welcomed them with flowers. The Germans, however, left town that same day. German army scouts who arrived in Stawiski on 27 June noted the hatred that Poles harboured towards the Jews. Local Poles, most of them newly released from Soviet prisons, asked the Germans to permit them to avenge themselves on the Jews, and were allowed to kill 70 of them. .... On 4 July, armed Poles from nearby villages arrived in town, broke into Jewish houses and ordered their inhabitants to go to work .... That night, a mob of Poles from nearby villages again flocked into town, and started another pogrom near midnight. All night long, dead and severely injured Jews were loaded on carts that had been prepared in advance, while the Germans stood by and photographed. That night Poles murdered 360 of the town’s Jews. In the history of the Stawiski Jewish community, 4 July 1941 is remembered as ‘the Day of Blood’</ref><ref name=jew_enc>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=tumlOiOZvSUC&pg=PA1240&dq=stawiski+1941&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnv_GnPnZAhWHalAKHW9wAZEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=stawiski%201941&f=false|title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z|last=Spector|first=Shmuel|last2=Wigoder|first2=Geoffrey|last3=Wigoder|first3=Research Associate Institute of Contemporary Jewry Geoffrey|date=2001|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814793787|language=en|page=1230}}</ref> Some Poles were motivated by revenge against earlier Soviet supporters.<ref name="BarkanCole2007-347">{{cite book|author1=Elazar Barkan|author2=Elizabeth A. Cole|author3=Kai Struve|title=Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA347|year=2007|publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-86583-240-5|page=347}}</ref>
Soviet rule lasted until the Germans returned to the town in June 1941 during [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The local Poles welcomed the arriving Germans with flowers, and German army scouts who arrived on 27 June noted the hatred the Poles harbored towards the Jews. Locals Poles, mostly recently released from Soviet prisons, asked for German permission to take revenge on the Jews, and killed some 70 Jews. In early July 1941 the Germans instigated a pogrom in which Polish mobs armed with iron bars murdered some 300 Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bender|first=Sara|date=2015|title=Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369|journal=Holocaust Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1-38|via=}}</ref><ref name=jew_enc>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=tumlOiOZvSUC&pg=PA1240&dq=stawiski+1941&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnv_GnPnZAhWHalAKHW9wAZEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=stawiski%201941&f=false|title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z|last=Spector|first=Shmuel|last2=Wigoder|first2=Geoffrey|last3=Wigoder|first3=Research Associate Institute of Contemporary Jewry Geoffrey|date=2001|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814793787|language=en|page=1230}}</ref> Some Poles were motivated by revenge against earlier Soviet supporters.<ref name="BarkanCole2007-347">{{cite book|author1=Elazar Barkan|author2=Elizabeth A. Cole|author3=Kai Struve|title=Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA347|year=2007|publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-86583-240-5|page=347}}</ref>
A German ''[[Einsatzkommando]]'' was present in the town during 4-5 July 1941.<ref name="BarkanCole2007-337">{{cite book|author1=Elazar Barkan|author2=Elizabeth A. Cole|author3=Kai Struve|title=Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA338|year=2007|publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-86583-240-5|pages=337-338}}</ref>
A German ''[[Einsatzkommando]]'' was present in the town during 4-5 July 1941.<ref name="BarkanCole2007-337">{{cite book|author1=Elazar Barkan|author2=Elizabeth A. Cole|author3=Kai Struve|title=Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA338|year=2007|publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-86583-240-5|pages=337-338}}</ref>


Revision as of 12:20, 26 June 2018

Stawiski
Stawiski panorama with the view of Church at the Main Square
Stawiski panorama with the view of Church at the Main Square
Coat of arms of Stawiski
Coat of arms
Stawiski is located in Poland
Stawiski
Stawiski
Coordinates: 53°22′N 22°9′E / 53.367°N 22.150°E / 53.367; 22.150
Country Poland
VoivodeshipPodlaskie
CountyKolno
GminaStawiski
Area
 • Total13.28 km2 (5.13 sq mi)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total2,442
 • Density180/km2 (480/sq mi)
Postal code
18-520
Websitehttp://www.stawiski.pl

BenderStawiski [staˈvʲiskʲi] is a town in northeastern Poland, situated within Kolno County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship, approximately 16 kilometres (10 miles) east of Kolno and 74 kilometres (46 miles) west of the regional capital Białystok. Stawiski is the administrative seat of Gmina Stawiski. From 1946 to 1975 it belonged administratively to Białystok Voivodeship, and from 1975 to 1998 to Łomża Voivodeship. The town is situated on the Dzierzbia River.

According to Central Statistical Office (Poland), the population of Stawiski as of 31 December 2008 was 2,417 persons.[1]

History

Stawiski was established in 1407–1411. It received city rights around 1688. The Franciscan Order built a monastery there in 1791. The monks were expelled from Stawiski in 1867 during the Partitions, as punishment for supporting the Polish January Uprising against the Russian imperial rule. The town was destroyed by fire in 1812 in the course of the French campaign against Russia, and rebuilt again, to become trades and commercial centre known for its furs, fabrics and hats in Congress Poland. Stawiski was burned to the ground once more during the Russian–Prussian war of 1915, soon before the re-establishment of the sovereign Republic of Poland. The Polish army fought a battle with the Bolsheviks there in July 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War.[2]

Jewish community

Aerial photo of Stawiski from the period of World War II. In the background, the church of St. Antoni Padewski and the Great Synagogue.

Jewish life in Sawiski had been separate from that of the rest of the town's inhabitants. The Jews had established many institutions of their own, including synagogues and Jewish schools and libraries.[3] By 1932, over 50% of Stawiski's population, some 2,000 persons, was Jewish.[4]

During the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, Stawiski was initially occupied by Germany. The Germans sent the town's Jewish men to a camp in East Prussia.[5] During the month long German occupation, German soldiers raped Jewish women and plundered Jewish property. Some Poles, who supervised Jewish labor brigades, humiliated the Jews. After a local priest in Stawiski blamed the Jews for the murder of some soldiers, the Germans executed several Jews, burnt the synagogue or bet midrash, and set part of the town on fire. After some three weeks, the Germans passed control of the town to the Soviets.[6]

Soviet rule lasted until the Germans returned to the town in June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa. The local Poles welcomed the arriving Germans with flowers, and German army scouts who arrived on 27 June noted the hatred the Poles harbored towards the Jews. Locals Poles, mostly recently released from Soviet prisons, asked for German permission to take revenge on the Jews, and killed some 70 Jews. In early July 1941 the Germans instigated a pogrom in which Polish mobs armed with iron bars murdered some 300 Jews.[7][5] Some Poles were motivated by revenge against earlier Soviet supporters.[8] A German Einsatzkommando was present in the town during 4-5 July 1941.[9]

A similar, better known, atrocity took place on 10 July 1941 in nearby Jedwabne.

Beginning on 17 August 1941, the Germans executed most the Jewish community. Some 900 able-bodied Jews were killed in ditch near Mątwica, where Jewish women and children of Kolno and Jews of Mały Płock were executed as well. Some 700 infirm were killed in Płaszczatka (or Stawiski) Forest.[10]

Some 60[5] to 105[11] Jews remained, mainly skilled workers and their families, who were confined to a ghetto. Some Jews from Stawiski who survived in hiding sought refuge in Łomża Ghetto, other remained hidden until permitted by the Germans to work as farm laborers. [12] On 2 November 1942 the ghetto was closed and its occupants were transferred to a transit camp in Bogusze, and from there were sent to the Auschwitz and Treblinka extermination camps. [13][5]

Some 50 Stawiski Jews managed to evade deportation, however most were found and executed in subsequent searches. Some of the hiding Jews were denounced by Poles, and at least 11 hiding Jews were murdered by local Poles in the nearby Mały Płock gmina.[14]

Only a few of the 2,000 pre-war Jewish inhabitants of Stawiski survived the Holocaust.[5]

Some of the Stawiski's Jews murderd durign the war are buried in a mass grave at the Jewish cemetery in the Płaszczatka forest [pl].

Economy

The main branch of local economy is agriculture, based on individual arable farms producing crops for local processing as well as raising farm animals for the market. Apart from farming, trade and service industries cover the needs of the inhabitants. The overall number of people employed in the gmina's economy is 3,545. The breakdown of main employment sectors is as follows. Farming and forestry: 2,304. Industry: 177. Trade and services: 727. Education, health services: 288. Administration and policing: 35.[2]

The town's revenue in 2003 (including its surroundings) amounted 4.299 mln zloty. Net income was 900,000 zloty. However, expenses of the commune exceeded its profits in that period, and amounted to 4.679 mln zloty. Gross revenue and net profits fluctuate depending on expenditures in the public sector, such as environmental protection, water management, dump disposal, sewers, etc.[2]

Notable residents

Stawiski is the hometown of the famous chess player Akiba Rubinstein. In the main square, there is a monument to Stanisław Steczkowski Zagończyk, who, together with his four brothers, fought in the underground Polish Home Army in 1942–1945.[2]

References

  1. ^ GUS (2009-06-02), Ludność. Stan i struktura w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 grudnia 2008 r. (PDF)  Template:Pl icon
  2. ^ a b c d Oficjalna strona miasta Stawiski. Template:Pl icon
  3. ^ "Stawiski, Poland [page 17-19; 29-36]". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
  4. ^ "Stawiski - Historia i dzieje Stawisk". 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2018-06-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Spector, Shmuel; Wigoder, Geoffrey; Wigoder, Research Associate Institute of Contemporary Jewry Geoffrey (2001). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z. NYU Press. p. 1230. ISBN 9780814793787.
  6. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: "A Wehrmacht unit from the 21st Infantry Division briefly occupied Stawiski for about three weeks in September 1939. The soldiers raped Jewish women and plundered Jewish stores. Ordered to supervise Jewish labor brigades, some local Poles humiliated the conscripted workers. A Stawiski priest blamed the Jews for the murder of some soldiers. In retaliation, the Germans executed several Jews, burned the small synagogue, or perhaps a Bet Midrash, and set part of Stawiski on fire. The Germans deported a group of able- bodied male Jews (and Christians) to forced labor camps in East Prussia before turning over Stawiski to Soviet forces.
  7. ^ Bender, Sara (2015). "Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941". Holocaust Studies. 19 (1): 1–38.
  8. ^ Elazar Barkan; Elizabeth A. Cole; Kai Struve (2007). Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-86583-240-5.
  9. ^ Elazar Barkan; Elizabeth A. Cole; Kai Struve (2007). Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 337–338. ISBN 978-3-86583-240-5.
  10. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: Beginning on August 17, 1941, the Germans executed almost the entire Stawiski Jewish community. The able- bodied, about 900 people, perished in an antitank ditch outside Msciwuje village, the execution site also of the women and children of the Kolno community and the Jewish residents of Mały Płock. Another approximately 700 Stawiski victims, mostly infants, the elderly, and the handicapped, were executed in the Płaszczatka (or Stawiski) Forest
  11. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961.
  12. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: It consisted of a few homes on about 4,000 square meters (almost 1 acre) of land. Though surrounded by a fence, the ghetto was not guarded from either side. After surviving Jews from Grabowo and other nearby villages were consolidated there, the ghetto population stood at about 105 ... Jews who had survived the mass execution in hiding were not permitted to reside in the Stawiski ghetto ... Rather, they describe either seeking refuge in the ghetto in Łomża or hiding for many months, until the Germans permitted them to work as agricultural laborers for local Poles
  13. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: On November 2, 1942, the Germans liquidated the Stawiski ghetto, driving its residents along with the Stawiski Jews who had lived outside the ghetto to a transit camp in Bogusze, a village located 4.8 kilometers (about 3 miles) north of Grajewo ... The Germans liquidated the transit camp in two deportations ... on December 15– 16, 1942, and sent them from there to the Treblinka ... on January 3, 1943, about 2,000 inmates were sent to the Auschwitz
  14. ^ The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS, 1933–1945, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Martin Dean, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, page 961. quote: As many as 50 Stawiski Jews had evaded the Prostken deportation, but most were found in subsequent German searches ... in 1943, another Pole denounced their hiding places ... Another denunciation in August 1943 ... In 1944, at least another 11 Jews, including 6 members of the Rozensztejn family, reportedly were murdered by local Poles in the Mały Płock gmina

Media related to Stawiski at Wikimedia Commons

53°23′N 22°10′E / 53.383°N 22.167°E / 53.383; 22.167

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