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Information under the Wyss Campaign for Nature included several statements which concerned the WP:FUTURE. Discussing future goals is not the purpose of Wikipedia, and these items were omitted. This same text was also insufficiently paraphrased from the source material. Duplicate Wikilinks omitted. WikiLinks to common geographical terms omitted. References incorrectly attributed to journals changed to web or magazine sources.
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The '''Wyss Foundation''' is a charitable organization founded by [[Hansjörg Wyss]], based in [[Washington, D.C.]] Established in 1998, the foundation focuses on protecting natural areas in the public trust, but has also supported [[environmental journalism]], [[social justice]], and education initiatives, among others. The organization has more than $2 billion in assets, and an additional office in [[Durango, Colorado]]. Molly McUsic serves as the foundation's [[President (corporate title)|president]].
The '''Wyss Foundation''' is a charitable organization founded by [[Hansjörg Wyss]], based in Washington, D.C. Established in 1998, the foundation focuses on protecting natural areas in the public trust, but has also supported [[environmental journalism]], [[social justice]], and education initiatives, among others. The organization has more than $2 billion in assets, and an additional office in [[Durango, Colorado]]. Molly McUsic serves as the foundation's president.

In 2018, Wyss pledged $1 billion and the foundation launched the Wyss Campaign for Nature with the goal of helping to protect 30 percent of the world's lands and oceans by 2030.


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[File:Hansjorg Wyss profile image.png|thumb|right|The Wyss Foundation was established by [[Hansjörg Wyss]] in 1998.]]
[[File:Hansjorg Wyss profile image.png|thumb|right|The Wyss Foundation was established by [[Hansjörg Wyss]] in 1998.]]


The Wyss Foundation, based in [[Washington, D.C.]], was established by [[Hansjörg Wyss]] and primarily works to protect natural areas in public ownership.<ref name="Gibbens">{{cite web |last1=Gibbens |first1=Sarah |title=Conservationists get a billion dollars. Here's how it may help. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/10/conservationists-get-a-billion-dollars-from-wyss-foundation/ |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |date=October 31, 2018}}</ref> The organization previously focused on conserving public lands within the [[Western United States]], but has expanded its scope to include other geographic areas in North America, South America, Australia, Europe, and Africa.<ref name=Taylor/><ref name="Quest">{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=One man's quest to save the world's wildest places: Hansjörg Wyss |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/10/one-mans-quest-to-save-the-worlds-wildest-places/ |accessdate=January 4, 2018 |work=[[Mongabay]] |date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Quietly">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Tate |title=The Billionaire Quietly Protecting Western Lands From Oil and Gas Drilling |journal=[[Inside Philanthropy]] |date=July 8, 2018 |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2018/7/8/the-billionaire-quietly-protecting-western-lands-from-oil-and-gas-drilling |accessdate=January 4, 2019}}</ref> Hansjörg Wyss and the Wyss Foundation have donated more than $450 million to help conserve approximately 40 million acres of public lands and oceans around the world, as of 2018.<ref name=BI>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/swiss-billionaire-hansjoerg-wyss-donates-1-billion-to-help-save-earth-2018-10|title=A Swiss billionaire is donating $1 billion in an attempt to save the planet's wild lands and waters from destruction|first=Peter|last=Kotecki|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=January 3, 2019|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name=GM>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-swiss-philanthropist-donates-1-billion-to-conservation-efforts/|title=Swiss philanthropist donates $1-billion to conservation efforts, including an Indigenous Protected Area in the Northwest Territories|first=Gloria|last=Galloway|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
The Wyss Foundation, based in Washington, D.C., was established by Hansjörg Wyss and primarily works to protect natural areas in public ownership.<ref name="Gibbens">{{cite web |last1=Gibbens |first1=Sarah |title=Conservationists get a billion dollars. Here's how it may help. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/10/conservationists-get-a-billion-dollars-from-wyss-foundation/ |publisher=National Geographic Society |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |date=October 31, 2018}}</ref> The organization previously focused on conserving public lands within the Western United States, but has expanded its scope to include other geographic areas in North America, South America, Australia, Europe, and Africa.<ref name=Taylor/><ref name="Quest">{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=One man's quest to save the world's wildest places: Hansjörg Wyss |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/10/one-mans-quest-to-save-the-worlds-wildest-places/ |accessdate=January 4, 2018 |work=Mongabay |date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Quietly">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Tate |title=The Billionaire Quietly Protecting Western Lands From Oil and Gas Drilling |website=[[Inside Philanthropy]] |date=July 8, 2018 |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2018/7/8/the-billionaire-quietly-protecting-western-lands-from-oil-and-gas-drilling |accessdate=January 4, 2019}}</ref> Hansjörg Wyss and the Wyss Foundation have donated more than $450 million to help conserve approximately 40 million acres of public lands and oceans around the world, as of 2018.<ref name=BI>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/swiss-billionaire-hansjoerg-wyss-donates-1-billion-to-help-save-earth-2018-10|title=A Swiss billionaire is donating $1 billion in an attempt to save the planet's wild lands and waters from destruction|first=Peter|last=Kotecki|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=January 3, 2019|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name=GM>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-swiss-philanthropist-donates-1-billion-to-conservation-efforts/|title=Swiss philanthropist donates $1-billion to conservation efforts, including an Indigenous Protected Area in the Northwest Territories|first=Gloria|last=Galloway|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=January 3, 2019}}</ref>


The organization has offices in Washington, D.C., and [[Durango, Colorado]].<ref name="Neibauer">{{cite journal |last1=Neibauer |first1=Michael |title=Historic Dupont Circle home of Thomas Nelson Page sells to one of D.C.'s top foundations |journal=Washington Business Journal |date=November 9, 2017 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/11/09/historic-dupont-circle-home-of-thomas-nelson-page.html |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |publisher=[[American City Business Journals]]}}</ref> The Wyss Foundation has more than $2 billion in assets, as of 2015.<ref name=Taylor/> Molly McUsic serves as the organization's [[President (corporate title)|president]].<ref name="Taylor">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Phil |title='Quietly philanthropic' tycoon makes his mark in the West |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060015651 |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |work=E&E News |publisher=[[Environment & Energy Publishing]] |date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>
The organization has offices in Washington, D.C., and Durango, Colorado.<ref name="Neibauer">{{cite web |last1=Neibauer |first1=Michael |title=Historic Dupont Circle home of Thomas Nelson Page sells to one of D.C.'s top foundations |website=Washington Business Journal |date=November 9, 2017 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/11/09/historic-dupont-circle-home-of-thomas-nelson-page.html |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |publisher=[[American City Business Journals]]}}</ref> The Wyss Foundation has more than $2 billion in assets, as of 2015.<ref name=Taylor/> Molly McUsic serves as the organization's president.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Phil |title='Quietly philanthropic' tycoon makes his mark in the West |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060015651 |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |work=E&E News |publisher=[[Environment & Energy Publishing]] |date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>


==History and funded projects==
==History and funded projects==
The Wyss Foundation was established in 1998.<ref name="Romanian">{{cite news |title=Wyss Foundation Donates 16,000 Acres of Romanian Forest |url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/wyss-foundation-donates-16-000-acres-of-romanian-forest |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |work=Philanthropy News Digest |date=November 8, 2016 |publisher=[[Foundation Center]]}}</ref>
The Wyss Foundation was established in 1998.<ref name="Romanian">{{cite press release |title=Wyss Foundation Donates 16,000 Acres of Romanian Forest |url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/wyss-foundation-donates-16-000-acres-of-romanian-forest |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |work=Philanthropy News Digest |date=November 8, 2016 |publisher=Foundation Center}}</ref>


The organization donated $83.6 million in 2014, according to the [[Foundation Center]], followed by $35.3 million in grants in 2015.<ref name=Neibauer/>
The organization donated $83.6 million in 2014, according to the [[Foundation Center]], followed by $35.3 million in grants in 2015.<ref name=Neibauer/>
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Between 2006 and 2010, Wyss contributed $2.5 million to retire oil and gas leases covering 110,000 acres of public land around the [[Rocky Mountain Front]]. The foundation donated $12.5 million to [[The Nature Conservancy]] in 2008,<ref name=Brazen>{{cite news |title=Brazen Environmental Upstart Brings Legal Muscle, Nerve to Climate Debate |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/03/30/30greenwire-brazen-environmental-upstart-brings-legal-musc-82242.html?pagewanted=4 |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2010 |first1=Anne C. |last1=Mulkern |first2=Allison |last2=Winter |first3=Robin |last3=Bravender}}</ref> and an additional $35 million during 2009–2010 in support of The Nature Conservancy's "Montana Legacy Project" to preserve 310,000 acres of timberland.<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew |title=Swiss billionaire puts $35M into Montana conservation |url=https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/swiss-billionaire-puts-m-into-montana-conservation/article_73696844-06de-11e0-adc5-001cc4c002e0.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |date=December 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Chaney">{{cite news |last1=Chaney |first1=Rob |title=Land trust closes deal for Placid Lake, Gold Creek acres |url=https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/land-trust-closes-deal-for-placid-lake-gold-creek-acres/article_b1addc52-f0b1-5ec1-a4f6-e62ea2c7d948.html |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=[[Missoulian]] |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref> During the late 2000s, the organization provided a $7 million [[bridge loan]] to the Western Rivers Conservancy, resulting in the establishment of Oregon's [[Cottonwood Canyon State Park]] in 2013.<ref name="Richard">{{cite news |last1=Richard |first1=Terry |title=Wyss Foundation of Washington, D.C., provided purchase money for Cottonwood Canyon State Park |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2013/09/wyss_foundation_of_washington.html |accessdate=January 4, 2018 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |date=September 24, 2013}}</ref> The organization donated approximately $4.5 million to the Conservation Lands Foundation, where Hansjörg Wyss served as a founding board member, during 2011–2013.<ref name=Taylor/>
Between 2006 and 2010, Wyss contributed $2.5 million to retire oil and gas leases covering 110,000 acres of public land around the [[Rocky Mountain Front]]. The foundation donated $12.5 million to [[The Nature Conservancy]] in 2008,<ref name=Brazen>{{cite news |title=Brazen Environmental Upstart Brings Legal Muscle, Nerve to Climate Debate |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/03/30/30greenwire-brazen-environmental-upstart-brings-legal-musc-82242.html?pagewanted=4 |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2010 |first1=Anne C. |last1=Mulkern |first2=Allison |last2=Winter |first3=Robin |last3=Bravender}}</ref> and an additional $35 million during 2009–2010 in support of The Nature Conservancy's "Montana Legacy Project" to preserve 310,000 acres of timberland.<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew |title=Swiss billionaire puts $35M into Montana conservation |url=https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/swiss-billionaire-puts-m-into-montana-conservation/article_73696844-06de-11e0-adc5-001cc4c002e0.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Bozeman Daily Chronicle]] |date=December 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Chaney">{{cite news |last1=Chaney |first1=Rob |title=Land trust closes deal for Placid Lake, Gold Creek acres |url=https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/land-trust-closes-deal-for-placid-lake-gold-creek-acres/article_b1addc52-f0b1-5ec1-a4f6-e62ea2c7d948.html |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=[[Missoulian]] |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref> During the late 2000s, the organization provided a $7 million [[bridge loan]] to the Western Rivers Conservancy, resulting in the establishment of Oregon's [[Cottonwood Canyon State Park]] in 2013.<ref name="Richard">{{cite news |last1=Richard |first1=Terry |title=Wyss Foundation of Washington, D.C., provided purchase money for Cottonwood Canyon State Park |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2013/09/wyss_foundation_of_washington.html |accessdate=January 4, 2018 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |date=September 24, 2013}}</ref> The organization donated approximately $4.5 million to the Conservation Lands Foundation, where Hansjörg Wyss served as a founding board member, during 2011–2013.<ref name=Taylor/>


In 2012, the Wyss Foundation contributed $4.5 million to [[The Trust for Public Land]]'s campaign to retire oil and natural gas leases covering 58,000 acres of the [[Wyoming Range]].<ref name="Streater">{{cite news |last1=Streater |first1=Scott |title=Billionaire funds deal to retire Wyo. drilling leases |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060087925 |accessdate=January 9, 2018 |work=E&E News |date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> The foundation donated approximately $19 million in 2013, primarily funding conservation groups and [[non-governmental organization]]s working on land protection projects. Grant recipients included the [[Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership]] and [[Trout Unlimited]].<ref name=Taylor/> The foundation also provided funds to help remove the [[Veazie Dam]] along Maine's [[Penobscot River]]. Wyss and other funders provided interim financing to fund The Nature Conservancy's "Great Western Checkerboards" project which will conserve more than 100,000 acres of land around Montana's [[Gold Creek (Montana)|Gold Creek]] and [[Blackfoot River (Montana)|Blackfoot River]], as well as Washington's [[Cascade Range]].<ref name=Chaney/> In the mid 2010s, the organization donated $10 million to restore ocean [[Fishery|fisheries]] in Canada and Peru, and $6 million to reduce illegal [[wildlife trade|wildlife trafficking]] in [[East Africa]].<ref name=Taylor/> In 2015, the foundation supported projects to conserve lands along California's coast and Oregon's John Day River.<ref name=Chaney/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunther |first1=Marc |title=Behind one of the Nature Conservancy's largest ever forest purchases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jan/30/behind-one-of-the-nature-conservancys-largest-ever-forest-purchases |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> Wyss also committed $1 million to retire oil and gas leases around the [[Flathead River]],<ref name=Chaney/> and $6 million to [[African Parks]]{{'}} anti-poaching and conservation efforts.<ref name="Wilds">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Tate |title=With Africa's Wilds Facing Growing Threats, A Billionaire Steps Up |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2017/3/1/another-large-sum-from-wyss-for-land-protection-this-time-in-africa |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Suchecki">{{cite news |last1=Suchecki |first1=Paul M.J. |title=Another Billionaire Comes to the Defense of Africa's Elephants and Rhinos |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/3/18/another-billionaire-comes-to-the-defense-of-africas-elephant.html |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
In 2012, the Wyss Foundation contributed $4.5 million to [[The Trust for Public Land]]'s campaign to retire oil and natural gas leases covering 58,000 acres of the [[Wyoming Range]].<ref name="Streater">{{cite news |last1=Streater |first1=Scott |title=Billionaire funds deal to retire Wyo. drilling leases |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060087925 |accessdate=January 9, 2018 |work=E&E News |date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> The foundation donated approximately $19 million in 2013, primarily funding conservation groups and [[non-governmental organization]]s working on land protection projects. Grant recipients included the [[Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership]] and [[Trout Unlimited]].<ref name=Taylor/> The foundation also provided funds to help remove the [[Veazie Dam]] along Maine's [[Penobscot River]]. Wyss and other funders provided interim financing to fund The Nature Conservancy's "Great Western Checkerboards" project which will conserve more than 100,000 acres of land around Montana's [[Gold Creek (Montana)|Gold Creek]] and [[Blackfoot River (Montana)|Blackfoot River]], as well as Washington's [[Cascade Range]].<ref name=Chaney/> In the mid 2010s, the organization donated $10 million to restore ocean fisheries in Canada and Peru, and $6 million to reduce illegal [[wildlife trade|wildlife trafficking]] in East Africa.<ref name=Taylor/> In 2015, the foundation supported projects to conserve lands along California's coast and Oregon's John Day River.<ref name=Chaney/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunther |first1=Marc |title=Behind one of the Nature Conservancy's largest ever forest purchases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jan/30/behind-one-of-the-nature-conservancys-largest-ever-forest-purchases |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> Wyss also committed $1 million to retire oil and gas leases around the [[Flathead River]],<ref name=Chaney/> and $6 million to [[African Parks]]{{'}} anti-poaching and conservation efforts.<ref name="Wilds">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Tate |title=With Africa's Wilds Facing Growing Threats, A Billionaire Steps Up |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2017/3/1/another-large-sum-from-wyss-for-land-protection-this-time-in-africa |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Suchecki">{{cite news |last1=Suchecki |first1=Paul M.J. |title=Another Billionaire Comes to the Defense of Africa's Elephants and Rhinos |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/3/18/another-billionaire-comes-to-the-defense-of-africas-elephant.html |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Wilderness Land Trust]] confirmed the purchase of lands adjacent to New Mexico's [[Sabinoso Wilderness]] as the result of a $3.15 million contribution from the Wyss Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunt |first1=Charles B. |title=Public access to Sabinoso Wilderness closer to reality |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/713850/public-access-to-nm-sabinoso-wilderness-almost-there.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |date=January 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Moss">{{cite news |last1=Moss |first1=Rebecca |title=Donation, ranch sale to help BLM open up Sabinoso Wilderness |url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/donation-ranch-sale-to-help-blm-open-up-sabinoso-wilderness/article_ea38c349-aa23-5092-b4da-38a2b2a20f9b.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]] |date=January 28, 2016}}</ref> The foundation donated more than 16,000 acres of [[alpine tundra]] and forest in Romania's [[Făgăraș Mountains]], valued at approximately $16 million, to Fundatia Conservation Carpathia. Once restored, the lands will be given to the [[Government of Romania|Romanian government]] to establish a new national park.<ref name=Romanian/> The organization also supported efforts by the Forest Society of Maine, the [[Appalachian Mountain Club]], and the [[Open Space Institute]] to preserve 4,358 acres of land around Silver Lake and the [[Pleasant River (Piscataquis River tributary)|Pleasant River]] in [[Piscataquis County, Maine]].<ref name="Stunning">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=George |title=Another stunning conservation project has been achieved |url=http://georgesoutdoornews.bangordailynews.com/2017/01/08/maine-woods/another-stunning-conservation-project-has-been-achieved/ |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=[[Bangor Daily News]] |date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> The Wyss Foundation partially funded African Parks' 2016 relocation of approximately 500 elephants from Malawi's [[Liwonde National Park]] and [[Majete Wildlife Reserve]] to [[Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve]],<ref>{{cite news |title=500 elephants relocated in massive man-made African animal migration |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-african-elephant-relocation-20160719-story.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> and contributed to [[Global Fishing Watch]].<ref name="Waymer">{{cite news |last1=Waymer |first1=Jim |title=Oceana launches fishing tracker with help from Leonardo DiCaprio |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2016/09/14/oceana-launches-fishing-tracker-help-leonardo-dicaprio/90269568/ |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Florida Today]] |date=September 14, 2016}}</ref>


Wyss helped protect [[boreal forest of Canada|Canada's boreal forest]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Amy Joi |title=Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation writes a check for Bears Ears 'engagement' fund |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865671009/Leonardo-DiCaprio-Foundation-writes-a-check-for-Bears-Ears-engagement-fund.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> and committed $65 million in 2017 to support African Parks' work in Malawi and Rwanda,<ref name=Gets>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett |title=African Parks gets $65M for conservation in Rwanda and Malawi |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/african-parks-gets-65m-for-conservation-in-rwanda-and-malawi/ |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=Mongabay |date=March 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Koenig">{{cite journal |last1=Koenig |first1=Rebecca |title=Grants Roundup: Google.org Commits $11.5 Million for Criminal-Justice Reform |journal=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date=March 1, 2017 |url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Grants-Roundup-Googleorg/239360 |accessdate=January 9, 2019}}</ref> and to protect Benin's [[Pendjari National Park]].<ref name=Quietly/><ref name=Wilds/> Funds also supported African Parks' management of [[Akagera National Park]], [[Liwonde National Park]], [[Majete Wildlife Reserve]], [[Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve]], among other protected areas.<ref name=Gets/> The Wyss Foundation has also supported projects in Argentina and Mexico, and contributed funds in 2017 to protect the [[Source of the Amazon River|headwaters]] of the [[Amazon River]].<ref name=Quietly/> In mid 2018, the organization helped The Trust for Public Land retire federal oil and natural gas leases covering more than 24,000 acres near Wyoming's [[Grand Teton National Park]],<ref name=Streater/><ref name="Cassutt">{{cite news |last1=Cassutt |first1=Melissa |title=Deal retires 24,000 acres of oil, gas drilling leases |url=https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/this_just_in/article_991e3f20-ed6e-5087-bc37-ee93f900c199.html |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |work=Jackson Hole News&Guide |date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> and partially funded [[Peace Parks Foundation]]'s partnership agreement to manage and develop Mozambique's [[Maputo Special Reserve]] and Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mozambique govt, Peace Parks to co-develop two reserves |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/mozambique-govt-peace-parks-to-co-develop-two-reserves-15377902 |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]] |publisher=[[Sekunjalo Investments]] |date=June 8, 2018}}</ref>
In 2016, the [[Wilderness Land Trust]] confirmed the purchase of lands adjacent to New Mexico's [[Sabinoso Wilderness]] as the result of a $3.15 million contribution from the Wyss Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunt |first1=Charles B. |title=Public access to Sabinoso Wilderness closer to reality |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/713850/public-access-to-nm-sabinoso-wilderness-almost-there.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Albuquerque Journal |date=January 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Moss">{{cite news |last1=Moss |first1=Rebecca |title=Donation, ranch sale to help BLM open up Sabinoso Wilderness |url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/donation-ranch-sale-to-help-blm-open-up-sabinoso-wilderness/article_ea38c349-aa23-5092-b4da-38a2b2a20f9b.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=The Santa Fe New Mexican |date=January 28, 2016}}</ref> The foundation donated more than 16,000 acres of [[alpine tundra]] and forest in Romania's [[Făgăraș Mountains]], valued at approximately $16 million, to Fundatia Conservation Carpathia. The organization also supported efforts by the Forest Society of Maine, the [[Appalachian Mountain Club]], and the [[Open Space Institute]] to preserve 4,358 acres of land around Silver Lake and the [[Pleasant River (Piscataquis River tributary)|Pleasant River]] in [[Piscataquis County, Maine]].<ref name="Stunning">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=George |title=Another stunning conservation project has been achieved |url=http://georgesoutdoornews.bangordailynews.com/2017/01/08/maine-woods/another-stunning-conservation-project-has-been-achieved/ |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=Bangor Daily News |date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> The Wyss Foundation partially funded African Parks' 2016 relocation of approximately 500 elephants from Malawi's [[Liwonde National Park]] and [[Majete Wildlife Reserve]] to [[Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve]],<ref>{{cite news |title=500 elephants relocated in massive man-made African animal migration |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-african-elephant-relocation-20160719-story.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> and contributed to [[Global Fishing Watch]].<ref name="Waymer">{{cite news |last1=Waymer |first1=Jim |title=Oceana launches fishing tracker with help from Leonardo DiCaprio |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2016/09/14/oceana-launches-fishing-tracker-help-leonardo-dicaprio/90269568/ |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Florida Today |date=September 14, 2016}}</ref>


Wyss helped protect [[boreal forest of Canada|Canada's boreal forest]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=Amy Joi |title=Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation writes a check for Bears Ears 'engagement' fund |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865671009/Leonardo-DiCaprio-Foundation-writes-a-check-for-Bears-Ears-engagement-fund.html |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Deseret News |date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> and committed $65 million in 2017 to support African Parks' work in Malawi and Rwanda,<ref name=Gets>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett |title=African Parks gets $65M for conservation in Rwanda and Malawi |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/african-parks-gets-65m-for-conservation-in-rwanda-and-malawi/ |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=Mongabay |date=March 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Koenig">{{cite web |last1=Koenig |first1=Rebecca |title=Grants Roundup: Google.org Commits $11.5 Million for Criminal-Justice Reform |website=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date=March 1, 2017 |url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Grants-Roundup-Googleorg/239360 |accessdate=January 9, 2019}}</ref> and to protect Benin's [[Pendjari National Park]].<ref name=Quietly/><ref name=Wilds/> Funds also supported African Parks' management of [[Akagera National Park]], Liwonde National Park, Majete Wildlife Reserve, Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, among other protected areas.<ref name=Gets/> The Wyss Foundation has also supported projects in Argentina and Mexico, and contributed funds in 2017 to protect the headwaters of the [[Amazon River]].<ref name=Quietly/> In mid 2018, the organization helped The Trust for Public Land retire federal oil and natural gas leases covering more than 24,000 acres near Wyoming's [[Grand Teton National Park]],<ref name=Streater/><ref name="Cassutt">{{cite news |last1=Cassutt |first1=Melissa |title=Deal retires 24,000 acres of oil, gas drilling leases |url=https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/this_just_in/article_991e3f20-ed6e-5087-bc37-ee93f900c199.html |accessdate=January 8, 2019 |work=Jackson Hole News&Guide |date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> and partially funded [[Peace Parks Foundation]]'s partnership agreement to manage and develop Mozambique's [[Maputo Special Reserve]] and Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mozambique govt, Peace Parks to co-develop two reserves |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/mozambique-govt-peace-parks-to-co-develop-two-reserves-15377902 |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |work=Independent Online|publisher=Sekunjalo Investments |date=June 8, 2018}}</ref>
====Wyss Campaign for Nature====
In 2018, Hansjörg Wyss pledged $1 billion and the Wyss Foundation launched the Wyss Campaign for Nature with the goal of helping to protect 30 percent of the planet by 2030. The campaign was launched as a partnership with the [[National Geographic Society]], The Nature Conservancy, and other non-governmental organizations.<ref name=Gibbens/><ref name="Prest">{{cite news |last1=Prest |first1=M.J. |title=Wyss Foundation Commits $1 Billion for Conservation: Grants Roundup |url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Wyss-Foundation-Commits-1/245018 |accessdate=January 3, 2019 |work=[[The Chronicle of Philanthropy]] |date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> The campaign will work to convince the parties to the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]], which will be next held in [[Beijing]] in 2020, to commit to protecting 30 percent of the world's lands and oceans by 2030 through creating and funding the management of [[protected area]]s. The Wyss Campaign for Nature will also increase its direct support to locally driven conservation projects. The campaign is the mechanism by which the Wyss Foundation provides philanthropic support to create and grow protected areas around the world.<ref name="PND">{{cite news |title=Wyss Foundation Commits $1 Billion for Land and Ocean Conservation |url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/wyss-foundation-commits-1-billion-for-land-and-ocean-conservation |accessdate=January 3, 2018 |work=Philanthropy News Digest |date=November 1, 2018}}</ref> Upon its launch, the Wyss Campaign for Nature pledged $48 million to conservation projects which will help protect approximately 10 million acres in 13 countries, as well as 17,000 square kilometers of ocean. Organizations initially receiving grants included [[Aves Argentinas]], Fundación Flora y Fauna, Fundatia Conservation Carpathia, the Gonarezhou Conservation Trust, and The Nature Conservancy.<ref name=PND/> The Nature Conservancy was granted funds to expand its Blue Bonds for Conservation program in the Caribbean, and to conserve more than 200,000 acres of Australia's [[Murray–Darling basin]].<ref name=Prest/><ref name=PND/> As part of the partnership, the National Geographic Society will document and share stories about conservation successes and setbacks.<ref name=PND/>


===Environmental journalism, social justice, and education initiatives===
===Environmental journalism, social justice, and education initiatives===
In addition to land conservation, the Wyss Foundation has supported [[environmental journalism]], children's education and health initiatives, as well as social justice projects.<ref name=Neibauer/> The organization has supported the [[Center for Budget and Policy Priorities]], the [[Constitutional Accountability Center]], and [[Health Leads]].<ref name=Wilds/> During the mid 2010s, the foundation contributed $385,000 to help the [[Society of Environmental Journalists]] to create new environmental journalism positions for ''[[High Country News]]'' and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref name=Taylor/><ref name="Bech">{{cite journal |last1=Bech |first1=Lene |title=Who benefits from an increase in philanthropic money to journalism? |journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |date=March 10, 2015 |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/who_benefits_from_an_increase_in_philanthropic_money_to_journalism.php}}</ref> The organization contributed to the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families annually from 2014 to 2017.<ref name=Neibauer/>
In addition to land conservation, the Wyss Foundation has supported environmental journalism, children's education and health initiatives, as well as social justice projects.<ref name=Neibauer/> The organization has supported the [[Center for Budget and Policy Priorities]], the [[Constitutional Accountability Center]], and [[Health Leads]].<ref name=Wilds/> During the mid 2010s, the foundation contributed $385,000 to help the [[Society of Environmental Journalists]] to create new environmental journalism positions for ''[[High Country News]]'' and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref name=Taylor/><ref name="Bech">{{cite journal |last1=Bech |first1=Lene |title=Who benefits from an increase in philanthropic money to journalism? |journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |date=March 10, 2015 |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/who_benefits_from_an_increase_in_philanthropic_money_to_journalism.php}}</ref> The organization contributed to the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families annually from 2014 to 2017.<ref name=Neibauer/>


The foundation has contributed to the [[Beyeler Foundation]], an art museum in [[Riehen]], Switzerland,<ref name="Harris">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Gareth |title=Fondation Beyeler: 20 years as an art world favourite |journal=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 9, 2017 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f7891ebc-49d5-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43 |accessdate=January 16, 2019}}</ref> and pledged funds for the museum's planned extension in 2016.<ref name="Fayard">{{cite journal |last1=Fayard |first1=Judy |title=11 Firms to Submit Preliminary Designs for The Beyler Foundation's Planned Extension |journal=[[Interior Design (magazine)|Interior Design]] |date=April 4, 2016 |url=https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/11718-11-firms-vie-for-the-beyler-foundation-s-planned-extension/ |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |issn=0020-5508}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' published Global Fishing Watch's study of global fishing operations; the comprehensive, five-year study was partially funded by Wyss.<ref name="Doyle">{{cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=Gerry |title=Chinese trawlers travel farthest and fish the most: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-fishing/chinese-trawlers-travel-farthest-and-fish-the-most-study-idUSKCN1G62M4 |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>
The foundation has contributed to the [[Beyeler Foundation]], an art museum in [[Riehen]], Switzerland,<ref name="Harris">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Gareth |title=Fondation Beyeler: 20 years as an art world favourite |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 9, 2017 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f7891ebc-49d5-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43 |accessdate=January 16, 2019}}</ref> and pledged funds for the museum's planned extension in 2016.<ref name="Fayard">{{cite magazine |last1=Fayard |first1=Judy |title=11 Firms to Submit Preliminary Designs for The Beyler Foundation's Planned Extension |magazine=Interior Design |date=April 4, 2016 |url=https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/11718-11-firms-vie-for-the-beyler-foundation-s-planned-extension/ |accessdate=January 16, 2019 |issn=0020-5508}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' published Global Fishing Watch's study of global fishing operations; the comprehensive, five-year study was partially funded by Wyss.<ref name="Doyle">{{cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=Gerry |title=Chinese trawlers travel farthest and fish the most: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-fishing/chinese-trawlers-travel-farthest-and-fish-the-most-study-idUSKCN1G62M4 |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:33, 29 April 2019

Wyss Foundation
Formation1998; 26 years ago (1998)
FounderHansjörg Wyss
Location
President
Molly McUsic
Websitewyssfoundation.org

The Wyss Foundation is a charitable organization founded by Hansjörg Wyss, based in Washington, D.C. Established in 1998, the foundation focuses on protecting natural areas in the public trust, but has also supported environmental journalism, social justice, and education initiatives, among others. The organization has more than $2 billion in assets, and an additional office in Durango, Colorado. Molly McUsic serves as the foundation's president.

Overview

The Wyss Foundation was established by Hansjörg Wyss in 1998.

The Wyss Foundation, based in Washington, D.C., was established by Hansjörg Wyss and primarily works to protect natural areas in public ownership.[1] The organization previously focused on conserving public lands within the Western United States, but has expanded its scope to include other geographic areas in North America, South America, Australia, Europe, and Africa.[2][3][4] Hansjörg Wyss and the Wyss Foundation have donated more than $450 million to help conserve approximately 40 million acres of public lands and oceans around the world, as of 2018.[5][6]

The organization has offices in Washington, D.C., and Durango, Colorado.[7] The Wyss Foundation has more than $2 billion in assets, as of 2015.[2] Molly McUsic serves as the organization's president.[2]

History and funded projects

The Wyss Foundation was established in 1998.[8]

The organization donated $83.6 million in 2014, according to the Foundation Center, followed by $35.3 million in grants in 2015.[7]

Conservation

Between 2006 and 2010, Wyss contributed $2.5 million to retire oil and gas leases covering 110,000 acres of public land around the Rocky Mountain Front. The foundation donated $12.5 million to The Nature Conservancy in 2008,[9] and an additional $35 million during 2009–2010 in support of The Nature Conservancy's "Montana Legacy Project" to preserve 310,000 acres of timberland.[10][11] During the late 2000s, the organization provided a $7 million bridge loan to the Western Rivers Conservancy, resulting in the establishment of Oregon's Cottonwood Canyon State Park in 2013.[12] The organization donated approximately $4.5 million to the Conservation Lands Foundation, where Hansjörg Wyss served as a founding board member, during 2011–2013.[2]

In 2012, the Wyss Foundation contributed $4.5 million to The Trust for Public Land's campaign to retire oil and natural gas leases covering 58,000 acres of the Wyoming Range.[13] The foundation donated approximately $19 million in 2013, primarily funding conservation groups and non-governmental organizations working on land protection projects. Grant recipients included the Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership and Trout Unlimited.[2] The foundation also provided funds to help remove the Veazie Dam along Maine's Penobscot River. Wyss and other funders provided interim financing to fund The Nature Conservancy's "Great Western Checkerboards" project which will conserve more than 100,000 acres of land around Montana's Gold Creek and Blackfoot River, as well as Washington's Cascade Range.[11] In the mid 2010s, the organization donated $10 million to restore ocean fisheries in Canada and Peru, and $6 million to reduce illegal wildlife trafficking in East Africa.[2] In 2015, the foundation supported projects to conserve lands along California's coast and Oregon's John Day River.[11][14] Wyss also committed $1 million to retire oil and gas leases around the Flathead River,[11] and $6 million to African Parks' anti-poaching and conservation efforts.[15][16]

In 2016, the Wilderness Land Trust confirmed the purchase of lands adjacent to New Mexico's Sabinoso Wilderness as the result of a $3.15 million contribution from the Wyss Foundation.[17][18] The foundation donated more than 16,000 acres of alpine tundra and forest in Romania's Făgăraș Mountains, valued at approximately $16 million, to Fundatia Conservation Carpathia. The organization also supported efforts by the Forest Society of Maine, the Appalachian Mountain Club, and the Open Space Institute to preserve 4,358 acres of land around Silver Lake and the Pleasant River in Piscataquis County, Maine.[19] The Wyss Foundation partially funded African Parks' 2016 relocation of approximately 500 elephants from Malawi's Liwonde National Park and Majete Wildlife Reserve to Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve,[20] and contributed to Global Fishing Watch.[21]

Wyss helped protect Canada's boreal forest,[22] and committed $65 million in 2017 to support African Parks' work in Malawi and Rwanda,[23][24] and to protect Benin's Pendjari National Park.[4][15] Funds also supported African Parks' management of Akagera National Park, Liwonde National Park, Majete Wildlife Reserve, Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, among other protected areas.[23] The Wyss Foundation has also supported projects in Argentina and Mexico, and contributed funds in 2017 to protect the headwaters of the Amazon River.[4] In mid 2018, the organization helped The Trust for Public Land retire federal oil and natural gas leases covering more than 24,000 acres near Wyoming's Grand Teton National Park,[13][25] and partially funded Peace Parks Foundation's partnership agreement to manage and develop Mozambique's Maputo Special Reserve and Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve.[26]

Environmental journalism, social justice, and education initiatives

In addition to land conservation, the Wyss Foundation has supported environmental journalism, children's education and health initiatives, as well as social justice projects.[7] The organization has supported the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, the Constitutional Accountability Center, and Health Leads.[15] During the mid 2010s, the foundation contributed $385,000 to help the Society of Environmental Journalists to create new environmental journalism positions for High Country News and the Los Angeles Times.[2][27] The organization contributed to the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families annually from 2014 to 2017.[7]

The foundation has contributed to the Beyeler Foundation, an art museum in Riehen, Switzerland,[28] and pledged funds for the museum's planned extension in 2016.[29] In 2018, Science published Global Fishing Watch's study of global fishing operations; the comprehensive, five-year study was partially funded by Wyss.[30]

References

  1. ^ Gibbens, Sarah (October 31, 2018). "Conservationists get a billion dollars. Here's how it may help". National Geographic Society. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor, Phil (March 24, 2015). "'Quietly philanthropic' tycoon makes his mark in the West". E&E News. Environment & Energy Publishing. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  3. ^ Butler, Rhett A. (October 18, 2017). "One man's quest to save the world's wildest places: Hansjörg Wyss". Mongabay. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Tate (July 8, 2018). "The Billionaire Quietly Protecting Western Lands From Oil and Gas Drilling". Inside Philanthropy. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  5. ^ Kotecki, Peter (October 31, 2018). "A Swiss billionaire is donating $1 billion in an attempt to save the planet's wild lands and waters from destruction". Business Insider. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  6. ^ Galloway, Gloria (October 31, 2018). "Swiss philanthropist donates $1-billion to conservation efforts, including an Indigenous Protected Area in the Northwest Territories". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d Neibauer, Michael (November 9, 2017). "Historic Dupont Circle home of Thomas Nelson Page sells to one of D.C.'s top foundations". Washington Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  8. ^ "Wyss Foundation Donates 16,000 Acres of Romanian Forest". Philanthropy News Digest (Press release). Foundation Center. November 8, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  9. ^ Mulkern, Anne C.; Winter, Allison; Bravender, Robin (March 30, 2010). "Brazen Environmental Upstart Brings Legal Muscle, Nerve to Climate Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  10. ^ Brown, Matthew (December 13, 2010). "Swiss billionaire puts $35M into Montana conservation". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d Chaney, Rob (January 22, 2015). "Land trust closes deal for Placid Lake, Gold Creek acres". Missoulian. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  12. ^ Richard, Terry (September 24, 2013). "Wyss Foundation of Washington, D.C., provided purchase money for Cottonwood Canyon State Park". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  13. ^ a b Streater, Scott (July 5, 2018). "Billionaire funds deal to retire Wyo. drilling leases". E&E News. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  14. ^ Gunther, Marc (January 30, 2015). "Behind one of the Nature Conservancy's largest ever forest purchases". The Guardian. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Williams, Tate (March 1, 2017). "With Africa's Wilds Facing Growing Threats, A Billionaire Steps Up". Inside Philanthropy. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  16. ^ Suchecki, Paul M.J. (March 18, 2015). "Another Billionaire Comes to the Defense of Africa's Elephants and Rhinos". Inside Philanthropy. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  17. ^ Brunt, Charles B. (January 28, 2016). "Public access to Sabinoso Wilderness closer to reality". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  18. ^ Moss, Rebecca (January 28, 2016). "Donation, ranch sale to help BLM open up Sabinoso Wilderness". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  19. ^ Smith, George (January 8, 2017). "Another stunning conservation project has been achieved". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  20. ^ "500 elephants relocated in massive man-made African animal migration". Chicago Tribune. July 19, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  21. ^ Waymer, Jim (September 14, 2016). "Oceana launches fishing tracker with help from Leonardo DiCaprio". Florida Today. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  22. ^ O'Donoghue, Amy Joi (January 12, 2017). "Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation writes a check for Bears Ears 'engagement' fund". Deseret News. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  23. ^ a b Butler, Rhett (March 5, 2017). "African Parks gets $65M for conservation in Rwanda and Malawi". Mongabay. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  24. ^ Koenig, Rebecca (March 1, 2017). "Grants Roundup: Google.org Commits $11.5 Million for Criminal-Justice Reform". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  25. ^ Cassutt, Melissa (July 4, 2018). "Deal retires 24,000 acres of oil, gas drilling leases". Jackson Hole News&Guide. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  26. ^ "Mozambique govt, Peace Parks to co-develop two reserves". Independent Online. Sekunjalo Investments. June 8, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  27. ^ Bech, Lene (March 10, 2015). "Who benefits from an increase in philanthropic money to journalism?". Columbia Journalism Review.
  28. ^ Harris, Gareth (June 9, 2017). "Fondation Beyeler: 20 years as an art world favourite". Financial Times. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  29. ^ Fayard, Judy (April 4, 2016). "11 Firms to Submit Preliminary Designs for The Beyler Foundation's Planned Extension". Interior Design. ISSN 0020-5508. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  30. ^ Doyle, Gerry (February 22, 2018). "Chinese trawlers travel farthest and fish the most: study". Reuters. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

External links

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