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**[[Battle of Masaka]]
**[[Battle of Masaka]]
**[[Battle of Lukaya]]
**[[Battle of Lukaya]]
*[[Ugandan Bush War]] {{small|(alleged)}}
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With Masaka under Tanzanian control, Kampala was threatened, prompting President Amin to order a counter-offensive.<ref name="Musuya">{{cite web |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/The-Tanzanian-general---who-ruled-Uganda-for-three-days/688342-2314328-nlq1q7z/index.html |title=Musuya: The Tanzanian general who ruled Uganda for three days |author1=Ben Musuya |author2=Henry Lubega |work=Daily Monitor |date=3 May 2014 |accessdate=18 December 2018 }}</ref> It was planned that the Ugandans and allied [[Libya]]n forces would first retake [[Lukaya, Uganda|Lukaya]], and then attack Masaka with the ultimate aim of expelling the TPDF from Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=90}} Maliyamungu was one of the commanders entrusted with leading this operation,<ref name="Musuya"/>{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=125}} and prepared the troops under his command well according to Tanzanian Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya.<ref name="Musuya"/> The Ugandan offensive began on 10 March 1979, starting the [[Battle of Lukaya]]. Widely differing assessments of Maliyamungu's conduct during this battle exist.<ref name="Musuya"/><ref name="betrayed"/> Whereas Msuya praised him for smartly executing the initial Ugandan attack which resulted in the rout of the Tanzanian 201st Brigade and capture of Lukaya,<ref name="Musuya"/> Idi Amin's son Jaffar Rembo Amin later claimed that Maliyamungu had been bribed by the Tanzanians to lose the battle, and also accused him of cowardice by placing his command position miles from the frontlines.<ref name="betrayed"/> The battle turned against the Ugandans on 11 March, as the TPDF launched a successful counter-attack. In an attempt to strengthen morale, Maliyamungu and Major General [[Yusuf Gowan]] joined their troops on the front line at Lukaya. For unknown reasons, the positions the two men took were frequently subject to sudden, intense rocket fire. Ugandan junior officers tried to convince their men that the Tanzanians were probably aware of the generals' presence and were targeting them with precise bombardments. The Ugandan troops nonetheless felt that Maliyamungu and Gowon were harbingers of misfortune and nicknamed them ''bisirani'', or "bad omen". The leading Ugandan commander at Lukaya, [[Godwin Sule]], realised the generals were not having a positive effect and asked them to leave the front.{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=125}}
With Masaka under Tanzanian control, Kampala was threatened, prompting President Amin to order a counter-offensive.<ref name="Musuya">{{cite web |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/The-Tanzanian-general---who-ruled-Uganda-for-three-days/688342-2314328-nlq1q7z/index.html |title=Musuya: The Tanzanian general who ruled Uganda for three days |author1=Ben Musuya |author2=Henry Lubega |work=Daily Monitor |date=3 May 2014 |accessdate=18 December 2018 }}</ref> It was planned that the Ugandans and allied [[Libya]]n forces would first retake [[Lukaya, Uganda|Lukaya]], and then attack Masaka with the ultimate aim of expelling the TPDF from Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=90}} Maliyamungu was one of the commanders entrusted with leading this operation,<ref name="Musuya"/>{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=125}} and prepared the troops under his command well according to Tanzanian Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya.<ref name="Musuya"/> The Ugandan offensive began on 10 March 1979, starting the [[Battle of Lukaya]]. Widely differing assessments of Maliyamungu's conduct during this battle exist.<ref name="Musuya"/><ref name="betrayed"/> Whereas Msuya praised him for smartly executing the initial Ugandan attack which resulted in the rout of the Tanzanian 201st Brigade and capture of Lukaya,<ref name="Musuya"/> Idi Amin's son Jaffar Rembo Amin later claimed that Maliyamungu had been bribed by the Tanzanians to lose the battle, and also accused him of cowardice by placing his command position miles from the frontlines.<ref name="betrayed"/> The battle turned against the Ugandans on 11 March, as the TPDF launched a successful counter-attack. In an attempt to strengthen morale, Maliyamungu and Major General [[Yusuf Gowan]] joined their troops on the front line at Lukaya. For unknown reasons, the positions the two men took were frequently subject to sudden, intense rocket fire. Ugandan junior officers tried to convince their men that the Tanzanians were probably aware of the generals' presence and were targeting them with precise bombardments. The Ugandan troops nonetheless felt that Maliyamungu and Gowon were harbingers of misfortune and nicknamed them ''bisirani'', or "bad omen". The leading Ugandan commander at Lukaya, [[Godwin Sule]], realised the generals were not having a positive effect and asked them to leave the front.{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=125}}


When Amin's regime finally collapsed and [[Fall of Kampala|Kampala fell to the Tanzanians]], Maliyamungu fled across the border to Zaire. He took a substantial amount of his wealth with him, and intended to become a businessman.{{sfn|Africana|1981|p=B-352}} He later moved to [[Sudan]] where he died of poisoning in February 1984.<ref>{{cite news| title = Idi Amin Aide Dies| newspaper = Sub-Saharan Africa Report| page = 81| issue = 28-34| date = 1984| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcEAQAAIAAJ&q=}}</ref>
When Amin's regime finally collapsed and [[Fall of Kampala|Kampala fell to the Tanzanians]], Maliyamungu fled across the border to Zaire.{{sfn|Africana|1981|p=B-352}}<ref name="silent">{{cite web |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2015/08/10/powerful-voices-of-the-1970s-and-1980s-long-gone-or-silent.html |title=Powerful voices of the 1970s and 1980s long gone or silent: |author= |work=Eagle Online |date=10 August 2015 |accessdate=11 May 2019 }}</ref> He took a substantial amount of his wealth with him, and intended to become a businessman.{{sfn|Africana|1981|p=B-352}} It was subsequently rumoured that Maliyamungu became involved in the pro-Amin rebellion in the [[West Nile sub-region]] during the [[Ugandan Bush War]].{{sfn|Kutesa|2006|p=238}} He later moved to [[Sudan]] where he died of poisoning in February 1984.<ref>{{cite news| title = Idi Amin Aide Dies| newspaper = Sub-Saharan Africa Report| page = 81| issue = 28-34| date = 1984| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcEAQAAIAAJ&q=}}</ref>{{efn|Another source has stated that he died in Zaire in the 1980s.<ref name="silent"/> }}


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
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| ref = {{harvid|State Department|2005}}
| ref = {{harvid|State Department|2005}}
}}
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kutesa
|first = Pecos
|title= Uganda's Revolution, 1979-1986: How I Saw it
|url= https://books.google.de/books?id=Gq9yAAAAMAAJ&q
|date= 2006
|publisher= Fountain Publishers
|location=
|isbn= 978-9970025640
|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Legum| editor-first = Colin| title = Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents : 1974–1975| publisher = Africana Publishing Company| volume = 7| date = 1975| location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QNDiAAAAMAAJ&q=| ref = harv}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Legum| editor-first = Colin| title = Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents : 1974–1975| publisher = Africana Publishing Company| volume = 7| date = 1975| location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QNDiAAAAMAAJ&q=| ref = harv}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Legum| editor-first = Colin| title = Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents| publisher = Africana Publishing Company| volume = 10| date = 1979| location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u7PiAAAAMAAJ&q=| isbn = 9780841901599| ref = harv}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Legum| editor-first = Colin| title = Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents| publisher = Africana Publishing Company| volume = 10| date = 1979| location = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u7PiAAAAMAAJ&q=| isbn = 9780841901599| ref = harv}}

Revision as of 10:25, 11 May 2019

Isaac Maliyamungu
Isaac Maliyamungu inspecting captured Tanzanian vehicles, 1978
General Staff Officer I Grade responsible for training and operations
In office
1970s–1979
PresidentIdi Amin
Personal details
BornZaire
DiedFebruary 1984
Sudan
RelationsIdi Amin
Military service
Allegiance Uganda
Branch/serviceUganda Army (UA)
Years of service1967 – 1979
RankBrigadier
CommandsVIP Protection Unit
Second Infantry Battalion
Simba Battalion[1]
Eagle Colonel Qaddafi Battalion
Battles/wars

Isaac Maliyamungu,[a] (died February 1984) also known as Isaac Lugonzo,[6] was a military officer of the Uganda Army (UA) who served as one of President Idi Amin's most important officials and supporters during the Ugandan military dictatorship of 1971–79. Born in Zaire, Maliyamungu was one of the members of the 1971 coup that brought Amin to power, and was thereafter responsible for brutally suppressing dissidents throughout the country. Rising in the ranks, Maliyamungu amassed great power and earned a feared reputation. He was responsible for the mass murder of civilians and soldiers suspected of being disloyal to Amin.

As the Ugandan military dictatorship weakened and Amin's support eroded among the country's masses and elite, Maliyamungu was one of his few remaining trusted confidants. After the Uganda–Tanzania War's outbreak in 1978, Maliyamungu held important military commands, but had little success in combat against the Tanzania People's Defence Force. When the Tanzanians and their Ugandan rebel allies overthrew Amin's government in 1979, Maliyamungu fled to Zaire, where he intended to become a businessman. He died of poisoning in Sudan in 1984.

Biography

Early life and 1971 coup d'état

Photo of Milton Obote in 1960
President Milton Obote in 1960

Born in Zaire, Maliyamungu was a Christian of Kakwa ethnicity[7][8] and a cousin[9] or nephew of Idi Amin.[10] At some point, he migrated to Uganda, and got a job as gatekeeper at the Nyanza textile factory in Jinja.[3][11]

He joined the Uganda Army (UA) in 1967.[12] By 1971, Maliyamungu was a corporal[13] and served as pay clerk for the Uganda Air Force at Entebbe.[14] That year he learned of President Milton Obote's intentions to arrest Amin, who was a leading commander in the army; Maliyamungu warned Amin.[15] He played a crucial role[12] in Amin's subsequent coup against Obote, and it was later claimed that he had rammed an armoured personnel carrier into an important armoury in the capital Kampala during the coup, ensuring that the putschists had access to ample weaponry. Another putschist, Moses Galla, has disputed this story, and stated that he had been the driver of the APC.[14] Maliyamungu's main task during the coup was to secure Entebbe airport. This he successfully did by driving a tank from the Malire Barracks to Entebbe,[12] and shooting at the airport entrance, killing two priests by chance. His takeover of Entebbe impressed Amin, and Maliyamungu consequently won the favor of Uganda's new dictator.[11][16]

After the successful coup, Maliyamungu was one of the officers who were entrusted with defeating the remaining militant Obote loyalists and purging the Uganda Army of anti-Amin elements.[17][16][18] For this purpose, he was granted "unlimited powers to execute anyone in the army", including superior officers.[3] Alongside Colonel Ali, Colonel Musa, and Major Malera, Maliyamungu succeeded in defeating the armed resistance to the new regime, and proceeded to murder hundreds of political opponents.[17] He later boasted of "single-handedly mastermind[ing]" the mass murder of civilians suspected of being opposed to Amin.[19]

Official under Idi Amin

Maliyamungu quickly became Amin's "right-hand man",[20] and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was appointed member of the Defence Council,[21] General Staff Officer I Grade responsible for training and operations[13] (de facto army chief of staff),[12] and commander of the Ordnance Depot at Magamaga.[21] In 1972 he served as acting commander of the Second Infantry Battalion based in Masaka.[22] In 1974 he was transferred in quick succession from head of the Ordnance Depot to commander of the Eagle Colonel Qaddafi Battalion in Jinja to commander of a mechanised regiment.[23] Most importantly, he headed the VIP Protection Unit (Amin's bodyguards and enforcers)[24] and played a major role in the State Research Bureau, Uganda's intelligence agency.[b] Along with Major General Mustafa Adrisi, he was believed to effectively control the entire Ugandan armed forces,[27] and was regarded as the Ugandan President's "power base".[5] Knowing that his power derived from his influence over the soldiers, Maliyamungu reportedly turned down offers of cabinet posts to stay in the barracks. He was generally respected and feared among the common soldiers,[5] and held the power to beat or execute those who disappointed him[28] or were suspected of being disloyal to the Amin regime.[18] By 1977, he claimed to be the de facto heir of Amin due to his loyalty to the regime and reliability in carrying out the President's orders.[5]

Over time, Amin's brutal regime was increasingly destabilized by internal divisions and economic problems despite great repression by state authorities.[29] One of Amin's policies that drew opposition even among his original followers was the great power he gave to Kakwa and Nubians, while leaving officials of other ethnicies underrepresented. As result, a group of officers led by Brigadier Charles Arube attempted to overthrow Amin and kill his Nubian/Kakwa followers, including Maliyamungu. In the end, Arube's plot failed.[30] Maliyamungu was also regarded as "prime target" for assassination by Ugandan exiles, as he controlled much of the Uganda Army's tank forces.[31] By 1978, Maliyamungu was one of the few remaining people who were regarded as trusted and loyal followers of Amin.[32]

Involvement in state repression

Maliyamungu was known as Idi Amin's "hit man"[33] and "principal hangman".[34] The forces under his command used extreme methods in suppressing suspected dissidents.[35][21][36][4] He was reportedly feared by his colleagues on the Defence Council due to his brutality,[21] and by the rest of the army due to his great powers and close connection with President Amin.[3] Maliyamungu preferred to execute his victims by disemboweling them and driving military trucks[11][37] or tanks over them.[18][38]

Statues of martyrs at Westminster Abbey with Janani Luwum on the right
Maliyamungu was probably responsible for the murder of Janani Luwum (right statue, Westminster Abbey).

Maliyamungu was linked to the deaths of several prominent Ugandans during the rule of Amin. In 1972, he was responsible for the execution of Francis Walugembe, the popular former Mayor of Masaka.[39][11] Maliyamungu first cut off Walugembe's genitals, then paraded him through Masaka's streets,[11] and finally "cut [him] into pieces in the [town's] market in full public view".[39] He also chaired the show trial of Janani Luwum, Archbishop of the Church of Uganda, and other religious leaders in 1977. Luwum as well as his colleagues were murdered shortly after the trial.[3] According to Mustafa Adrisi (Vice President of Uganda at the time)[40] and a Human rights commission, Maliyamungu was directly responsible for their deaths.[12] Intelligence reports also implicate him in the killing of Kung'u Karumba, a friend of Prime Minister of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta and a prominent Kenyan nationalist. Maliyamungu's wife was reportedly indebted to Karumba, and the latter was murdered during a disagreement over the debts in June 1974.[41]

In 1977, President Amin, Vice President Adrisi, and Maliyamungu decided to order a purge of Langi and Acholi in northern Uganda. Thousands belonging to these ethnic groups, primarily men, were subsequently murdered.[42] Despite the widespread and brutal suppression of all dissidents, the power of the Amin regime increasingly detoriated in the late 1970s, as political and economic instability grew in Uganda. In response to these developments, Maliyamungu (by then promoted to brigadier) declared in a 1978 speech to 10,000 civilians that he would use tanks and bulldozers to destroy any area that was opposed to the government, proving to everyone that the regime "is hotter than a heated iron bar and not afraid to act".[33]

Corruption

Like many other high-ranking officials under Amin, Maliyamungu used his power to enrich himself. When Amin ordered the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, Maliyamungu was placed on a committee to oversee the distribution of their wealth, taking much for himself.[43][44] He was also involved in coffee smuggling,[28][11] shipping large amounts of coffee with boats from Uganda across Lake Victoria to Kenya.[11] President Amin ordered his British advisor Bob Astles to clamp down on Maliyamungu's smuggling operations in 1978. The latter responded by kidnapping Astles and torturing him, pulling out his fingernails and branding his face with the Kakwa tribal mark of three parallel scars before releasing him.[45][c]

The Uganda–Tanzania War, exile and death

Map of the Uganda–Tanzania War, including the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania, the Battle of Masaka, and the Battle of Lukaya

Following the Uganda–Tanzania War's outbreak and the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in October 1978, Maliyamungu visited the occupied Kagera Salient region with his girlfriend. He was reportedly shocked upon witnessing how much destruction the Ugandan soldiers had caused. Weeping, he said that this "could not have been the work of the Uganda Army he knew".[47] The war turned against Uganda in November 1978, as the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) launched a large-scale counter-offensive. After retaking Kagera, the Tanzanians advanced into Uganda.[48][d] According to an anonymous Ugandan soldier interviewed by the Drum magazine, Maliyamungu's efforts were vital for the Ugandan war effort after the failed invasion. He reportedly recruited about 10,000 fighters in Sudan, Kibera (Kenya), and Uganda to bolster the dwindling ranks of the Uganda Army. The Ugandan recruits of this new force were mostly forcibly conscripted child soldiers, and their main task was to man roadblocks. Nevertheless, these reinforcements allowed the Uganda Army to keep fighting after heavy losses during the Kagera invasion.[50]

By February 1979, Maliyamungu was in command of the garrison at Masaka, which was one of the most important towns in southern Uganda, and thus became a target of the advancing Tanzanian troops.[2][51] Though thousands strong, the Ugandan forces at Masaka were wrought by indiscipline and internal divisions.[52] With the exception of a number of probes against Tanzanian positions around the town,[2] which Maliyamungu ordered on 23 February, the defense of Masaka was ineffective. The TPDF managed to occupy it almost without resistance on 24 February, while the Ugandans fled north.[53][52] Maliyamungu got lost in the bush for more than a week following the battle at Masaka.[54]

With Masaka under Tanzanian control, Kampala was threatened, prompting President Amin to order a counter-offensive.[55] It was planned that the Ugandans and allied Libyan forces would first retake Lukaya, and then attack Masaka with the ultimate aim of expelling the TPDF from Uganda.[56] Maliyamungu was one of the commanders entrusted with leading this operation,[55][57] and prepared the troops under his command well according to Tanzanian Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya.[55] The Ugandan offensive began on 10 March 1979, starting the Battle of Lukaya. Widely differing assessments of Maliyamungu's conduct during this battle exist.[55][7] Whereas Msuya praised him for smartly executing the initial Ugandan attack which resulted in the rout of the Tanzanian 201st Brigade and capture of Lukaya,[55] Idi Amin's son Jaffar Rembo Amin later claimed that Maliyamungu had been bribed by the Tanzanians to lose the battle, and also accused him of cowardice by placing his command position miles from the frontlines.[7] The battle turned against the Ugandans on 11 March, as the TPDF launched a successful counter-attack. In an attempt to strengthen morale, Maliyamungu and Major General Yusuf Gowan joined their troops on the front line at Lukaya. For unknown reasons, the positions the two men took were frequently subject to sudden, intense rocket fire. Ugandan junior officers tried to convince their men that the Tanzanians were probably aware of the generals' presence and were targeting them with precise bombardments. The Ugandan troops nonetheless felt that Maliyamungu and Gowon were harbingers of misfortune and nicknamed them bisirani, or "bad omen". The leading Ugandan commander at Lukaya, Godwin Sule, realised the generals were not having a positive effect and asked them to leave the front.[57]

When Amin's regime finally collapsed and Kampala fell to the Tanzanians, Maliyamungu fled across the border to Zaire.[58][59] He took a substantial amount of his wealth with him, and intended to become a businessman.[58] It was subsequently rumoured that Maliyamungu became involved in the pro-Amin rebellion in the West Nile sub-region during the Ugandan Bush War.[60] He later moved to Sudan where he died of poisoning in February 1984.[61][e]

Personal life

Maliyamungu was multilingual, and could speak Kakwa, Kiswahili, English, Lusoga, Luganda, Runyoro, Luo, as well as other languages.[62][63] The Drum magazine described him as ruthless, courageous, and highly ambitious,[5] while others have regarded him as "possibly psychotic" due to his brutality.[20] Even Idi Amin once reportedly remarked that he feared that Maliyamungu had lost his mind.[18][38]

He was married,[41] and had a son named Samson.[64]

Legacy

Maliyamungu was one of the most well known and infamous members of the Amin regime.[16][20][65][66] As result of his reputation, Maliyamungu's name was even used as nickname for another infamous soldier, namely Musa Jammeh, a member of the Gambia's presidential guard under Yahya Jammeh.[67]

Maliyamungu was portrayed by Ka Vundla in the 1981 biographical film Rise and Fall of Idi Amin.[68]

Notes

  1. ^ His surname has also been spelled Malyamungu[2][3] or Maiyamungu.[4] "Maliyamungu" can be translated as "God's property".[5]
  2. ^ According to Somali statesman Hussein Ali Duale, Maliyamungu was the chief of the State Research Bureau,[25] though other sources report that Farouk Minaawa led the intelligence agency during Amin's rule.[26]
  3. ^ Indian diplomat Madanjeet Singh speculated that the whole incident was part of a plot by Amin to get rid of Astles by provoking Maliyamungu.[46]
  4. ^ Radio Tanzania falsely claimed at the time that Amin had dismissed Maliyamungu and put him under house arrest.[49]
  5. ^ Another source has stated that he died in Zaire in the 1980s.[59]

References

Citations

  1. ^ State Department 2005, SUBJECT: ARMY PROMOTIONS.
  2. ^ a b c Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015, p. 30.
  3. ^ a b c d e Michael Mubangizi (16 February 2006). "Not even an archbishop was spared". The Weekly Observer. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  4. ^ a b "In Uganda, Dead, Dead, Dead, Dead". The New York Times. 12 September 1977. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e Seftel 2010, p. 195.
  6. ^ Legum 1979, p. B-445.
  7. ^ a b c Jaffar Rembo Amin (14 April 2013). "How Amin's commander betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  8. ^ State Department 2005, SUBJECT: AMIN PROMOTES ARMY OFFICERS; "ISRAELI SPY" ARRESTED.
  9. ^ Lindemann 2014, p. 110.
  10. ^ Smith 1980, p. 176.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Singh 2012, p. 113.
  12. ^ a b c d e Watuwa Timbiti (12 February 2015). "Luwum murder: What witnesses said". New Vision. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  13. ^ a b Rwehururu 2002, p. 50.
  14. ^ a b Faustin Mugabe (5 March 2016). "I knocked the armoury door to begin 1971 coup". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  15. ^ Calamai, Peter (30 July 1976). "After Amin : Six officers lurk in wings if leader topples in Uganda". The Gazette. p. 19.
  16. ^ a b c Kyemba 1977, p. 49.
  17. ^ a b Ravenhill 1974, p. 241.
  18. ^ a b c d ""Ich hörte die Schreie"" ["I am hearing the screams"]. Spiegel (in German). 12 September 1977. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  19. ^ Fredrick M. Masiga (8 May 2011). "Bare Knuckles: History; Of bad leaders who have poor advisers". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  20. ^ a b c Reid 2017, p. 63.
  21. ^ a b c d Hutchins Center 1975, p. 10.
  22. ^ Mugabe, Faustin (20 November 2017). "Somalia's Siad Barre saves Amin from Tanzanians". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  23. ^ Legum 1975, p. B-308.
  24. ^ Munnion 1995, p. 268.
  25. ^ Dualeh 1994, p. 62.
  26. ^ Mwakikagile 2014, p. 298.
  27. ^ Dualeh 1994, p. 55.
  28. ^ a b Seftel 2010, pp. 195–196.
  29. ^ Southall 1980, p. 637.
  30. ^ Faustin Mugabe (5 July 2015). "Senior officers Arube, Aseni attempt to overthrow Amin – Part I". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  31. ^ State Department 2005, SUBJECT: UGANDA COUP PLANS.
  32. ^ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 50.
  33. ^ a b Southall 1980, p. 638.
  34. ^ Singh 2012, p. 98.
  35. ^ Dualeh 1994, pp. 55, 62.
  36. ^ Munnion 1995, p. 269.
  37. ^ Kyemba 1977, pp. 49–50.
  38. ^ a b Kyemba 1977, p. 50.
  39. ^ a b Hutchins Center 1975, p. 18.
  40. ^ Moses Walubiri; Richard Drasimaku (14 May 2014). "Mustafa Adrisi: Life during and after exile". New Vision. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  41. ^ a b Amos Kareithi (30 September 2018). "Why Uganda's Idi Amin rejected Jomo's free flight offer from Nairobi". Standard. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  42. ^ Smith 1980, p. 186.
  43. ^ Henry Lubega (6 July 2016). "I refused to loot Asians property". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  44. ^ Timothy Kalyegira (26 August 2012). "Byanyima's view of Amin: Time to settle the question". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  45. ^ Singh 2012, pp. 112–113.
  46. ^ Singh 2012, p. 112.
  47. ^ "Mystery of mass murder and rape in the Kagera Salient". Daily Monitor. 12 April 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  48. ^ Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015, pp. 25–29.
  49. ^ "Uganda annexes Tanzanian territory after Kagera Bridge victory". Daily Monitor. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  50. ^ Seftel 2010, p. 228.
  51. ^ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 84.
  52. ^ a b Rwehururu 2002, pp. 114–115.
  53. ^ Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015, pp. 30–31.
  54. ^ Seftel 2010, p. 231.
  55. ^ a b c d e Ben Musuya; Henry Lubega (3 May 2014). "Musuya: The Tanzanian general who ruled Uganda for three days". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  56. ^ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 90.
  57. ^ a b Rwehururu 2002, p. 125.
  58. ^ a b Africana 1981, p. B-352.
  59. ^ a b "Powerful voices of the 1970s and 1980s long gone or silent:". Eagle Online. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  60. ^ Kutesa 2006, p. 238.
  61. ^ "Idi Amin Aide Dies". Sub-Saharan Africa Report. No. 28–34. 1984. p. 81.
  62. ^ "Who killed Acholi, Langi soldiers ?". Daily Monitor. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  63. ^ Derrick Kiyonga (14 November 2018). "Justice Kasule's journey from Idi Amin to Museveni". The Observer. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  64. ^ Jaffar Remo Amin (28 April 2013). "Gadaffi's plane picks Amin from Arua". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  65. ^ Avirgan & Honey 1983, p. 119.
  66. ^ James Magode Ikuya (10 December 2009). "Tororo RDC waking up Idi Amin ghosts". The Observer. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  67. ^ "Letter from Africa: I was tortured in The Gambia". BBC. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  68. ^ Vincent Canby (19 March 1982). "AMIN'S RISE AND FALL". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2019.

Works cited

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