Rabbits in Australia: Difference between revisions

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In Australia, rabbits are the most serious mammalian pests, an invasive species, and are responsible for the extinction of about as many native animals as the fox. Annually, European Rabbits cause millions of dollars of damage to agriculture. In their natural environment and in captivity, rabbits are a benign, even useful species. However, when introduced by humans into environments that do not have natural defenses against them, rabbits can cause enormous damage. Perhaps the most well-known example of this is the continent of Australasia.

Effects on Australia's ecology

An erosion gully in South Australia created by rabbits.

The effect on the ecology of Australia was devastating. One eighth of all mammalian species in Australia are now extinct (rabbits are the most significant known factor), and the loss of plant species is unknown even at this time.

Rabbits are also responsible for serious erosion problems as they eat native plants which would have retained soil. Some of this erosion may also be the result of settlers clearing much of Australia's land for farming and housing.

Introduction of rabbits to Australia

Rabbits were first introduced to Australia by the First Fleet in 1788, but the current infestation appears to have originated with the release of 24 wild rabbits by Thomas Austin on his property, Barwon Downs (near Winchelsea, Victoria), in 1859 for hunting purposes. Many other farms released their rabbits into the wild after Austin.

Rabbits are extremely prolific creatures, and as Australia had no natural predators that could keep their population in check, rabbits spread rapidly across the southern parts of the continent. Australia had ideal conditions for a rabbit population explosion. With mild winters, rabbits were able to breed the entire year. With widespread farming, areas that may have been desert, scrub, or woodlands were instead turned into vast areas with low vegetations, creating ideal "rabbitat". Humans were directly responsible for the initial release of the rabbits, and indirectly responsible for modifying the Australian landscape for ideal rabbit survival.

Within ten years of the 1859 introduction, the original 24 rabbits had multiplied so much that two million could be shot or trapped annually without having any noticeable effect on the population.

It was the fastest spread ever recorded of any mammal anywhere in the world. Today rabbits are entrenched in the southern and central areas of the country, with scattered populations in the northern deserts.

Rabbit control measures

Currently, land owners are legally bound to control rabbits in order to reduce their impact on the land and local flora and fauna. In fact, rabbit eradication campaigns have become a popular pastime in the country's rural areas. Control measures generally include killing them, fertility control, or exclusion, but most of these rabbit control measures have had an insignificant impact on the rabbit population.

The Rabbit-proof fence was built in Western Australia, between Cape Kerundun and Esperance to try to control the rabbit population. European rabbits can both jump very high and burrow underground, even assuming a perfectly intact fence stretching for hundreds of miles, and assuming that ranchers or farmers don't leave gates open for livestock or machinery.

Conventional control measures

Shooting rabbits is reasonably common. Poisoning is also often used. Poisoning is probably the most widely-used of the conventional techniques, as it requires the least effort. The disadvantage is that the rabbit cannot be used as food for either humans or pets afterward.

Another technique used occasionally is hunting using ferrets, where nets are placed over burrow exits and the ferrets deployed to chase the rabbits into the nets. This is more a hunting activity than a serious control method.

Historically, trapping was also frequently used; steel-jawed leg-holding traps were banned in most states in the 1980s on animal cruelty grounds, though trapping continues at a lower level using rubber-jawed traps. All of these techniques are limited to working only in settled areas and are quite labor-intensive.

Biological measures

Releasing rabbit-borne diseases has proven somewhat successful in controlling the population of rabbits in Australia. In 1950, Myxomatosis was deliberately released into the rabbit population which caused the rabbit population to drop from an estimated 600 million to around 100 million. Genetic resistance in the remaining rabbits allowed the population to recover to 200-300 million by 1991.

To combat this trend, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) scientists released rabbit calicivirus (also known as Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease or RHD) in 1996. However, it was not as successful as myxomatosis in part because it was estimated to have been fatal to only 65% of infected rabbits, as opposed to 99% for myxomatosis.

The Australian Government refuses to legalise a vaccine to protect pet rabbits against Myxomatosis (a legal vaccine exists in Australia for RHD), and thousands of pet rabbit owners in Australia suffer losses of their pet rabbits each year. There is no cure for either Myxomatosis or RHD, and many affected pets are euthanized.

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@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Rabbits were first introduced to Australia by the [[First Fleet]] in [[1788]], but the current infestation appears to have originated with the release of 24 wild rabbits by [[Thomas Austin]] on his property, Barwon Downs (near Winchelsea, Victoria), in [[1859]] for [[hunting]] purposes. Many other farms released their rabbits into the wild after Austin.
+Rabbits are extremely prolific creatures, and as Australia had no natural predators that could keep their population in check, rabbits spread rapidly across the southern parts of the continent. Australia had ideal conditions for a rabbit population explosion. With mild winters, rabbits were able to breed the entire year. With widespread farming, areas that may have been desert, scrub, or woodlands were instead turned into vast areas with low vegetations, creating ideal "rabbitat". Humans were directly responsible for the initial release of the rabbits, and indirectly responsible for modifying the Australian landscape for ideal rabbit survival.
-The problem of rabbit infestation was documented by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] geographer [[Strabo]], who gave the following account of [[feral]] rabbits introduced in the [[2nd century BC]] into the [[Balearic Islands]] ("Gymnesiae"):
-:"No injurious animal can easily be found in the Gymnesiae. For even the rabbits there, it is said, are not native, but the stock sprang from a male and female brought over by some person from the opposite mainland [of coastal Spain]; and this stock was, for a fact, so numerous at first, that they even overturned houses and trees by burrowing beneath them..." (III.5.2)
+Within ten years of the [[1859]] introduction, the original 24 rabbits had multiplied so much that two million could be shot or trapped annually without having any noticeable effect on the population.
-Rabbits are extremely prolific creatures, and as Australia had no natural predators that could keep their population in check, rabbits spread rapidly across the southern parts of the continent. The rabbits are said to have made a "gray blanket" that covers the continent. Australia had ideal conditions for a rabbit population explosion. With mild winters, rabbits were able to breed the entire year. With widespread farming, areas that may have been desert, scrub, or woodlands were instead turned into vast areas with low vegetations, creating ideal "rabbitat". Humans were directly responsible for the initial release of the rabbits, and indirectly responsible for modifying the Australian landscape for ideal rabbit survival.
+It was the fastest spread ever recorded of any mammal anywhere in the world. Today rabbits are entrenched in the southern and central areas of the country, with scattered populations in the northern deserts.
-Within ten years of the [[1859]] introduction, the original 24 rabbits had multiplied so much that two million could be shot or trapped annually without having any noticeable effect on the population. Rabbits reached the [[New South Wales]] border in [[1870]]. The Premier of [[New South Wales]], Sir [[Henry Parkes]] offered a £25,000 reward to anyone who could come up with a solution to the rabbit infestation.
-By [[1885]] rabbits had entered [[Queensland]], and by [[1900]] the rabbit was firmly established nationwide. It was the fastest spread ever recorded of any mammal anywhere in the world. Today rabbits are entrenched in the southern and central areas of the country, with scattered populations in the northern deserts.
 ==Rabbit control measures==
@@ Line 27: / Line 24: @@
 Currently, land owners are legally bound to control rabbits in order to reduce their impact on the land and local flora and fauna. In fact, rabbit eradication campaigns have become a popular pastime in the country's rural areas. Control measures generally include killing them, fertility control, or exclusion, but most of these rabbit control measures have had an insignificant impact on the rabbit population.
-The [[Rabbit-proof fence]] was built in Western Australia, between Cape Kerundun and Esperance to try to control the rabbit population. This fence was featured in the film ''[[Rabbit-Proof Fence (film)|Rabbit-Proof Fence]]''. Rabbit-proof fence is a bit of an [[oxymoron]]. [[European rabbits]] can both jump very high and burrow underground, even assuming a perfectly intact fence stretching for hundreds of miles, and assuming that ranchers or farmers don't leave gates open for livestock or machinery.
+The [[Rabbit-proof fence]] was built in Western Australia, between Cape Kerundun and Esperance to try to control the rabbit population. [[European rabbits]] can both jump very high and burrow underground, even assuming a perfectly intact fence stretching for hundreds of miles, and assuming that ranchers or farmers don't leave gates open for livestock or machinery.
 ===Conventional control measures===
+Shooting rabbits is reasonably common.
-A number of methods for reducing rabbit numbers have been applied.  Shooting rabbits is reasonably common, and two main techniques are used: either twilight stalking with a [[rifle]] (usually using a [[.22 LR]] cartridge), or flushing them out of their burrows with water and shooting a running rabbit with a [[shotgun]].  Sometimes the technique of [[spotlighting]] is used.
+Poisoning is also often used. Poisoning is probably the most widely-used of the conventional techniques, as it requires the least effort.  The disadvantage is that the rabbit cannot be used as food for either humans or pets afterward.
-Poisoning is also often used, with grain laced with [[1080 (poison)|1080]], or, where risk to other animals is greater, the more rodent-specific [[pindone]].  Poisoning is probably the most widely-used of the conventional techniques, as it requires the least effort.  The disadvantage is that the rabbit cannot be used as food for either humans or pets afterward.
 Another technique used occasionally is hunting using [[ferret]]s, where nets are placed over burrow exits and the ferrets deployed to chase the rabbits into the nets. This is more a hunting activity than a serious control method.