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Some research suggests an expansion Out of Africa of about 50-60,000 years ago (the estimated range in general/overall seems to be about 50-70 kya).
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In the context of the [[recent African origin of modern humans]], the '''Southern Dispersal''' scenario (also the '''coastal migration''' hypothesis) refers to the [[early human migrations|early migration]] along the southern coast of Asia, from the [[Arabian peninsula]] via [[Persian plateau|Persia]] and [[Indian subcontinent|India]] to [[Sundaland|Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]].<ref name="endicott2007">{{Citation | title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |author1=Phillip Endicott |author2=Mait Metspalu |author3=Toomas Kivisild | year=2007 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x05p66517331h166/fulltext.pdf | quote=... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...}}</ref> Alternative names include the "southern coastal route"<ref>Metspalu et al 2006, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/h007402m82331750/ Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens.]</ref> or "rapid coastal settlement".<ref name="macaulay2005" />
In the context of the [[recent African origin of modern humans]], the '''Southern Dispersal''' scenario (also the '''coastal migration''' hypothesis) refers to the [[early human migrations|early migration]] along the southern coast of Asia, from the [[Arabian peninsula]] via [[Persian plateau|Persia]] and [[Indian subcontinent|India]] to [[Sundaland|Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]].<ref name="endicott2007">{{Citation | title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |author1=Phillip Endicott |author2=Mait Metspalu |author3=Toomas Kivisild | year=2007 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x05p66517331h166/fulltext.pdf | quote=... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...}}</ref> Alternative names include the "southern coastal route"<ref>Metspalu et al 2006, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/h007402m82331750/ Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens.]</ref> or "rapid coastal settlement".<ref name="macaulay2005" />


The coastal route theory is primarily used to describe the initial peopling of the Arabian peninsula, India, [[Southeast Asia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], [[Near Oceania]], coastal China, and Japan between roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.<ref name="pope2007">{{Citation | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01797.x |title=Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region |pages=071009214220006–– |author1=Kevin O. Pope |author2=John E. Terrell |date=9 Oct 2007 |issue=1 |volume=35 |newspaper=Journal of Biogeography |quote=... The expansion of modern humans out of Africa, following a coastal route into southern Asia, was initially thwarted by a series of large and abrupt environmental changes. A period of relatively stable climate and sea level from c. 45,000 yr bp to 40,000 yr bp supported a rapid coastal expansion of modern humans throughout much of Southeast Asia, enabling them to reach the coasts of northeast Russia and Japan by 38,000–37,000 yr bp ...}}</ref><ref name="wells2002" />
The coastal route theory is primarily used to describe the initial peopling of the Arabian peninsula, India, [[Southeast Asia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], [[Near Oceania]], coastal China, and Japan between roughly 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.<ref name="pope2007">{{Citation | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01797.x |title=Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region |pages=071009214220006–– |author1=Kevin O. Pope |author2=John E. Terrell |date=9 Oct 2007 |issue=1 |volume=35 |newspaper=Journal of Biogeography |quote=... The expansion of modern humans out of Africa, following a coastal route into southern Asia, was initially thwarted by a series of large and abrupt environmental changes. A period of relatively stable climate and sea level from c. 45,000 yr bp to 40,000 yr bp supported a rapid coastal expansion of modern humans throughout much of Southeast Asia, enabling them to reach the coasts of northeast Russia and Japan by 38,000–37,000 yr bp ...}}</ref><ref name="wells2002" /><ref name=Posth2016>{{harvp|Posth et al.|2016}}.<br/>See also [http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2016/02/mtdna-from-55-hunter-gatherers-across.html ''mtDNA from 55 hunter-gatherers across 35,000 years in Europe''], Dienekes' Anthroplogy Bog.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. | title = A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture
| journal = Genome Research | volume = 25
| issue = 4
| pages = 459–466
| date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518
| doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | volume = 212 | issue = 4 | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 }}</ref>


It is linked with the presence and dispersal of [[mtDNA]] [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] and [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|haplogroup N]], as well as the specific distribution patterns of [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] [[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|haplogroup C]] and [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|haplogroup D]], in these regions.<ref name="macaulay2005">{{Citation | title=Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes; Vol. 308. no. 5724 |author=Vincent Macaulay |date=13 May 2005 |pages=1034–36 |newspaper=Science Magazine |url=http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5724/1034 | quote=... mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years. ...|pmid=15890885 |doi=10.1126/science.1109792 |volume=308 |issue=5724|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=sdispersal>[http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510133600/http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm |date=10 May 2012 }}, by [[Marta Mirazón Lahr|Dr Marta Mirazón Lahr]], et al.</ref><ref name="natgeo2008">{{Citation|title=The Genographic Project: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D (M174) |year=2008 |newspaper=National Geographic |url=https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html |quote=... Haplogroup D may have accompanied another group, the Coastal Clan (haplogroup C) on the first major wave of migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. Taking advantage of the plentiful seaside resources, these intrepid explorers followed the coastline of Africa through the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Alternatively, they may have made the trek at a later time, following in the footsteps of the Coastal Clan ...|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405232839/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html |archivedate=5 April 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>
It is linked with the presence and dispersal of [[mtDNA]] [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] and [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|haplogroup N]], as well as the specific distribution patterns of [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] [[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|haplogroup C]] and [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|haplogroup D]], in these regions.<ref name="macaulay2005">{{Citation | title=Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes; Vol. 308. no. 5724 |author=Vincent Macaulay |date=13 May 2005 |pages=1034–36 |newspaper=Science Magazine |url=http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5724/1034 | quote=... mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years. ...|pmid=15890885 |doi=10.1126/science.1109792 |volume=308 |issue=5724|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=sdispersal>[http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510133600/http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm |date=10 May 2012 }}, by [[Marta Mirazón Lahr|Dr Marta Mirazón Lahr]], et al.</ref><ref name="natgeo2008">{{Citation|title=The Genographic Project: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D (M174) |year=2008 |newspaper=National Geographic |url=https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html |quote=... Haplogroup D may have accompanied another group, the Coastal Clan (haplogroup C) on the first major wave of migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. Taking advantage of the plentiful seaside resources, these intrepid explorers followed the coastline of Africa through the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Alternatively, they may have made the trek at a later time, following in the footsteps of the Coastal Clan ...|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405232839/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html |archivedate=5 April 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Revision as of 14:14, 24 September 2019

For the coastal migration scenario in the Americas, see Coastal migration (Americas).

Representation of the coastal migration model, with the indication of the later development of mitochondrial haplogroups from three population centers in the Near East, India and East Asia.

In the context of the recent African origin of modern humans, the Southern Dispersal scenario (also the coastal migration hypothesis) refers to the early migration along the southern coast of Asia, from the Arabian peninsula via Persia and India to Southeast Asia and Oceania.[1] Alternative names include the "southern coastal route"[2] or "rapid coastal settlement".[3]

The coastal route theory is primarily used to describe the initial peopling of the Arabian peninsula, India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Near Oceania, coastal China, and Japan between roughly 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.[4][5][6][7][8]

It is linked with the presence and dispersal of mtDNA haplogroup M and haplogroup N, as well as the specific distribution patterns of Y-DNA haplogroup C and haplogroup D, in these regions.[3][9][10]

The theory proposes that early modern humans, some of the bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L3, arrived in the Arabian peninsula about 70,000 years ago, crossing from East Africa via the Bab-el-Mandeb straits. It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 individuals in Africa, only a small group, possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people, crossed the Red Sea.[11] The group would have travelled along the coastal route around Arabia and Persia to India relatively rapidly, within a few thousand years. From India, they would have spread to Southeast Asia ("Sundaland") and Oceania ("Sahul").[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Phillip Endicott; Mait Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild (2007), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics (PDF), Springer Netherlands, ISBN 978-1-4020-5561-4, ... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ...
  2. ^ Metspalu et al 2006, Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens.
  3. ^ a b Vincent Macaulay; et al. (13 May 2005), "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes; Vol. 308. no. 5724", Science Magazine, vol. 308, no. 5724, pp. 1034–36, doi:10.1126/science.1109792, PMID 15890885, ... mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years. ...
  4. ^ Kevin O. Pope; John E. Terrell (9 October 2007), "Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region", Journal of Biogeography, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 071009214220006––, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01797.x, ... The expansion of modern humans out of Africa, following a coastal route into southern Asia, was initially thwarted by a series of large and abrupt environmental changes. A period of relatively stable climate and sea level from c. 45,000 yr bp to 40,000 yr bp supported a rapid coastal expansion of modern humans throughout much of Southeast Asia, enabling them to reach the coasts of northeast Russia and Japan by 38,000–37,000 yr bp ...
  5. ^ a b Spencer Wells (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691115320, ... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route via India ...
  6. ^ Posth et al. (2016).
    See also mtDNA from 55 hunter-gatherers across 35,000 years in Europe, Dienekes' Anthroplogy Bog.
  7. ^ Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  8. ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMID 31196864.
  9. ^ Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by Dr Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.
  10. ^ "The Genographic Project: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D (M174)", National Geographic, 2008, archived from the original on 5 April 2008, ... Haplogroup D may have accompanied another group, the Coastal Clan (haplogroup C) on the first major wave of migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. Taking advantage of the plentiful seaside resources, these intrepid explorers followed the coastline of Africa through the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Alternatively, they may have made the trek at a later time, following in the footsteps of the Coastal Clan ... {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Zhivotovsky; Rosenberg, NA; Feldman, MW; et al. (2003). "Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (5): 1171–86. doi:10.1086/375120. PMC 1180270. PMID 12690579.Stix, Gary (2008). "The Migration History of Humans: DNA Study Traces Human Origins Across the Continents". Retrieved 14 June 2011.
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