Falun Gong: Difference between revisions
→Critical sites: Altering date / adding detail. C |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
Criticism and controversy about the Falun Gong began a few years after its introduction in China in 1992 and continues to this day. |
Criticism and controversy about the Falun Gong began a few years after its introduction in China in 1992 and continues to this day. |
||
=== Differences between Falun Gong and other beliefs === |
|||
{{Main article|Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong#Differences between Falun Gong, Buddhism, Qigong and other beliefs}} |
|||
Whether Falun Gong cultivation practice derives legitimacy from the ancient teachings of Buddhism is a matter of some controversy. Supporters say that traditional Chinese teachings called the Fa (Dharma) or “Dharma and principles” form the foundation for their Falun Dafa. In Zhuan Falun, Li states “the Falun Dafa is one of 84,000 cultivation ways in the Buddha’s School, which has never been made public during the historical period of this human civilization.” However, as reported by Benjamin Penny (2005), Falun Gong’s earliest critics stated that by dramatically changing the meanings of traditional Buddhist terms, Li misrepresents the basic tenets of Buddhism and should not claim to be part of that tradition. |
|||
=== Li as a savior or supernatural entity === |
|||
{{Main article|Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong#Li as a savior or supernatural entity}} |
|||
Li has never directly said he is God, but some critics say that he assumes the role of a divinity by virtue of his claimed supernatural powers (Chang, 2004). In addition to claiming to be the exclusive savior of mankind during this "Dharma ending period," Li promises his disciples that they themselves will become gods some day. He has numerous ''fashen'' (law bodies) which, it is claimed, can also exercise "great supernatural power," cure illnesses and know what the practitioners are thinking at all times. |
|||
=== Fa-rectification: Li's version of the apocalypse? === |
|||
{{Main article|Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong#Fa-rectification: Li’s version of the apocalypse?}} |
|||
Whether Li’s teaching that his Dafa (great law) is judging all sentient beings amounts to an apocalyptic prediction is a matter of some debate. Practitioners strongly reject the apocalyptic label, while commentators generally come to an opposite conclusion. Maria Chang (2004) writes: |
|||
"Just as human civilizations had been destroyed in the past because of immorality, Li is convinced that the moral decadence of our times is leading to another apocalypse. His writings and speeches are replete with references to the 'Dharma-ending period' of 'the apocalypse,' the 'Great Havoc,' and the 'end times' (''mojie''). With the end days approaching, Li has set about disseminating Falun Dafa so as 'to provide salvation to mankind ... in this final period of the Last Havoc.'" |
|||
=== Debatable significance of Falun Gong awards and recognitions === |
|||
{{Main article|Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong#Debatable significance of Falun Gong awards and recognitions}} |
|||
There is some controversy about how meaningful Falun Gong’s many municipal awards and recognitions are and how they are used to promote the Falun Gong. |
|||
Patsy Rahn (2000), states they “are documents routinely obtained by groups from public officials in the US for public relations purposes” and may be used to mislead people in China into believing “that the American government supports Master Li and his Falun Gong practitioners.”<ref>Rahn, Patsy (2000) "[http://www.icsahome.com/infoserv_articles/rahn_patsy_falungongbeyondtheheadlines_abs.htm The Falun Gong: Beyond the Headlines]", ''Cultic Studies Journal'', volume 17 pages 168-188</ref> Noah Porter (2003) argues that these awards are not always easy to get, citing one example from Tampa, Florida.<ref>Porter, Noah (2003) [http://www.lib.usf.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06122003-113105/unrestric |
|||
ted/FalunGongInTheUS-NoahPorter-Thesis.pdf "Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study"], (Dissertation.com) paperback ISBN 1-58112-190-3</ref> <!-- Does Porter's report really say that? Where? It's a long document, but I haven't found such a thing in it yet. --> |
|||
=== Falun Gong and sexual orientation === |
|||
{{Main article|Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong#Falun Gong and homosexuality}} |
|||
Li has made statements condemning [[homosexuality]], suggesting a homosexual has a "dark heart, turning demonic."<ref>Hongzhi, Li ([[July 7]], [[1998]]) "The World's Ten Evils" [http://falundafa.org/book/eng/HongYinVB.htm#_Toc110877614 Hong Yin (English Translation Version B)] retrieved [[June 12]], [[2006]]</ref> However, homosexuals can practice Falun Gong if they "correct this bad behavior".<ref>Hongzhi, Li ([[May 30]] - [[May 31]], [[1998]]) [http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/europe1998a.htm "Falun Buddha Fa:Teaching the Fa at the Conference in Europe"], retrieved [[June 12]], [[2006]]</ref> The teachings of Falun Gong are seen as [[homophobia|homophobic]] by critics, while defenders of the Falun Gong dispute whether statements made by Falun Gong's founder are fairly interpreted. |
|||
==Ethics== |
==Ethics== |
||
| Line 159: | Line 131: | ||
=== Critical sites === |
=== Critical sites === |
||
* [http://news3.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-07/20/content_4861011_3.htm] [http://news3.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-07/26/content_4880703_2.htm] Excerpts of a series of Chinese Communist Party's responses to Falun Gong (translated into English) (Originally broadcast July 1999 as 'Li Hongzhi's "religious texts" review' (李洪志“经文”点评), republished in Xinhua News in July 2006 under the same title). |
|||
* [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2006-06/21/content_622116.htm Falun Gong disrupts social harmony and stability] China Daily, Hong Kong edition. |
|||
* [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2006-04/13/content_566530.htm Falun Gong lies slammed by hospital] China Daily. Health officials' response to Falun Gong allegations about organ harvesting. |
|||
* [http://exposingthefalungong.org/ The True Nature of the Falun Gong] by Samuel Luo, a Falun Gong critic. |
* [http://exposingthefalungong.org/ The True Nature of the Falun Gong] by Samuel Luo, a Falun Gong critic. |
||
*[http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/religion/2tales.doc The Two Tales of Falun Gong: Radicalism in a traditional form], a DOC file |
*[http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/religion/2tales.doc The Two Tales of Falun Gong: Radicalism in a traditional form], a DOC file |
||
Revision as of 16:47, 20 December 2006
 | The neutrality of this article is disputed. |
Falun Gong, (simplified Chinese: 法轮功; traditional Chinese: 法輪功; pinyin: Fǎlún Gōng; literally "Practice of the Wheel of Law") also known as Falun Dafa, (simplified Chinese: 法轮大法; traditional Chinese: 法輪大法; pinyin: Fǎlún dàfǎ; lit. "Great Law of the Wheel of Law") is a system of "mind and body cultivation" introduced by Li Hongzhi (whose surname is Li) to the public in 1992. Falun Gong refers to five sets of meditation exercises (four standing, and one sitting meditation), and Falun Dafa refers to a set of religious teachings. Li claims to provide salvation for mankind[1] and his Dafa (great law) is judging all beings in a process called Fa-rectification.[2]
Falun Gong has been the focus of international controversy since July 20, 1999, when the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) began a suppression of the movement nationwide, except in the special administrative region of Hong Kong. The PRC government claims to have banned the group for what it considers to be illegal activities.[3] The Falun Gong claims that the ban was the result of personal jealousy of the group’s popularity on the part of Jiang Zemin, a former President of the People's Republic of China.[4] The suppression of Falun Gong is considered a human rights violation by a number of (mostly western) human rights groups and politicians[5].
The exact number of Falun Gong practitioners is not known. A figure of 70 million practitioners was quoted in a New York Times article published April 27, 1999. According to the article, this figure was the estimate of PRC government.[6] However according to a statement posted on November 1, 1999 the membership estimated by Beijing was 2.1 million.[7] A main Falun Gong website states a figure of 100 million practitioners worldwide, including 70 million in mainland China.[4]
Origins
Falun Gong (Falun Dafa) was introduced to the public by Li Hongzhi on May 13, 1992 in Changchun, Jilin. According to Li, Falun Gong is an advanced "cultivation system" in the "Buddha School" which, in the past, was handed down to chosen disciples and served as an intensive "cultivation method" that required practitioners with extremely high “Xinxing” (mind-nature; heart-nature; character) or “great inborn quality.” Li taught the practice for three years and since then Falun Gong has also been promoted by practitioners themselves voluntarily. Falun Gong quickly grew in popularity in China, and starting in 1996 Li has introduced the practice to other countries.
At the beginning, Li introduced himself to the public as a Qigong master. In A Short Biography of Mr. Li Hongzhi, which appeared as an appendix in the Chinese version of his book, Zhuan Falun, before 1996, it was claimed that Li was guided by more than 20 masters of both the Buddhist and Taoist cultivation ways since the age of four. Li’s first teacher reportedly introduced him to the cultivation of truth, compassion and forbearance (真 zhen, 善 shan, 忍 ren). At age of eight, he was reported to have acquired supernatural powers. It was claimed that he could levitate off the ground and become invisible simply by thinking "Nobody can see me.” Two other claims of supernatural powers were his ability to control people’s movements by thoughts and to move himself anywhere he wanted by thought alone. The biography also claimed Li has discovered the truth of the universe and the origin of humankind and has foreseen the development and future of the humankind.[8]
In Li Hongzhi’s Canadian lectures held on May 23, 1999 in Toronto, a question was asked to Mr. Li: "I want to recommend to a newspaper that they publish the Master’s biography. Is this appropriate?" and he answered:
No. I don’t want to speak about my own situation. Nobody should. Because everybody wanted to find out about me there was a very, very simple biography in Zhuan Falun. Now I had asked them to take it out. What I tell you about is the Law (Dharma), everyone should study this Law. Have no interest in my circumstances! Just study the Law and that will lead you to consummation.
Interviewed by Time magazine in May 1999, Li Hongzhi was asked to name his teachers. In response Li stated, "I do not wish to have their names known. I had masters in two schools."[9]
History and timeline
Falun Gong was introduced to the public by Li Hongzhi on May 13, 1992, in Changchun, Jilin. Invited by Qigong organizations from each area, Mr. Li traveled to almost all major cities in China from 1992 to 1994 to teach the practice. From 1995 to 1999, Mr. Li Hongzhi introduced the practice to other countries. Since then, Falun Gong has been voluntarily promoted by practitioners themselves.
Beliefs and teachings
The foundation of Falun Dafa are teachings known in traditional Chinese culture as the "Fa" (Dharma), or "Dharma and principles" – that are set forth in the book Zhuan Falun. Falun Gong students are taught that their Fa or "Buddha Law" can be summarized in three words – Zhen 真, Shan 善 and Ren 忍, which translate approximately as 'truthfulness, benevolence (or compassion), and forbearance'. The process of cultivation is said to be one in which the practitioner assimilates himself or herself to Zhen, Shan and Ren.
The teachings and principles of Falun Gong are captured in two main books written by Li Hongzhi: Falun Gong (Law Wheel Qi Gong) and Zhuan Falun (Turning the Law Wheel). Falun Gong is an introductory book that discusses qigong, introduces the principles and provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises. Zhuan Falun is the core text of Falun Dafa practice.[10]
Research into health benefits
Research conducted into the health benefits of Falun Dafa include work by Quan-Zhen Li (Ph.D, M.D), Richard J. Johnson(M.D.), Ping Li (Ph.D) et al. Their paper titled Genomic Profiling of Neutrophil Transcripts in Asian Qigong Practitioners: A Pilot Study in Gene Regulation by Mind–Body Interaction reports the result of studies conducted on Neutrophils/polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of Falun Gong practitioners. The study reports that among the 6 practitioners on whom the genomic profiling was done, in comparison to the control group, about 200 genes were found consistently up-regulated or down-regulated.
The study states:
"We here report the cellular and molecular changes in Falun Gong practitioners' PMNs that may attribute to enhanced immunity, alteration of apoptotic properties in favor of a rapid resolution of inflammation, as well as PMNs longevity based upon a much more economical balance of protein synthesis and degradation."
"Drastic system-level changes of gene expression were detected in PMNs of Falun Gong practitioners, while little changes were detected among non-practitioners, despite the differences in age and gender. Most interestingly, the genes that are regulated in a consensus fashion among the practitioners can be grouped into several functional clusters, which are directly linked to PMN functions in anti-viral immunity, apoptotic property and possibly longevity based upon a much more economical balance of protein synthesis and degradation."
The Falun Dafa Australia website lists three surveys conducted in China in 1998, all of which suggest significant improvement in health levels. While the latter two provide no information related to who performed the surveys, the first lists a team of eleven researchers assembled from various institutes, hospitals, and universities. This survey was conducted on over ten thousand Falun Gong adherents in Beijing. The results suggest that among the participants Falun Gong’s disease healing rate was 99.1% with a cure rate of 58.5%. The rate of improvement in physical health was 80.3%, while 96.5% in mental health. The results of this survey indicate that Falun Gong has a significant effect in disease healing and improving health.[11]
References
- Quan-Zhen Li, Gabriela E. Garcia, Ping Li, Richard J. Johnson, Tongwen Wang and Lili Feng. An ancient cultivation practice Falun Gong improves neutrophil functions and causes system-level gene regulation. Proceedings of the WSEAS International Conferences, Miami, 2004; 12th International Conference On Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins, Meeting abstract, THP082, page 141.[12]
- Dan L, Pu RY, Li FJ, Li NY, Wang Q, Lu Y, Li CX, Liu ZL, Feng SQ, Lin CT, Liu X. Falun Gong health effects survey: Ten thousand cases in Beijing. 1998.
Criticism and controversies
Criticism and controversy about the Falun Gong began a few years after its introduction in China in 1992 and continues to this day.
Ethics
Falun Gong lays emphasis on its interpretation of good moral nature. Practitioners are required to emphasize virtue (de), be a good person in all environments, and always think of others before doing things.
According to Li Hongzhi, the sole criterion that distinguishes good from bad is the unchanging characteristic of the universe: Zhen-Shan-Ren (Truthfulness, Benevolence and Forbearance). In Zhuan Falun, Li states:
“As a practitioner, one must follow this characteristic of the universe to conduct himself instead of the standard of ordinary people…. As a human being, if you can follow this universe’s characteristic of Zhen-Shan-Ren, you are a good person.”[13]
In a speech in Los Angeles (2006), Li Hongzhi spoke for the first time about what he sees as a big problem—cultivators not accepting criticism well. He also suggested that practitioners may be too focused on making judgments about others:
"As cultivators, think about it—I've talked about this in Zhuan Falun and in my earlier teachings on Fa—I have said, "Don't hit back when hit, don't talk back when insulted." When others mistreat you, you should respond with just a smile and let that be the end of it. And when others are embroiled in conflict and you are just an onlooker, you should think about it, "How can I do better? If I were in that position, would I be able to control my xinxing and face the criticism and disapproval like a cultivator?" Cultivation is about looking inside yourself. Whether you are right or wrong, you should examine yourself. Cultivation is about getting rid of human attachments. If you always reject reproaches and criticism, always point your fingers at others, and always refute others' disapproval and criticism, is that cultivating? How is that cultivating? You have grown used to focusing on other people's shortcomings, and never take examining your own self seriously. When others' cultivation one day meets with success, what about you? Isn't Master hoping that you are cultivating well? Why won't you accept criticism, and why do you keep focusing on other people? Why not cultivate inward and examine your own self? Why do you get agitated when you are criticized? How many of you seated here can keep at ease when someone points at you out of the blue and berates you? How many of you can stay unruffled and search for the reason on your part when faced with others' criticism and chiding?"[14]
Falun Gong also believes in the act of retribution, and that all good and evil deeds will be paid in return in the due time. Because of this, Falun Gong practitioners see the PRC government crackdown as an act of "evil", and some pro-Falun Gong groups have reported claims of a number of people dying or suffering spontaneously after their alleged involvement in the crackdown of Falun Gong.[citation needed]
Suppression of Falun Gong
In July 1999, the PRC government declared the practice of Falun Gong illegal in mainland China. Several weeks earlier, for 12 hours on April 25, about 10,000 people gathered at the Central Appeal Office at Foyou street,[15] outside Zhongnanhai, the headquarters of the PRC government, and lined up along a 2 km stretch. The practitioners dispersed peacefully after they received word that Zhu Rongji, the Premier of the People's Republic of China, had agreed to their requests. Nevertheless, it was widely reported by the Chinese media that the organizing of a protest in the heart of the Communist Party of China by Falun Gong practitioners alarmed many senior leaders, particularly Jiang Zemin.[15]
There has been international response to the suppression. According to the Falun Gong's Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net site, there are, as of June 3, 2006, 2,898 reported cases of Falun Gong practitioners dying in police and government custody in China. It has also been reported that Falun Gong practioners held in concentration camps, have been killed for their organs, bones, and tissues, which are sold and transplanted at enormous profitCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). giving rise to allegations of torture and police brutality.[16][17] The report also alleges that hundreds of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained, with more than 100,000 sentenced to forced-labor camps.
Theoretical and epistemological Studies
The content of Li Hongzhi's books include commentaries on questions that have been raised in China's qigong community. Falun Gong's teachings tap into a wide array of phenomena and cultural heritage that has been debated for ages. It is noteworthy that the definitions of a number of terms used in the Falun Gong context differ somewhat from the definitions traditionally used in Buddhist and Daoist belief systems.
Falun Gong outside mainland China
The suppression of Falun Gong practitioners has been regarded by most western governments as a major international human rights issue. As of December 2005, sixty-one lawsuits have been filed[citation needed] in about thirty countries charging Jiang and several other senior officials with genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity for their roles in the treatment of Falun Gong in mainland China.[18] The PRC government is accused by Falun Gong and many human rights groups of violating the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT), also ratified by the People's Republic of China.
References
- ^ http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/north_america.htm
- ^ http://falundafa.org/book/eng/jjyz2_46.htm
- ^ "China Bans Falun Gong", (July 22, 1999) People's Daily Online, retrieved June 14, 2006
- ^ a b Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions about Falun Gong", retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ United Nations (February 4, 2004) [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/hrcn1073.doc.htm Press Release HR/CN/1073], retrieved September 12, 2006
- ^ Faison, Seth (April 27, 1999) "In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protesters" New York Times, retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ Embassy of the People's Republic of China (November 1, 1999) "Falun Gong Is a Cult", retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ "Master Li Hongzhi: A Short Biography of Mr. Li Hongzhi", retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ Dowell, William (May 10, 1999) "Interview with Li Hongzhi", retrieved June 10, 2006
- ^ Hongzhi, Li. "Comments for Republication". Falundafa.org, retrieved June 19, 2006
- ^ "Falun Gong Health Effects Survey". Australian Falun Dafa Information Centre. 2002. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
- ^ http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2397.html
- ^ Hongzhi, Li Zhuan Falun: The Complete Teachings of Falun Gong (Yih Chyun, Fair Winds Press edition 2001) ISBN 1-931412-53-7
- ^ Hongzhi, Li (February 6, 2006) "Teaching the Fa in the City of Los Angeles", retrieved June 13, 2006
- ^ a b Reid, Graham (2006) Nothing left to lose, New Zealand Listener, retrieved June 13, 2006
- ^ Kenworthy, Curry "Getting away with murder", China Support Network, retrieved June 19, 2006
- ^ UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2000)"Human Right Annual Report 2000", UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, retrieved June 19, 2006
- ^ http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=14787&sec=25&cont=5
Further reading
- Ian Adams, Riley Adams and Rocco Galati, Power of the Wheel: The Falun Gong Revolution (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 2000) hard cover ISBN 0-7737-33270-5
- Maria Hsia Chang, Falun Gong: The End of Days (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-300-10227-5
- Barend ter Haar, Falun Gong - Evaluation and Further References (incl. extensive bibliography)
- Li Hongzhi, Falun Gong (Law Wheel Qigong) (Yih Chyun, 1993)
- Li Hongzhi, Essentials for Further Advancement (Yih Chyun, 2000?)
- Danny Schechter, Falun Gong's Challenge to China (Akashic Books, 2000) hardback ISBN 1-888451-13-0, paperback ISBN 1-888451-27-0
- Margaret Thaler Singer, Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace Revised edition. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003). ISBN 0-7879-6741-6
- Mo Wen, Poisonous Deceit: How The Chinese Government Literally Gets Away With Murder By Lying Deceiving And Fabricating Its "evidence" Against Falun Gong: An Hbcu Story (Toronto: Deep Six, 2002) Paperback. ISBN 0-9731181-0-5
External links
Falun Gong sites
- Falun Dafa
- Falun Gong official website
- Falun Dafa Information Center
- Falun Dafa Minghui Net
- Falun Canada includes Zhuan Falun II in Chinese
- Pure Insight
- Global Coalition To Bring Jiang To Justice
- The Epoch Times
- Friends of Falun Gong
Critical sites
- The True Nature of the Falun Gong by Samuel Luo, a Falun Gong critic.
- The Two Tales of Falun Gong: Radicalism in a traditional form, a DOC file
- Critics and followers of Falun Gong: Adherents find fulfillment, but detractors call movement a cult (September 18, 2005) A San Francisco Chronicle report
- Rick Ross Institute A extensive set of links to articles critical of FLG
- San Jose Mercury News article 2001 news report on how Falun Gong manipulates politicians in the U.S.
- Steve Hassan’s Freedom of Mind Center, an exit counselor's claims of mind control techniques used by Falun Gong
- Bay Area Reporter: Supes Support “Homophobic Cult” detailed report on SF Resolution 66-06
- SF Indymedia: “Homophobic Mind Control Cult” discussion on Falun Gong's view on homosexuality initiated by Samuel Luo; includes extensive user blog comments at the end
- SF Chronicle: Dissident media linked to Falun Gong exposes the connection between the Falun Gong and the Epoch Times
- People's Daily excoriates Falun Gong
- FLG article and discussion from bi-racial website
- Time Asia's article on Falun Gong (May 10, 1999)
- Falun Gong Derided as Authoritarian Sect by Anti-Cult Experts (2001) San Francisco Chronicle Report on "Cults and the Millennnium" conference in Seattle
- Commentary About Falun Gong (August 3, 2001) James Randi Educational Foundation
- The Falun Gong: Beyond the Headlines (2000) abstract of article by Patsy Rahn available in Cultic Studies Journal, Volume 17, pages 166-186.
- The Falun Gong: Is it an exercise group, a cult, a well-financed anti-communist group-you decide A Falun Gong program on KPFA
Other sites
- Falun Gong - Evaluation and Further References (Prof. Barend ter Haar, Leiden Univ.) An introductory analysis of the Falun Gong movement in Chinese society and culture from the perspective of the scholar of traditional Chinese religious culture.
- The China Psychiatric Crisis: Following Up on the Plight of the Falun Gong
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Falun Gong
- Tsinghua University practitioners' views on science. Part 1 and part 2.
- Controversial preliminary data and claims on Falun Gong's effect on the body: cardiac cells,[1] neutrophil functions,[2] gene expression,[3] and immunity.[4]
- Link to a story about controversial quotes from Li Hongzhi about FLG
- A H2G2 edited-guide article