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==501.V2==
==501.V2==
[[501.V2 Variant]], or simply 501.V2, was first detected in [[South Africa]] and reported by the country's [[Department of Health (South Africa)|health department]] on 18 December 2020.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html|title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant|date=18 December 2020|access-date=20 December 2020|publisher=[[The New York Times|The New York Times]]}}</ref> Researchers and officials reported that the prevalence of the variant was higher among young people with no underlying health conditions, and by comparison with other variants it is more frequently resulting in serious illness in those cases.<ref name="post">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-africa-coronavirus-second-wave/2020/12/18/d4a51aec-3ff7-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html|title=South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals'|date=18 December 2020|access-date=20 December 2020|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|last1=Wroughton|first1=Lesley|last2=Bearak|first2=Max}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Mkhize |first=Dr Zwelini |date=18 December 2020 |title=Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020) |url=https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/12/18/update-on-covid-19-18th-december-2020/ |location=South Africa |agency=COVID-19 South African Online Portal |access-date=2020-12-23 |quote=''Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.''}}</ref> The South African health department also indicated that the variant may be driving the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa|COVID-19 pandemic]] in the country due to the variant spreading at a more rapid pace than other earlier variants of the virus.<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name="post"/>
*[[501.V2 Variant]], found in South Africa<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html|title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant|date=18 December 2020|access-date=23 December 2020|publisher=[[The New York Times|The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Scientists noted that the variant contains several mutations that allows it to attach more easily to human cells because of following three mutations in the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2#Structural biology|receptor-binding domain]] (RBD) in the [[Peplomer|spike glycoprotein]] of the virus: N501Y<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>Abdool Karim, Salim S. (19 December 2020). [https://www.scribd.com/document/488618010/Full-Presentation-by-SSAK-18-Dec "The 2nd Covid-19 wave in South Africa:Transmissibility & a 501.V2 variant"]. 11th slide. ''www.scribd.com''.</ref> (a change from [[asparagine]] (N) to [[tyrosine]] (Y)<ref>For a list of the symbols used for the α-amino acids incorporated into protein under mRNA direction, see:
*{{cite web| url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | title = Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides | publisher = IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature | year = 1983 | access-date = 5 March 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html| archive-date= 9 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[amino-acid]] position 501), K417N, and E484K.<ref>{{Citation | date = 2020-12-22 | title = Statement of the WHO Working Group on COVID-19 Animal Models (WHO-COM) about the UK and South African SARS-CoV-2 new variants | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | url = https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/blue-print/who-com-statement_new-variant_rev1.pdf?sfvrsn=b87c0ad8_3&download=true| access-date = 2020-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/12/22/the-new-mutations |title=The New Mutations |last=Lowe |first=Derek |date=22 December 2020 |website=In The Pipeline |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |access-date=23 December 2020 |quote=I should note here that there’s another strain in South Africa that is bringing on similar concerns. This one has eight mutations in the Spike protein, with three of them (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have some functional role.}}</ref> The N501Y mutation has also been detected in Australia and the United Kingdom.<ref name="nytimes"/><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Novel mutation combination in spike receptor binding site |url=https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/novel-mutation-combination-in-spike-receptor-binding-site/ |publisher=[[GISAID]] |date=21 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref>


==Cluster 5==
==Cluster 5==

Revision as of 22:18, 23 December 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has several mutated variants.

The virus had at least six main strains, named L, S, V, G, GR, and GH, as of August 2020.[1][2] Strain L was the first strain, discovered in Wuhan in December 2019. As of August 2020, strain G (and related strains GR and GH) were the most widespread; L and V were gradually disappearing.

Thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genomes sampled worldwide are publicly available.[3]

501.V2

501.V2 Variant, or simply 501.V2, was first detected in South Africa and reported by the country's health department on 18 December 2020.[4] Researchers and officials reported that the prevalence of the variant was higher among young people with no underlying health conditions, and by comparison with other variants it is more frequently resulting in serious illness in those cases.[5][6] The South African health department also indicated that the variant may be driving the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country due to the variant spreading at a more rapid pace than other earlier variants of the virus.[4][5]

Scientists noted that the variant contains several mutations that allows it to attach more easily to human cells because of following three mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike glycoprotein of the virus: N501Y[4][7] (a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y)[8] in amino-acid position 501), K417N, and E484K.[9][10] The N501Y mutation has also been detected in Australia and the United Kingdom.[4][11]

Cluster 5

Cluster 5, also referred to as ΔFVI-spike by the Danish State Serum Institute (SSI), is a mutated variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was discovered in Northern Jutland, Denmark, and is believed to have been spread from minks to humans via mink farms. On 4 November 2020, it was announced that the mink population in Denmark would be culled to prevent the possible spread of this mutation and reduce the risk of new mutations happening. A lockdown and travel restrictions were introduced in seven municipalities of Northern Jutland to prevent the mutation from spreading, which could compromise national or international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that cluster 5 has a "moderately decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies".[12] SSI warned that the mutation could reduce the effect of COVID-19 vaccines under development, although it was unlikely to render them useless. Following the lockdown and mass-testing, SSI announced on 19 November 2020 that cluster 5 in all probability had become extinct.[13]

VOC-202012/01

Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),[14] previously known as the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01)[15][a][b] and also as lineage B.1.1.7,[16][17] is a variant of SARS-CoV-2.[18] The variant was first detected in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from a sample taken the previous month,[19] and it quickly began to spread by mid-December. It is correlated with a significant increase in the rate of COVID-19 infection in United Kingdom; this increase is thought to be at least partly because of change N501Y inside the spike glycoprotein's receptor-binding domain, which is needed for binding to ACE2 in human cells.

References

  1. ^ "The six strains of SARS-CoV-2". ScienceDaily. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200803105246.htm ScienceDaily.com
  3. ^ "Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus - Global subsampling". Nextstrain. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d "South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant". The New York Times. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Wroughton, Lesley; Bearak, Max (18 December 2020). "South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  6. ^ Mkhize, Dr Zwelini (18 December 2020). "Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020)" (Press release). South Africa. COVID-19 South African Online Portal. Retrieved 2020-12-23. Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.
  7. ^ Abdool Karim, Salim S. (19 December 2020). "The 2nd Covid-19 wave in South Africa:Transmissibility & a 501.V2 variant". 11th slide. www.scribd.com.
  8. ^ For a list of the symbols used for the α-amino acids incorporated into protein under mRNA direction, see:
  9. ^ Statement of the WHO Working Group on COVID-19 Animal Models (WHO-COM) about the UK and South African SARS-CoV-2 new variants (PDF), World Health Organization, 2020-12-22, retrieved 2020-12-23
  10. ^ Lowe, Derek (22 December 2020). "The New Mutations". In The Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 23 December 2020. I should note here that there's another strain in South Africa that is bringing on similar concerns. This one has eight mutations in the Spike protein, with three of them (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have some functional role.
  11. ^ "Novel mutation combination in spike receptor binding site" (Press release). GISAID. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
  12. ^ "6 countries find coronavirus at mink farms; fears mutation could hinder vaccine". The Times of Israel. 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-09. Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden are the other nations to have discovered SARS-CoV-2 in minks, WHO said in a statement.
  13. ^ "De fleste restriktioner læmpes i Nordjylland". Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet. 19 November 2020.
  14. ^ Chand, Meera; Hopkins, Susan; Dabrera, Gavin; Achison, Christina; Barclay, Wendy; Ferguson, Neil; Volz, Erik; Loman, Nick; Rambaut, Andrew; Barrett, Jeff (21 December 2020). Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 (PDF) (Report). Public Health England. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  15. ^ "PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19". Public Health England. 14 December 2020.
  16. ^ Rambaut, Andrew; Loman, Nick; Pybus, Oliver; Barclay, Wendy; Barrett, Jeff; Carabelli, Alesandro; Connor, Tom; Peacock, Tom; L. Robertson, David; Vol, Erik (2020). Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations (Report). Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK. Retrieved 20 December 2020.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Kupferschmidt, Kai (20 December 2020). "Mutant coronavirus in the United Kingdom sets off alarms but its importance remains unclear". Science Mag. Retrieved 21 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Zimmer, Carel; Carey, Benedict (21 December 2020). "The U.K. Coronavirus Variant: What We Know = A newly identified variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to be more contagious than established ones. Here's what scientists know". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  19. ^ "Covid: Ireland, Italy, Belgium and Netherlands ban flights from UK". BBC News. 20 December 2020.


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