Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947): Difference between revisions
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}} |
fantasy map made without historicity plus typical exaggerations by user DancingPhilosopher |
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
==The Fascist repression and the minority's exodus== |
==The Fascist repression and the minority's exodus== |
||
{{See also|Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Julian March|TIGR}} |
{{See also|Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Julian March|TIGR}} |
||
[[File:Treaty of Rapallo.png|left|thumb|400px|The Treaty of Rapallo and the [[Fascist Italianization|Italianization of ethnic Slovenes]] on the Ethnographic map of Austria-Hungary.]] |
|||
[[File:Narodni dom triest.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The ''[[Narodni dom]]'', Slovene Community Hall in [[Trieste]], burned down by the [[Squadristi|Fascist squads]] in June 1920, became the symbol [[Fascist Italianization]].]] |
[[File:Narodni dom triest.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The ''[[Narodni dom]]'', Slovene Community Hall in [[Trieste]], burned down by the [[Squadristi|Fascist squads]] in June 1920, became the symbol [[Fascist Italianization]].]] |
||
According to the last Austrian census of 1910/1911, the [[Austrian Littoral]] (redefined as ''Julian |
According to the last Austrian census of 1910/1911, the [[Austrian Littoral]] (redefined as ''Julian Venetia'' in order to to unite under a single name all territories belonging to the [[Habsburg Empire]] which Italy was claiming along its eastern border<ref>[http://books.google.be/books?id=gTA34DxHx4AC&pg=PA307&lpg=PA307&dq=Julian+march&source=web&ots=0Cna8kKpre&sig=lcLKOyjrtZyygVHBjWQnLt2i3jM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA309,M1 The New Europe by Bernard Newman, pp. 307, 309]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=4h1nAAAAMAAJ&q=Graziadio+Isaia+Ascoli+venezia+giulia&dq=Graziadio+Isaia+Ascoli+venezia+giulia&lr=&pgis=1 Contemporary History on Trial: Europe Since 1989 and the Role of the Expert Historian by Harriet Jones, Kjell Ostberg, Nico Randeraad ISBN 0-7190-7417-7 p. 155]</ref>) counted 978,385 people, of whom 49% were [[Slovenes]] and [[Croats]] inhabiting, and 43.1% were [[Italians|ethnic Italians]] and [[Friulians]]. During Italian military occupation (1918-1920) and after the annexation, especially after [[Benito Mussolini]] came to power in 1922, the forced [[Fascist Italianization]] of Slovene minority begun. |
||
No undertaking about the [[minority language|minority rights]] in either the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] or the [[Treaty of Rome, 1924|Treaty of Rome]] was given by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] in Istria and Trieste's surroundings. |
No undertaking about the [[minority language|minority rights]] in either the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] or the [[Treaty of Rome, 1924|Treaty of Rome]] was given by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] in Istria and Trieste's surroundings. |
||
Revision as of 23:29, 2 November 2012
| Part of a series on |
| Slovenes |
|---|
 |
| Diaspora by country |
| Culture of Slovenia |
| Religion |
| Languages and dialects |
The Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947) (Slovene: Slovenska manjšina v Italiji) was an autochthonous Slovene-speaking ethno-linguistic minority living in Kingdom of Italy. With the help of Great Britain, who gave Italy in exchange for joining Britain in First World War, not only partially, but also exclusively Slovene ethnic areas, such as Idrija, Ajdovščina, Vipava, Kanal, Postojna, Pivka, and Ilirska Bistrica, were subjected to forced Italianization.
The Fascist repression and the minority's exodus
According to the last Austrian census of 1910/1911, the Austrian Littoral (redefined as Julian Venetia in order to to unite under a single name all territories belonging to the Habsburg Empire which Italy was claiming along its eastern border[1][2]) counted 978,385 people, of whom 49% were Slovenes and Croats inhabiting, and 43.1% were ethnic Italians and Friulians. During Italian military occupation (1918-1920) and after the annexation, especially after Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, the forced Fascist Italianization of Slovene minority begun.
No undertaking about the minority rights in either the Treaty of Rapallo or the Treaty of Rome was given by Fascist Italy in Istria and Trieste's surroundings.
All Slovene cultural associations (Sokol, "reading rooms" etc.) had been forbidden. The 1920 burning of the National Hall in Trieste, which included the Slovene theatre in Trieste, in the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic Trieste by the Blackshirts,[3] Benito Mussolini who, at the time, was yet to become Duce, praised as a being a "masterpiece of the Triestine fascism" ([capolavoro del fascismo triestino...] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[4] Not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene, the use of Slovene language in public places, including churches, was forbidden.[5] Children, if they didn't speak in standard Italian, were punished by teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from other parts of Italy. The Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy was sent on the other side of Italy.
In 1926, claiming that it was restoring surnames to their original Italian form, the Italian government announced the Italianization of Slovene names and surnames furtherly Italianizing the minority.[6][7] Some Slovenes have under these circumstances "willingly" accepted Italianization in order to stop being a second-class citizens without upward social mobility.
After the complete destruction of all Slovene minority organizations in Italy, the militant anti-fascist organizations TIGR was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. Anti-Fascist guerrilla actions continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s.
By the mid 1930s, 70,000 ethnic Slovenes in the minority's exodus had fled the region, mostly to Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia) and to South America.[citation needed]
Today
The estimated number of today's Slovene minority in Italy is 83,000 – 100,000.[8]
Notable members of Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947)
References
- ^ The New Europe by Bernard Newman, pp. 307, 309
- ^ Contemporary History on Trial: Europe Since 1989 and the Role of the Expert Historian by Harriet Jones, Kjell Ostberg, Nico Randeraad ISBN 0-7190-7417-7 p. 155
- ^ "90 let od požiga Narodnega doma v Trstu". Primorski dnevnik [The Littoral Daily] (in Slovene). 2010. pp. 14–15. COBISS 11683661. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
{{cite news}}: More than one of|at=and|pages=specified (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Sestani, Armando, ed. (10 February 2012). "Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi". Gli esuli istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca (in Italian). Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca. p. 12–13.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_chapter=ignored (|trans-chapter=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A low dishonest decade: the great powers, Eastern Europe, and the economic origins of World War II, 1930–1941. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0826417612.
- ^ Regio decreto legge 10 Gennaio 1926, n. 17: Restituzione in forma italiana dei cognomi delle famiglie della provincia di Trento
- ^ Hrvoje Mezulić-Roman Jelić: O Talijanskoj upravi u Istri i Dalmaciji 1918-1943.: nasilno potalijančivanje prezimena, imena i mjesta, Dom i svijet, Zagreb, 2005., ISBN 953-238-012-4
- ^ "The world directory of minorities and indigenous peoples".