Champernowne constant: Difference between revisions
m Reverted 1 edit by 2402:7500:92E:A23D:C154:C036:C097:DCCF (talk) to last revision by Tigerzeng |
No edit summary Tags: Manual revert Reverted |
||
Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
where <math>\lfloor{x}\rfloor =</math> [[floor function|floor(<math>x</math>)]]. |
where <math>\lfloor{x}\rfloor =</math> [[floor function|floor(<math>x</math>)]]. |
||
==Smarandache number== |
|||
The Smarandache numbers are the concatenation of the numbers 1 to ''n''. That is: |
|||
:1, 12, 123, 1234, 12345, 123456, 1234567, 12345678, 123456789, 12345678910, 1234567891011, 123456789101112, 12345678910111213, 1234567891011121314, 123456789101112131415, ... {{OEIS|id=A007908}} |
|||
==Smarandache prime== |
|||
A Smarandache prime is a Smarandache number that is also prime. However, all of the first 344869 Smarandache numbers are not prime. It is conjectured there are infinitely many Smarandache primes, but none are known as of December 2016.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SmarandachePrime.html Smarandache Prime]</ref> |
|||
== Words and sequences== |
== Words and sequences== |
||
Line 129: | Line 136: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*{{MathWorld|urlname=ChampernowneConstant|title=Champernowne constant}} |
*{{MathWorld|urlname=ChampernowneConstant|title=Champernowne constant}} |
||
*{{MathWorld|urlname=SmarandacheNumber|title=Smarandache number}} |
|||
*{{MathWorld|urlname=SmarandachePrime|title=Smarandache prime}} |
|||
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~KC2H-MSM/mathland/matha1/micha.txt List of first 200 Smarandache numbers with factorizations] |
|||
[[Category:Mathematical constants]] |
[[Category:Mathematical constants]] |
Revision as of 08:48, 12 September 2021
In mathematics, the Champernowne constant C10 is a transcendental real constant whose decimal expansion has important properties. It is named after economist and mathematician D. G. Champernowne, who published it as an undergraduate in 1933.[1]
For base 10, the number is defined by concatenating representations of successive integers:
Champernowne constants can also be constructed in other bases, similarly, for example:
- C2 = 0.11011100101110111… 2
- C3 = 0.12101112202122… 3.
The Champernowne constants can be expressed exactly as infinite series:
A slightly different expression (using floor instead of ceiling) is given by Eric W. Weisstein (MathWorld):
where floor().
Smarandache number
The Smarandache numbers are the concatenation of the numbers 1 to n. That is:
- 1, 12, 123, 1234, 12345, 123456, 1234567, 12345678, 123456789, 12345678910, 1234567891011, 123456789101112, 12345678910111213, 1234567891011121314, 123456789101112131415, ... (sequence A007908 in the OEIS)
Smarandache prime
A Smarandache prime is a Smarandache number that is also prime. However, all of the first 344869 Smarandache numbers are not prime. It is conjectured there are infinitely many Smarandache primes, but none are known as of December 2016.[3]
Words and sequences
The Champernowne word or Barbier word is the sequence of digits of C10, obtained writing n in base 10 and juxtaposing the digits:[4][5]
More generally, a Champernowne sequence (sometimes also called a Champernowne word) is any sequence of digits obtained by concatenating all finite digit-strings (in any given base) in some recursive order.[6] For instance, the binary Champernowne sequence in shortlex order is
where spaces (otherwise to be ignored) have been inserted just to show the strings being concatenated.
Normality
A real number x is said to be normal if its digits in every base follow a uniform distribution: all digits being equally likely, all pairs of digits equally likely, all triplets of digits equally likely, etc. x is said to be normal in base b if its digits in base b follow a uniform distribution.
If we denote a digit string as [a0, a1, …], then, in base 10, we would expect strings [0], [1], [2], …, [9] to occur 1/10 of the time, strings [0,0], [0,1], …, [9,8], [9,9] to occur 1/100 of the time, and so on, in a normal number.
Champernowne proved that is normal in base 10,[1] while Nakai and Shiokawa proved a more general theorem, a corollary of which is that is normal in base for any b.[7] It is an open problem whether is normal in bases .
It is also a disjunctive sequence.
Continued fraction expansion
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Champernowne_constant.svg/177px-Champernowne_constant.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Champernowne_constant_logscale.svg/172px-Champernowne_constant_logscale.svg.png)
The simple continued fraction expansion of Champernowne's constant has been studied as well. Kurt Mahler showed that the constant is transcendental;[8] therefore its continued fraction does not terminate (because it is not rational) and is aperiodic (because it is not an irreducible quadratic).
The terms in the continued fraction expansion exhibit very erratic behaviour, with extremely large terms appearing between many small ones. For example, in base 10,
- C10 = [0; 8, 9, 1, 149083, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 15, 4 57540 11139 10310 76483 64662 82429 56118 59960 39397 10457 55500 06620 04393 09026 26592 56314 93795 32077 47128 65631 38641 20937 55035 52094 60718 30899 84575 80146 98631 48833 59214 17830 10987, 6, 1, 1, ...]. (sequence A030167 in the OEIS)
The large number at position 18 has 166 digits, and the next very large term at position 40 of the continued fraction has 2504 digits. The fact that there are such large numbers as terms of the continued fraction expansion is equivalent to saying that the convergents obtained by stopping before these large numbers provide an exceptionally good approximation of the Champernowne constant.
It can be understood from infinite series expression of : for a specified we can always approximate the sum over by setting the upper limit to instead of . Then we ignore the terms for higher . That is, such that the equation
, where , becomes
Where the second term can also be written as
For example, if we keep lowest order of , it is equivalent to truncating before the 4th partial quotient, we obtain the partial sum
which approximates Champernowne's constant with an error of about 1 × 10−9. While truncating just before the 18th partial quotient, using , we get the approximation to second order:
which approximates Champernowne's constant with error approximately 9 × 10−190.
The first and second incrementally largest terms ("high-water marks") after the initial zero are 8 and 9, respectively, and occur at positions 1 and 2. Sikora (2012) noticed that the number of digits in the high-water marks starting with the fourth display an apparent pattern.[9] Indeed, the high-water marks themselves grow doubly-exponentially, and the number of digits in the nth mark for are:
- 6, 166, 2504, 33102, 411100, 4911098, 57111096, 651111094, 7311111092,...
whose pattern becomes obvious starting with the 6th high-water mark. The number of terms can be given by:
However, it is still unknown as to whether or not there is a way to determine where the large terms (with at least 6 digits) occur, or their values. The high-water marks themselves, however, are located at positions:
- 1, 2, 4, 18, 40, 162, 526, 1708, 4838, 13522, 34062, ...
Irrationality measure
The irrationality measure of is , and more generally for any base .[10]
See also
- Copeland–Erdős constant, a similar normal number, defined using the prime numbers
- Liouville's constant, another constant defined by its decimal representation
- Smarandache–Wellin number, another number obtained through concatenation a representation in a given base.
References
- ^ a b Champernowne 1933
- ^ John K. Sikora: Analysis of the High Water Mark Convergents of Champernowne's Constant in Various Bases, in: arXiv:1408.0261, 1 Aug 2014, see Definition 9
- ^ Smarandache Prime
- ^ Cassaigne & Nicolas (2010) p.165
- ^ *Allouche, Jean-Paul; Shallit, Jeffrey (2003). Automatic Sequences: Theory, Applications, Generalizations. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-521-82332-6. Zbl 1086.11015.
- ^ Calude, C.; Priese, L.; Staiger, L. (1997), Disjunctive sequences: An overview, University of Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 1–35, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.34.1370
- ^ Nakai & Shiokawa 1992
- ^ K. Mahler, Arithmetische Eigenschaften einer Klasse von Dezimalbrüchen, Proc. Konin. Neder. Akad. Wet. Ser. A. 40 (1937), p. 421–428.
- ^ Sikora, J. K. "On the High Water Mark Convergents of Champernowne's Constant in Base Ten." 3 Oct 2012. http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1263
- ^ Masaaki Amou, Approximation to certain transcendental decimal fractions by algebraic numbers, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 37, Issue 2, February 1991, Pages 231–241
- Cassaigne, J.; Nicolas, F. (2010). "Factor complexity". In Berthé, Valérie; Rigo, Michel (eds.). Combinatorics, automata, and number theory. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–247. ISBN 978-0-521-51597-9. Zbl 1216.68204.
- Champernowne, D. G. (1933), "The construction of decimals normal in the scale of ten", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 8 (4): 254–260, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-8.4.254.
- Nakai, Y.; Shiokawa, I. (1992), "Discrepancy estimates for a class of normal numbers", Acta Arithmetica, 62 (3): 271–284, doi:10.4064/aa-62-3-271-284.