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This draft was originally created by @HurricaneResearch but was edited by@Hurricane Noah.{{Infobox Hurricane
{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name = Hurricane Sam
| Name = Hurricane Sam
| Year = 2021
| Year = 2021

Revision as of 22:01, 6 October 2021

This draft was originally created by @HurricaneResearch but was edited by@Hurricane Noah.

Hurricane Sam
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Sam near peak intensity on September 26
FormedSeptember 22, 2021
DissipatedCurrently active
(Extratropical after October 5)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 155 mph (250 km/h)
Lowest pressure929 mbar (hPa); 27.43 inHg
Part of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season

Origins, development, and peak intensity

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Sam originated from a westward tracking tropical wave that departed from the western coast of Africa on September 19.[1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first forecast the possibility of tropical development on September 19.[2] Although thunderstorm activity was somewhat organized, the system lacked a closed surface circulation. Upper-level winds hindered the development of the system over the next day,[3][4] causing fluctuations in organization.[5][6] Thunderstorms became increasingly organized,[7] and an elongated low-level surface circulation developed on September 22. This led to the formation of a tropical depression around 21:00 UTC that day. At that time, a mid-level ridge located to the north and west was steering the system westward. The nascent depression was located in a favorable environment both below and aloft, with sea surface temperatures of 82–84 °F (28–29 °C) and low vertical wind shear.[8]

Intensification was initially slow; the cyclone's center was still attached to the northern edge of a low-pressure trough and the former's surface circulation was only narrowly closed.[9] Although the depression had curved rainbands across its northern and western sides, dry air was entraining across its eastern flank.[10] The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sam at 15:00 UTC on September 23, after its structure improved significantly on both satellite and microwave imagery; the latter showed a banding feature wrapping around 75 percent of the center. The combination of a favorable environment, Sam's structural improvement, and the alignment of the cyclone's low- and mid-level centers signaled that rapid intensification was imminent.[11] The storm rapidly intensified shortly after, with an eyewall forming on microwave imagery,[12] as well as, banding features that wrapped around most of its center. Sam became a Category 1 hurricane around 09:00 UTC on September 24.[13]

Sam's strengthening then halted for a brief period as dry air degraded the western portion of its core.[14] The cyclone began to intensify again late on September 24 as the dry air's influence lessened, however, microwave imagery displayed concentric eyewalls, indicating that Sam was undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle. The storm continued to track west-northwest, however, its forward speed began to decrease as a result of the mid-level ridge moving to the northwest of Sam.[15]

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See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Brown, Daniel (20 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Sun Sep 19 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  2. ^ Hagen, Andrew; Latto, Andrew (19 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Sun Sep 19 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  3. ^ Brown, Daniel (21 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Mon Sep 20 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  4. ^ Brown, Daniel (22 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  5. ^ Papin, Philippe (21 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  6. ^ Papin, Philippe (21 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [200 PM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  7. ^ Papin, Philippe (22 September 2021). Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Wed Sep 22 2021] (Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  8. ^ Papin, Philippe (22 September 2021). Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  9. ^ Berg, Robbie (23 September 2021). Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  10. ^ Cangialosi, John (23 September 2021). Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 3 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  11. ^ Papin, Philippe (23 September 2021). Tropical Storm Sam Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  12. ^ Berg, Robbie (24 September 2021). Tropical Storm Sam Discussion Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  13. ^ Cangialosi, John (24 September 2021). Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  14. ^ Papin, Philippe (24 September 2018). Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 8 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  15. ^ Papin, Philippe (24 September 2021). Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Weather Service.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Sam.


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