User:RNAsilencing/sandbox

Article Evaluation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostomi

Information is relevant in the article. The article seems to be straightforward with minimal distractions (not an excessive amount of links and pictures). No biases observed regarding the topic - explains/describes the cyclostomi. Overall, the article has hit many points but our group feels as if it could have went more in depth for each topic. Links are all working. There could be a few more links on words that are more advanced. There could be more subsections within each section and more detail could be written about the topic. There could also be improved transitions from the heading to the body - "Internal differences and similarities." When talking about the canals, there seems to be missing a reference for that paragraph. References: not all are formatted correctly 17-28, 29. Some references (27) do not seem to be credible.

2/25 Looking over citations:

22: Published 2004. May be outdated

23: Published in 1998. The article cannot be viewed unless the reader has a subscription or makes a payment to access the article.

24: Published in 1922.

25: Published in 1992. Word for word plagiarism

    Possible Revision
    "The branchial basket is bound to the cranium in lampreys, whereas the hagfishes have a reduced branchial basket."

26: There were some similar phrases used from the article

Article Evaluation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish

The article's lead is decent. I think it could have more information about its phylogeny and maybe have another section devoted to that. It briefly went over it but there could definitely be more information on that subject. The explanation of how the species had gotten their name could be included in the lead as well.

There is repetition under "Description and Behavior" subsection regarding how the species reproduce sexually. It would be better to discard the first sentence that mentions how males use their clasper since the subsequent paragraph talks more about reproduction as well as the male clasper.

It would be extremely helpful for the readers to have a diagram of the different axes of the shark. Especially, with an emphasis of the two spines that they have on the anterior side of each dorsal fin. The images displayed show the teeth structure but no where in the description does it talk about teeth. As a revision, I can either remove the pictures or add a description regarding the teeth/jaw.

There seems to be a few missing references when talking about reproduction.

"Fin needles" under the "Commercial Use" section does not have an appropriate link as of right now. The image of the braised dog seems like an odd choice for the section?? Not sure what could be placed there as a substitute as of yet.

Looking at the article as a whole, there seems to be a lack of balance regarding the content. The information under "Conservation status and management" is helpful and informative. However, I think the "Description and Behavior" section should have more information and depth relative to the "Conservation status and management" section.

Articles I wish to revise for the semester

Holostei

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holostei
This article has potential in terms of re-organization of details, and the Holostei is related to the bowfin in which it is the clade that contains the Amia Calva (bowfins).
Systematics of Neopterygii section has a fairly short introduction on why there is a debate between the classification of the Holostei before it displays the 2 hypotheses. It also does not provide as much detail for why one is more supported than the other. As a revision, I can research reliable sources and input more relevant information regarding these hypotheses and add a more detailed introduction for this section.

Actinopteri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopteri
This article has very limited information, and it is related to the bowfin and the Holostei as the Actinopteri is a bigger category that contains both groups. A possible suggestion would be to dive further into the classification section and to add a subsection regarding the general characteristics of the Actinoperi. There is also room for improvement in the references section. All of them do not seem to be in the apporpriate format and each must be checked to see if they are credible/relevant sources.

Spiny dogfish

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish
The article can be improved particularly in the relevancy of its information and the references portion; the bowfin and spiny dogfish are both in the phylum chordata.
I mentioned in my previous article evaluation for the spiny dogfish. The main portion I would want to fix would be the commercial use section due to plagiarism and how relevant the topic is.

Fish Anatomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy#Immune_system
Sandbox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:My%20Unique%20Deoxyribonucleic%20Acid/Fish_anatomy?veaction=edit&preload=Template%3ADashboard.wikiedu.org_draft_template

Reproductive organs

I’m having some difficulty determing the relationship between the Holostei and Teleostei. Would I be able to make a comparison between them regarding the reproductive organs in the fish anatomy article? I wanted to present more information regarding the bowfin reproductive organ and add a picture of its clasper from lab. (This is also in my goals sheet)
Source(s) I am looking at:Viktoriya Dzyuba, William L. Shelton, Vitaliy Kholodnyy, Sergii Boryshpolets, Jacky Cosson, Borys Dzyuba, Fish sperm biology in relation to urogenital system structure, Theriogenology, Volume 132, 2019, Pages 153-163, ISSN 0093-691X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.020.

Immune system

This section describes the immune systems of the Chonrdrostei and the Teleostei; however, it doesn't mention the Holostei. I am still currently trying to understand the relationship between these various groups. From there, I'll be able to distinguish their various immune system characteristics and talk about the evolutionary aspect regarding their immune system.
Source(s) I am using to help distinguish between groups and regarding their immune system: https://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chapter3.html
Thompson, A.W., Hawkins, M.B., Parey, E. et al. The bowfin genome illuminates the developmental evolution of ray-finned fishes. Nat Genet 53, 1373–1384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00914-y

Reproductive Organs

(Main goal = elaborate more on sex determination and sex differentiation of fish, add hyperlinks)

Underlined = edits I wish to add

Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused.[42] There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined by the shape of its papilla. Sex determination in fish, which is dependent on intrinsic genetic factors, is followed by sex differentiation through gene expression of feedback mechanisms that ensure the stability of the levels of particular hormones and cellular profile. However, the hermaphroditic species are an exception in which they are able to alter the course of sex differentiation in order to maximize their fitness. There are various determination mechanisms for gonadal sex in fish and processes that aid development of the gonadal function. Gonadal sex is influenced by a number of factors, including cell-autonomous genetic mechanisms, endocrine, paracrine, behavioral, or environmental signals. This results in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) to be able to interpret internal or external stimuli to develop into spermatogonia or oogonia. Spermatogenesis in testes is a process in which spermatogonia differentiates into spermatocytes through mitosis and meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes, creating haploid spermatids. During spermiogenesis, the last stage of spermatogenesis, the haploid spermatids develop into spermatozoa. In the ovaries, oogonia also undergo mitosis and meiosis during oogenesis, and this gives rise to primary oocytes and then eventually the ovum. The primary oocyte divides and produces the secondary oocyte as well as a polar body, before the secondary oocyte develops into the haploid ootid.

Comment: in the following two paragraphs, all I did was add a few more hyperlinks to jargon words.

Testes

Most male fish have two testes of similar size. In the case of sharks, the testis on the right side is usually larger. The primitive jawless fish have only a single testis located in the midline of the body, although even this forms from the fusion of paired structures in the embryo.

Under a tough membranous shell, the tunica albuginea, the testis of some teleost fish, contains very fine coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (germ cells) that from puberty into old age, develop into sperm cells (also known as spermatozoa or male gametes). The developing sperm travel through the seminiferous tubules to the rete testislocated in the mediastinum testis, to the efferent ducts, and then to the epididymis where newly created sperm cells mature (see spermatogenesis). The sperm move into the vas deferens, and are eventually expelled through the urethra and out of the urethral orifice through muscular contractions.

However, most fish do not possess seminiferous tubules. Instead, the sperm are produced in spherical structures called sperm ampullae. These are seasonal structures, releasing their contents during the breeding season and then being reabsorbed by the body. Before the next breeding season, new sperm ampullae begin to form and ripen. The ampullae are otherwise essentially identical to the seminiferous tubules in higher vertebrates, including the same range of cell types.

In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleost testes have two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in Atherinomorpha, they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

Ovaries

Many of the features found in ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells and tunica albuginea, which are formed from the somatic cells and PGCs. There may be hundreds or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary of a fish at any given time. Fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. The ovary of teleosts is often contains a hollow, lymph-filled space which opens into the oviduct, and into which the eggs are shed. Most normal female fish have two ovaries. In some elasmobranchs, only the right ovary develops fully. In the primitive jawless fish and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo.

Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium, then through the oviduct and are eliminated. Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct. In the third type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct. Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish, sturgeon, and bowfin. Cystovaries characterize most teleosts, where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct. Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts.

Wikipedia Revision Plan

Peer review #1

• Make hyperlinks for certain words - hermaphroditic, cell-autonomous genetic mechanisms, endocrine, paracrine, primordial germ cells (PGCs), spermatogonia, and oogonia.
• Take a look at oviparity and ovuliparity in “Fish Reproduction” article. Some plagiarism in oviparity.

Peer review #2

• More hyperlinks

Peer review #3

• Work is evenly distributed among group members

Peer review #4

• Pictures?
  

Overall Potential Revisions

"Gonadal sex is influenced by a number of factors, including cell-autonomous genetic mechanisms, endocrine, paracrine, or behavioral, or environmental signal."

• Bulleted list item Take out "or"
• Bulleted list item Add hyperlinks for bolded words

"Fish Reproduction" Article

• Bulleted list item Look at oviparity and ovuliparity - anything relevant/possible additions to “Fish Anatomy” article
• Bulleted list item Point out plagiarism in oviparity

Pictures

• Bulleted list item Picture of bowfin reproductive system