Nabataeans of Iraq: Difference between revisions
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The '''Nabataeans of Iraq''' or '''Nabatees of Iraq''' ({{lang-ar|نبط العراق|Nabaṭ al-ʿIrāq}}) is a name used by medieval Islamicate scholars for the rural, [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]-speaking, native inhabitants of [[Iraq]] during the early Islamic period (7th–10th centuries).<ref name="Graf-Fahd-EI2">{{harvnb|Graf|Fahd|1960–2007}}.</ref> |
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The '''Nabataeans of Iraq''' or '''Nabatees of Iraq''' were an ancient group of people who settled in [[Iraq]] and [[Ahwaz]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. They were known as farmers and Aramaic-language speakers. They are mentioned by many medieval historians like [[Al-Masudi]], [[Ibn Abbas]], [[Ibn Nadim]], [[Said al-Andalusi]] and [[Bar Hebraeus]]. |
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They are not to be confused with the ancient [[Nabataeans]] established at [[Petra]] during the late [[Hellenistic period]], whom the Arabs of the Islamic period seem to have called 'Nabataeans of Syria' ({{lang|ar|نبط الشام}}, {{transliteration|ar|Nabaṭ al-Shām}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Graf|Fahd|1960–2007}}. On the northern Arabs who were still identified as such in the early Islamic period (and who seem to be wholly distinct from the {{transliteration|ar|Nabaṭ al-ʿIrāq}} under discussion here), see {{harvnb|Fiey|1990}}.</ref> The Nabataeans of Iraq were strongly associated by early Muslims with [[agriculture]] and with a [[Sedentism|sedentary]] way of living, as opposed to the [[nomadic]] lifestyle of the conquering [[Arabs]].<ref name="Graf-Fahd-EI2"/> |
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==Name== |
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There are different views on their name. The overwhelming view is that medieval Arabs called them Nabataeans, meaning "planters", as they were primarily known as farmers. An alternate view is that it was because they descend from [[Nebaioth]], son of [[Ishmael]]. Medieval historians referred to them as the "Nabatees of Iraq" or "Nabatees of [[Sawad]]" to differentiate them from the [[Nabataeans]] (who descend from Arram/Nabt, son of [[Qedar|Qaydar]], in turn another son of Ishmael) who settled in the [[Levant]].<ref>[https://nabataea.net/explore/history/who-are-the-nabataeans-today/ Who are the Nabataeans today?]</ref> |
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The Arabic term {{transliteration|ar|Nabaṭ}} also came to be used for the non-Arab original inhabitants of other places, such as for example for 'Nabataean' [[Kurds]] ({{transliteration|ar|al-Nabaṭ al-Akrād}}, mentioned by [[Ibn Wahshiyya]]) or 'Nabataean' [[Armenians]] ({{transliteration|ar|al-Nabaṭ al-Armāniyyūn}}, mentioned by [[al-Mas'udi]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Hämeen-Anttila|2006|pp=36–37}}.</ref> It was often used as a derogatory term, identifying anyone who did not speak Arabic and who maintained a rural lifestyle as being akin to farm animals.<ref>{{harvnb|Hämeen-Anttila|2006|p=37}}.</ref> |
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==Origins== |
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Nabataeans of Iraq were known as [[Aramaic Language|Aramaic]] native speakers. Historians like [[Al-Masudi]] and [[Said al-Andalusi]] belong them to [[Chaldea|Chaldeans]], who ruled the region many centuries ago. Al-Andalusi said in his book Tabaqāt al-ʼUmam (Levels of Nations) that the Chaldeans are Syriacs and Babylonians, and Nabataeans of [[Sawad]] of Iraq are one of them, and they settled in middle and south of Iraq and also in al Jazira region ([[Upper Mesopotamia]]).<ref>Tabaqāt al-ʼUmam (Categories of Nations) for [[Said al-Andalusi]], Hajret Publishing house 1997, page 123.</ref> [[Al-Masudi]] on his book At-Tanbih wa-l-'Ishraf said that Nabataeans of Iraq like many of their neighbor people from Aramnis ([[Arameans]]), [[Nenivah|Nenivites]], Athorees ([[Assyria|Assyrians]]), Garamiqs and Ardwanees that they are descended from Chaldeans.<ref>At-Tanbih wa-l-'Ishraf for [[Al-Masudi]], page 78 [[Leiden]] publishing 1893.</ref> other historians like Ibn Habib Al-Baghdadi said that the Nabataeans are Syriacs and [[Kayanian dynasty|Kayanians]] and they descendant from Nabat son of [[Aram, son of Shem]].<ref>[https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=76180 Nabataeans and what belong to them] to Dr Rahman Hussain Ali Al-Jizani</ref> while [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] said that they are Arabs, but because their mixture with [[Persians]] and [[Names of the Greeks#Romans_(Ῥωμαῖοι)|Romans]] their language are messed up.<ref>[https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=76180 Nabataeans and what belong to them] to Dr Rahman Hussain Ali Al-Jizani</ref> |
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==History== |
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Nabataeans were mentioned by several historians like [[Al-Masudi]], [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Said al-Andalusi]] as descendants of great civilizations like [[Babylonia]] and that they are highly educated people of their time.<ref>[https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=76180 Nabataeans and what belong to them] to Dr Rahman Hussain Ali Al-Jizani</ref> they specializing in farming. they had many expert on farming such as [[Ibn Wahshiyya]] who write many books on farming.<ref>Natural History" by S.H. Nasr in A History of Muslim Philosophy, edited and introduced by M.M. Sharif (1966), volume II, p. 1323</ref> their main cities was [[Babylon]], [[Kulwatha]], [[Kutha]], [[Kashkar]], [[Aqar-Qūf]], [[Nippur]], [[Al-Hirah]] and [[Anbar (town)|Anbar]]. before Islam they believe in many religions such Christianity, Judaism, [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Paganism]] and [[Mandaeism]]. because they were called as Syriacs that mean mainly of them belong to The [[Church of East]] and [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. Medieval Arabs dislike them because their embrace to their Region or village origin more than their tribal origin, and also because they only specializing in farming not on skills of [[Equestrianism]] and duel. there a [[Hadith|hadith]] attributed to Caliph [[Umar]] said: ''do not be like Nabataeans of [[Sawad]], if they questioned for their origin, they answered from this village or this''.<ref>[http://www.consuhadeth.com/questions/354 ما صحة أثر عمر: ""تعلموا النسب، ولا تكونوا كنبط السواد إذا سئل أحدهم عن أهله قال من قرية كذا""؟"]</ref> while [[Ibn Abbas]] said that [[Quraysh]] descendant from Nabataeans of Iraq.<ref>[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=3281&idto=3293&bk_no=121&ID=466 النهاية في غريب الحديث والأثر » حرف الكاف » باب الكاف مع الواو]</ref> according to [[Al-Masudi]] said that most of Nabataeans convert to [[Islam]].<ref>[https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=76180 Nabataeans and what belong to them] to Dr Rahman Hussain Ali Al-Jizani</ref> Modern historian like [[Ali Al-Wardi]] viewed that many famous Muslim scholar such as [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[Maytham al-Tammar]] that they Nabataeans by origin.<ref>حوار مع العلامة علي الوردي ، علي الثويني ، جريدة الراصد ، بغداد ، العدد 876</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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===Sources=== |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Graf|first1=D.F.|last2=Fahd|first2=Toufic|date=1960–2007|title=Nabaṭ|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0829|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nabat-COM_0829}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Fiey|first1=Jean Maurice|date=1990|title=Les “Nabaṭ” de Kaskar-Wāsiṭ dans les premiers siècles de l’Islam|journal=Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph|volume=51|pages=51–87}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Hämeen-Anttila|first1=Jaakko|author1-link=Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila|year=2006|title=The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXjXAAAAMAAJ|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15010-2}} |
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[[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]] |
[[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]] |
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[[Category:Chaldean]] |
[[Category:Chaldean]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Iraq]] |
[[Category:Medieval Iraq]] |
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{{Islam-stub}} |
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Revision as of 09:56, 1 June 2022
The Nabataeans of Iraq or Nabatees of Iraq (Arabic: نبط العراق, romanized: Nabaṭ al-ʿIrāq) is a name used by medieval Islamicate scholars for the rural, Aramaic-speaking, native inhabitants of Iraq during the early Islamic period (7th–10th centuries).[1]
They are not to be confused with the ancient Nabataeans established at Petra during the late Hellenistic period, whom the Arabs of the Islamic period seem to have called 'Nabataeans of Syria' (نبط الشام, Nabaṭ al-Shām).[2] The Nabataeans of Iraq were strongly associated by early Muslims with agriculture and with a sedentary way of living, as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle of the conquering Arabs.[1]
The Arabic term Nabaṭ also came to be used for the non-Arab original inhabitants of other places, such as for example for 'Nabataean' Kurds (al-Nabaṭ al-Akrād, mentioned by Ibn Wahshiyya) or 'Nabataean' Armenians (al-Nabaṭ al-Armāniyyūn, mentioned by al-Mas'udi).[3] It was often used as a derogatory term, identifying anyone who did not speak Arabic and who maintained a rural lifestyle as being akin to farm animals.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b Graf & Fahd 1960–2007.
- ^ Graf & Fahd 1960–2007. On the northern Arabs who were still identified as such in the early Islamic period (and who seem to be wholly distinct from the Nabaṭ al-ʿIrāq under discussion here), see Fiey 1990.
- ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 37.
Sources
- Graf, D.F.; Fahd, Toufic (1960–2007). "Nabaṭ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0829.
- Fiey, Jean Maurice (1990). "Les "Nabaṭ" de Kaskar-Wāsiṭ dans les premiers siècles de l'Islam". Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph. 51: 51–87.
- Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2.
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