Gebre Meskel Lalibela: Difference between revisions
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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King Lalibela was born at either Adefa or Roha (it was later named Lalibela after him) in [[Bugna]] in 1162 AD. He was given the name "Lalibela", meaning "the bees recognise his sovereignty" in [[Agaw |
King Lalibela was born at either Adefa or Roha (it was later named Lalibela after him) in [[Bugna]] in 1162 AD. He was given the name "Lalibela", meaning "the bees recognise his sovereignty" in [[Agaw language|the Agaw language]], due to a swarm of bees said to have surrounded him at his birth, which his mother took as a sign of his future reign as [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]. Tradition states that he went into exile due to the hostility of his uncle [[Tatadim]] and his brother king Kedus Harbe, and was almost poisoned to death by his half-sister. |
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===Rise to Power=== |
===Rise to Power=== |
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St.Lalibela come to power based on the Agaw laws of inheritance as he was the brother of St.harbe. according to tadesse tamirat unlike the solomonic kings of Amhara, the the Zagwe (Agaw ) kings have their own law of inheritance which tadesse tamirat indicated is brother succeeding.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamirat |first=tadesse |title=church and state in Ethiopia |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1972 |isbn=ISBN 0-19-821671-8. |location=oxford |pages=55 ff |language=English}}</ref> |
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Because Lalibela came to power during his brother's lifetime, Taddesse Tamrat suspects that he came to power by force of arms.<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, p. 61.</ref> |
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Lalibela was backed by the [[Amhara People|Amhara]] nobles in his power struggle against his brothers which led him to make [[Amharic]] ''Lessana Negus'' as well as fill the Amhara nobles in the top positions of his Kingdom after taking the crown.<ref>Mohammad Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia, pp.3</ref> |
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===Construction of Churches=== |
===Construction of Churches=== |
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Revision as of 08:41, 21 January 2023
| Lalibela | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negus | |||||
 15th-century painting of Emperor Lalibela | |||||
| King of Zagwe dynasty | |||||
| Reign | 1181–1221 | ||||
| Predecessor | Kedus Harbe | ||||
| Successor | Na'akueto La'ab | ||||
| Born | 1162 Adefa, Roha or Bugna, Zagwe dynasty | ||||
| Died | 1221 (aged 58–59) | ||||
| Burial | Bete Golgotha church, Lalibela, Ethiopia | ||||
| Spouse | Masqal Kibra | ||||
| Issue | Yetbarak Judith[1] | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Zagwe dynasty | ||||
| Father | Jan Seyum | ||||
| Religion | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo | ||||
Gebre Meskel Lalibela | |
|---|---|
| Venerated in | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church |
| Major shrine | Bete, Golgotha Church, Lalibela, Ethiopia |
| Feast | 19 June |
Lalibela (Ge'ez: ላሊበላ), regnal name Gebre Meskel (Ge'ez: ገብረ መስቀል gäbrä mäsqäl; 1162 – 1221), was King of Zagwe dynasty, reigning from 1181 to 1221.[2]: 22 [3]: 56n According to Taddesse Tamrat, he was the son of Jan Seyum and brother of Kedus Harbe. Perhaps the most well-known of the Zagwe monarchs, the namesake monolithic rock-hewn churches of Lalibela are attributed to his reign. He is venerated as a saint by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on 19 June.[4]
Biography
King Lalibela was born at either Adefa or Roha (it was later named Lalibela after him) in Bugna in 1162 AD. He was given the name "Lalibela", meaning "the bees recognise his sovereignty" in the Agaw language, due to a swarm of bees said to have surrounded him at his birth, which his mother took as a sign of his future reign as Emperor of Ethiopia. Tradition states that he went into exile due to the hostility of his uncle Tatadim and his brother king Kedus Harbe, and was almost poisoned to death by his half-sister.
Rise to Power
St.Lalibela come to power based on the Agaw laws of inheritance as he was the brother of St.harbe. according to tadesse tamirat unlike the solomonic kings of Amhara, the the Zagwe (Agaw ) kings have their own law of inheritance which tadesse tamirat indicated is brother succeeding.[5]
Construction of Churches
Lalibela is said to have seen Jerusalem in a vision and then attempted to build a new Jerusalem as his capital in response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslims in 1187. As such, many features of the town of Lalibela have Biblical names including the town's river, known as the River Jordan (Amharic: ዮርዳኖስ ወንዝ, romanized: Yordanos Wenz). The city remained the capital of Ethiopia from the late 12th century and into the 13th century.
Details about the construction of his 11 monolithic churches at Lalibela have been lost. The later Gadla Lalibela, a hagiography of the king, states that he carved these churches out of stone with only the help of angels.[6] According to the narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia in 1520-6, written down by Father Francisco Álvares and published in 1540, the Lalibelian priests claimed that the churches took 24 years to construct. They said that King Lalibela ordered this to be done. [7]
His chief queen was Masqal Kibra, about whom a few traditions have survived. She induced Abuna Mikael to make her brother Hirun bishop, and a few years later the Abuna left Ethiopia for Egypt, complaining that Hirun had usurped his authority.[8] Another tradition states that she convinced king Lalibela to abdicate in favor of his nephew Na'akueto La'ab, but after 18 months of his nephew's misrule she convinced Lalibela to resume the throne. Taddesse Tamrat suspects that the end of Lalibela's rule was not actually this amiable, and argues that this tradition masks a brief usurpation of Na'akueto La'ab, whose reign was ended by Lalibela's son, Yetbarak.[9] Getachew Mekonnen credits her with having one of the rock-hewn churches, Bet Abba Libanos, built as a memorial for Lalibela after his death.[10]
Although little written material concerning the other Zagwe kings survives, a sizeable quantity concerning Lalibela's reign remains, besides the Gadla Lalibela. An embassy from the Patriarch of Alexandria visited Lalibela's court around 1210, and have left an account of him, and Na'akueto La'ab and Yetbarak.[11] The Italian scholar Carlo Conti Rossini has also edited and published the several land grants that survive from his reign.[12]
References
- ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 1). London: Methuen & Co. p. 285.
- ^ Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, Wollo, Yager Dibab (Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992)
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia. ISBN 0198216718. OL 4953606M.
- ^ "Lalibela Day in Lalibela, commemorates the death of the Saint-King | Tesfa Tours". www.tesfatours.com. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
- ^ Tamirat, tadesse (1972). church and state in Ethiopia. oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 55 ff. ISBN ISBN 0-19-821671-8..
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ The portion of his Gadla describing his construction of these churches has been translated by Richard K. P. Pankhurst in his The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press), 1967.
- ^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B Huntingford (eds), The Prester John of the Indies: A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John, Being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520 written by Father Francisco Alvares, Cambridge, published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1961, vol I. p. 227.
- ^ Taddesse Tamrat, pp. 59f.
- ^ Taddesse Tamrat, pp. 62f.
- ^ Getachew Mekonnen, p. 24.
- ^ Taddesse Tamrat, p. 62.
- ^ A bibliography for these can be found at Taddesse Tamrat, p. 59.
External links
- J. Perruchon. Vie de Lalibala, roi d'éthiopie: texte éthiopien et traduction française. Paris 1892. (Online version in Gallica website at the Bibliothèque nationale de France)
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