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| known_for = Convictions for [[arms trafficking|traffic arms]], conspiracy of shipping unauthorized weapons}}
| known_for = Convictions for [[arms trafficking|traffic arms]], conspiracy of shipping unauthorized weapons}}


'''Sarkis Garabet Soghanalian''' ({{lang-hy|Սարգիս Սողանալեան}}; February 6, 1929 – October 5, 2011), nicknamed '''Merchant of Death''', was a Syrian-<ref>{{Cite book|last=Relations|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoKC-Sxb9kIC&q=Sarkis+Soghanalian+syrian&pg=PA13|title=The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate|date=1993|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-040181-7|language=en}}</ref> Lebanese-Armenian<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/middleeast/sarkis-g-soghanalian-arms-dealer-dies-at-82.html|title = Sarkis G. Soghanalian, an Arms Dealer Who Aided U.S. Intelligence, Dies at 82|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 6 October 2011|last1 = Shane|first1 = Scott}}</ref> international private arms dealer who gained fame for being the "[[Cold War]]'s largest arms merchant"<ref name="Frontline">"[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/soghanalian.html Sarkis Soghanalian: The Cold War's Largest Arms Merchant]." ''[[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline/World]]'' (produced in March 2001). Retrieved April 10, 2007</ref> and the lead seller of firearms and weaponry to the former government of [[Iraq]] under [[Saddam Hussein]] during the 1980s.<ref>Silverstein, Ken and Daniel Burton-Rose. ''Private Warriors''. New York: Verso, 2000, pp. 60-61. {{ISBN|1-85984-325-5}}.</ref>
'''Sarkis Garabet Soghanalian''' ({{lang-hy|Սարգիս Սողանալեան}}; February 6, 1929 – October 5, 2011), nicknamed the '''Merchant of Death''', was a Syrian-<ref>{{Cite book|last=Relations|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoKC-Sxb9kIC&q=Sarkis+Soghanalian+syrian&pg=PA13|title=The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate|date=1993|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-040181-7|language=en}}</ref> Lebanese-Armenian<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/middleeast/sarkis-g-soghanalian-arms-dealer-dies-at-82.html|title = Sarkis G. Soghanalian, an Arms Dealer Who Aided U.S. Intelligence, Dies at 82|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 6 October 2011|last1 = Shane|first1 = Scott}}</ref> international private arms dealer who gained fame for being the "[[Cold War]]'s largest arms merchant"<ref name="Frontline">"[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/soghanalian.html Sarkis Soghanalian: The Cold War's Largest Arms Merchant]." ''[[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline/World]]'' (produced in March 2001). Retrieved April 10, 2007</ref> and the lead seller of firearms and weaponry to the former government of [[Iraq]] under [[Saddam Hussein]] during the 1980s.<ref>Silverstein, Ken and Daniel Burton-Rose. ''Private Warriors''. New York: Verso, 2000, pp. 60-61. {{ISBN|1-85984-325-5}}.</ref>


Soghanalian, then a permanent resident living in [[Virginia Gardens, Florida]], was hired on behalf of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to sell arms to help Iraq in the midst of the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>Kahaner, Larry. ''AK-47: The Weapon that Changed the Face of War''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 125. {{ISBN|0-471-72641-9}}.</ref> With the encouragement of the [[Reagan Administration]] and the backing of American intelligence agencies, he oversaw the transaction of several significant arms deals, including the sale of French-built [[artillery]] valued at $1.4 billion. Besides Iraq, he also sold weapons to groups such as the [[Polisario]] forces in [[Mauritania]], the [[Kataeb Party|Phalange]] militia during the [[Lebanese Civil War]], to Latin American countries such as [[Nicaragua]], [[Ecuador]], and to [[Argentina]] during the [[Falklands War]].<ref name ="Frontline"/> He extended his services to other regions of the world, including Africa. Prior to the beginning of the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], Soghanalian appeared in several television interviews, explaining in detail the work he had done in Iraq, along with naming several top American government officials who were involved in the arms transactions.
Soghanalian was contracted by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to sell arms to help Iraq during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>Kahaner, Larry. ''AK-47: The Weapon that Changed the Face of War''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 125. {{ISBN|0-471-72641-9}}.</ref> With the encouragement of the [[Reagan Administration]] and the backing of American intelligence agencies, he oversaw the transaction of several significant arms deals. Aside from Iraq, he also sold weapons to groups in [[Mauritania]], [[Lebanon]], and Latin America.<ref name ="Frontline"/>


With this, the [[US Justice Department|Justice Department]] charged Soghanalian for "conspiracy of shipping unauthorized weapons" to Iraq where he was found guilty and sentenced to jail.<ref name ="PEC">Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian in 2003. [http://www.publicedcenter.org/stories/cia-interviews/soghanalian.shtml Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian]. Public Education Center. Retrieved April 10, 2007</ref> He was released several years later when he helped the [[Clinton administration]] unsuccessfully break up a [[counterfeiting]] ring in Lebanon. He moved his office from the United States and opened up operations in France and [[Jordan]]. In 2001, he was arrested once more by the US government on [[bank fraud]] charges but was released a year later after he revealed the weapons transactions deals were taking place between the CIA and [[Peru]] (which arguably resulted in the collapse of the [[Alberto Fujimori]] government).<ref name ="PEC"/>
On the eve of the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], Soghanalian spoke publicly about his activities during the Iran-Iraq War. This led to a federal indictment by the [[US Justice Department|Justice Department]]. He was found guilty and sentenced to jail.<ref name ="PEC">Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian in 2003. [http://www.publicedcenter.org/stories/cia-interviews/soghanalian.shtml Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian]. Public Education Center. Retrieved April 10, 2007</ref> He was given an early release when he helped the [[Clinton administration]] to attempt break up a [[counterfeiting]] ring in Lebanon. In 2001, he was arrested once more by the US government on [[bank fraud]] charges but was released a year later after he revelations of further weapons transactions deals between the CIA and [[Peru]].<ref name ="PEC"/>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Line 26: Line 26:


===Lebanon===
===Lebanon===
Soghanalian was introduced to the world of arms trade in the beginning of the 1970s. He sold his first consignment of firearms in 1973, mainly consisting of American weaponry (the Lebanese military had largely been armed by the United States). However, he was soon able to procure weaponry from a multitude of [[Eastern bloc]] countries including [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]].<ref name="Frontline"/> The arms consisted largely of [[small arms]] and infantry weapons. After the civil war, he moved his arms operations to other countries, supplying the [[Christians|Christian]] [[Kataeb Party|Phalange militia]] in Lebanon, various factions in [[Ecuador]], [[Mauritania]] and [[Nicaragua]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]'s [[Zaire]], an American [[C-130 Hercules]] transport plane to Libya's [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], the [[Argentine]] military in the [[Falklands War]], until moving on to [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Iraq]].<ref name ="Frontline"/>
Soghanalian was introduced to the world of arms trade in the beginning of the 1970s. He sold his first consignment of firearms in 1973 (mainly consisting of American weaponry). However, he was soon able to procure weaponry from a number of [[Eastern bloc]] countries including [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]].<ref name="Frontline"/> The arms consisted largely of [[small arms]] and infantry weapons. After the Lebanese Civil War, he branched out his arms operations to other countries, supplying the [[Christians|Christian]] [[Kataeb Party|Phalange militia]] in Lebanon, various factions in [[Ecuador]], [[Mauritania]] and [[Nicaragua]], and [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]'s [[Zaire]], to [[Argentina]] during the [[Falklands War]], and to [[Saddam Hussein]]. He was even able procure an American [[C-130 Hercules]] transport plane to Libya's [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]].<ref name ="Frontline"/>


===Iraq===
===Iraq===
According to Soghanalian, the United States was fully aware of his operations when he moved on to Iraq: "The Americans knew what I was doing, every minute, every hour. If I drank a glass of water, they were aware of it and what kind of water it was."<ref name ="Frontline"/> He had built and maintained a largely amiable relationship with the United States ever since it had [[Lebanon crisis of 1958|landed]] a contingent of Marines in Lebanon in 1958.<ref>Trento, Joseph J. ''Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network''. New York: Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2005, p. 238.</ref> American intelligence officials had described him as a cooperative and reliable source in Lebanon, making him an ideal candidate to conduct the arms deal with Iraq.<ref>Trento. ''Prelude to Terror'', pp. 237-238.</ref> With the beginning of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in 1980, he began to sell weapons to Iraq with the blessing of the United States. Since there was an arms embargo placed against Iraq, the weapons were funneled through various countries. His most significant deal came with the sale of several French 155mm [[self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]] [[howitzer]]s valued at an estimated $1.4 billion.<ref name="Cerf32">Cerf, Christopher and Micah L Sifry. ''The Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions''. New York: Touchstone, 2003, p. 32. {{ISBN|0-7432-5347-7}}.</ref>
According to an interview he gave years later, the United States was fully aware of Soghanalian's operations when he began obtaining weapons for Iraq: "The Americans knew what I was doing, every minute, every hour. If I drank a glass of water, they were aware of it and what kind of water it was."<ref name ="Frontline"/> He had struck up and maintained a largely cordial relationship with the United States ever since the [[Lebanon crisis of 1958]].<ref>Trento, Joseph J. ''Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network''. New York: Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2005, p. 238.</ref> American intelligence officials had described him as a cooperative and reliable source in Lebanon, making him an ideal candidate to conduct the arms deal with Iraq.<ref>Trento. ''Prelude to Terror'', pp. 237-238.</ref> With the beginning of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in 1980, he began to sell weapons to Iraq with the blessing of the United States. Since there was an arms embargo placed against Iraq, the weapons were funneled through various countries. His most significant deal came when he procured French 155mm [[self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]] [[howitzer]]s (valued at an estimated $1.4 billion).<ref name="Cerf32">Cerf, Christopher and Micah L Sifry. ''The Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions''. New York: Touchstone, 2003, p. 32. {{ISBN|0-7432-5347-7}}.</ref>


Iraqi leaders had initially approached the [[Reagan administration]] to purchase American 175mm artillery, but were turned down. They were, however, encouraged by American officials to procure the weapons through private arms dealers.<ref name="Cerf32"/> The Iraqis in 1981 appealed to Soghanalian, then based in [[Miami, Florida]], who in turn approached several European governments. He found French leader [[François Mitterrand]] well-disposed to conducting the transaction so long as the deal was kept secret, since [[Iran]] was holding French hostages at the time, and France did not wish to antagonize it further. The U.S. encouraged Mitterrand to approve the sale, known as "Vulcan", as it passed through a complex set of transactions.<ref>Cerf and Sifry. ''The Iraq War Reader'', pp. 32, 33.</ref>
Iraqi leaders had initially approached the [[Reagan administration]] to purchase American 175mm artillery, but had been turned down. They were, however, encouraged by American officials to procure the weapons through private arms dealers.<ref name="Cerf32"/> The Iraqis in 1981 appealed to Soghanalian, then based in [[Miami, Florida]], who in turn approached several European governments. He found French leader [[François Mitterrand]] inclined to conducting the transaction so long as the deal was kept secret, since [[Iran]] was holding French hostages at the time, and France did not wish to antagonize it. The U.S. encouraged Mitterrand to approve the sale, nicknamed the "Vulcan," as it passed through a complex set of transactions.<ref>Cerf and Sifry. ''The Iraq War Reader'', pp. 32, 33.</ref>


Soghanalian defended the sales when they were revealed on the eve of the [[Gulf War]] in January 1991. He stated that, "We didn't give him those weapons to fight U.S. forces. The weapons were given to him to fight the common enemy [Iran] at that time. Which he did. There was no need to have direct confrontation with him and endanger American troops."<ref name ="Frontline"/> His other transactions to Iraq also included artillery from [[South Africa]], which he routed through Austria as a "middle man," to bypass [[United Nations]] [[International sanctions|sanctions]].<ref name ="60Minutes">Interview by Steve Kroft. [https://fas.org/news/iraq/1991/C231.html United States Arms Sales to Iraq] (produced by Don Hewitt and Lowell Bergman). ''[[60 Minutes]]''; aired January 20, 1991. Retrieved April 15, 2007.</ref> Soghanalian helped sell to the Iraqi army military uniforms worth $280,000,000 from Romania.<ref name="Frontline"/>
Soghanalian defended the sales when they were later revealed on the eve of the [[Gulf War]], in January 1991. He stated that, "We didn't give him those weapons to fight U.S. forces. The weapons were given to him to fight the common enemy [Iran] at that time. Which he did. There was no need to have direct confrontation with him and endanger American troops."<ref name ="Frontline"/> His other transactions to Iraq also included artillery from [[South Africa]], which he routed through Austria as a "middle man," to bypass [[United Nations]] [[International sanctions|sanctions]].<ref name ="60Minutes">Interview by Steve Kroft. [https://fas.org/news/iraq/1991/C231.html United States Arms Sales to Iraq] (produced by Don Hewitt and Lowell Bergman). ''[[60 Minutes]]''; aired January 20, 1991. Retrieved April 15, 2007.</ref> Soghanalian helped sell to the Iraqi army military uniforms worth $280,000,000 from Romania.<ref name="Frontline"/>


In an interview with ''[[60 Minutes]]'', Soghanalian stated that top-level American officials were aware from the beginning of his deals in Iraq. These included former U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]], former Vice-President [[Spiro Agnew]], Nixon's chief of staff [[Colonel]] Jack Brennan and attorney general [[John N. Mitchell]]. Encouraged by other senior officials, Nixon had written a letter on his behalf to expedite the sale of the uniforms to Iraq. Soghanalian remarked that "They were not only in the uniform business. They would sell their mothers if they could, just to make the money."<ref name ="60Minutes"/> He also predicted that the ensuing war between Coalition troops and Iraq would turn into a lengthy and costly conflict, much like the Iran–Iraq War. This assertion ultimately proved incorrect as Coalition troops rapidly ejected the Iraqi army from Kuwait in February 1991.
In an interview with ''[[60 Minutes]]'', Soghanalian stated that top-level American officials were aware from the beginning of his deals in Iraq. These included former U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]], former Vice-President [[Spiro Agnew]], Nixon chief of staff Colonel Jack Brennan and attorney general [[John N. Mitchell]]. Encouraged by other senior officials, Nixon had written a letter on his behalf to expedite the sale of uniforms to Iraq. Soghanalian remarked that "They were not only in the uniform business. They would sell their mothers if they could, just to make the money."<ref name ="60Minutes"/> He predicted that the ensuing war between Coalition troops and Iraq would turn into a lengthy and costly conflict, much like the Iran–Iraq War.


==Arrest and conviction==
==Arrest and conviction==
Soghanalian's testimony exposed the role of American government officials in the illicit arms trade. Members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] noted that his revelations had been found to be "extremely disturbing to every American. They are disturbing to Mr. Soghanalian. He gives a first-hand description of official and unofficial American involvement in the enormous buildup of arms to Saddam Hussein."<ref name="60Minutes"/>
Soghanalian's testimony exposed the role of American government officials in the illicit arms trade. Members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] noted that his revelations had been found to be "extremely disturbing to every American. They are disturbing to Mr. Soghanalian. He gives a first-hand description of official and unofficial American involvement in the enormous buildup of arms to Saddam Hussein."<ref name="60Minutes"/>


His testimony led to the [[George H. W. Bush administration]] open criminal charges against him in 1991. He was convicted on six counts for possession of armament and intent to sell to [[Iraq]]. The weapons included 103 helicopter [[gunship]]s from the [[Hughes Helicopters]] corporation and two [[rocket-propelled grenade]] launchers from a 1983 deal.<ref name="Frontline"/> A year later, he was fined $20,000 and sentenced to six years in prison. However, in 1993 his sentence was reduced to two years. Although the exact reasons remain unknown, his attorney stated that Soghanalian had given intelligence to U.S. law-enforcement officials that led them to an unsuccessful attempt to break up a $100 billion counterfeiting operation in the [[Bekaa valley]] in Lebanon. In 1995, after he was released, he moved to France and opened offices there and in [[Amman, Jordan]]. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}
His testimony led the Justice Department under [[George H. W. Bush administration]] to file federal charges against him in 1991. He was convicted on six counts for possession of armaments and intent to sell to [[Iraq]]. The weapons included 103 helicopter [[gunship]]s from the [[Hughes Helicopters]] corporation and two [[rocket-propelled grenade]] launchers from a 1983 deal.<ref name="Frontline"/> A year later, he was fined $20,000 and sentenced to six years in prison. In 1993 his sentence was reduced to two years. Although the exact reasons remain unknown, his attorney stated that Soghanalian had cooperated with U.S. law enforcement officials in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to break up a $100 billion counterfeiting operation in the [[Bekaa valley]] in Lebanon. In 1995, after he was released, he moved to France and opened offices there and in [[Amman, Jordan]]. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}


==Peru==
==Peru==
Line 46: Line 46:


==Philanthropy==
==Philanthropy==
Though known for his role in the global arms trade, Soghanalian also used his resources to dispatch 26 planes to deliver humanitarian relief to the Soviet Union in the wake of the [[1988 Spitak earthquake|devastating earthquake]] that hit [[Spitak]], [[Armenia]] in 1988.<ref name="Washington Post">"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sarkis-g-soghanalian-arms-dealer-dubbed-merchant-of-death-dies-at-82/2011/10/07/gIQAXLHsaL_story.html Sarkis G. Soghanalian, arms dealer dubbed ‘merchant of death,’ dies at 82]." ''[[Washington Post]]''. October 10, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013.</ref> For his efforts, President [[George H. W. Bush]] described him as an individual who "strengthened the ties that unite mankind," while [[Mother Teresa]] wrote him a letter, stating that God would reward him and his family's efforts a "hundredfold."<ref name="Washington Post"/>
Though known for his role in the global arms trade, Soghanalian also used his resources to dispatch 26 planes to deliver humanitarian relief to the Soviet Union in the wake of the [[1988 Spitak earthquake|devastating earthquake]] that hit [[Spitak]], [[Soviet Armenia]] in 1988.<ref name="Washington Post">"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/sarkis-g-soghanalian-arms-dealer-dubbed-merchant-of-death-dies-at-82/2011/10/07/gIQAXLHsaL_story.html Sarkis G. Soghanalian, arms dealer dubbed ‘merchant of death,’ dies at 82]." ''[[Washington Post]]''. October 10, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013.</ref> For his efforts, President [[George H. W. Bush]] described him as an individual who "strengthened the ties that unite mankind," while [[Mother Teresa]] wrote him a letter, stating that God would reward him and his family's efforts a "hundredfold."<ref name="Washington Post"/>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The character Simeon Weisz from the 2005 film ''[[Lord of War]]'' is a fictional character created as a composite of real life, middle-eastern arms dealers, including Soghanalian.<ref>Zerrouky, Hassane. "[http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article.php3?id_article=61 Getting a closer look at gun-running - a film review]." ''[[L'Humanité]]'' (January 30, 2006). Retrieved May 17, 2007.</ref>
Soghanalian was one of the inspirations for the character of Yuri Orlov in the 2005 film ''[[Lord of War]]''. Orlov was a composite of real life, Middle-eastern arms dealers, including Soghanalian and [[Victor Bout]].<ref>Zerrouky, Hassane. "[http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article.php3?id_article=61 Getting a closer look at gun-running - a film review]." ''[[L'Humanité]]'', January 30, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2007.</ref>


==Death==
==Death==

Revision as of 17:16, 8 May 2023

Sarkis Soghanalian
Born
Սարգիս Սողանալեան

(1929-02-06)February 6, 1929
İskenderun, State of Syria
DiedOctober 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 82)
Hialeah, Florida, U.S.
Known forConvictions for traffic arms, conspiracy of shipping unauthorized weapons

Sarkis Garabet Soghanalian (Armenian: Սարգիս Սողանալեան; February 6, 1929 – October 5, 2011), nicknamed the Merchant of Death, was a Syrian-[1] Lebanese-Armenian[2] international private arms dealer who gained fame for being the "Cold War's largest arms merchant"[3] and the lead seller of firearms and weaponry to the former government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein during the 1980s.[4]

Soghanalian was contracted by the Central Intelligence Agency to sell arms to help Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War.[5] With the encouragement of the Reagan Administration and the backing of American intelligence agencies, he oversaw the transaction of several significant arms deals. Aside from Iraq, he also sold weapons to groups in Mauritania, Lebanon, and Latin America.[3]

On the eve of the Persian Gulf War, Soghanalian spoke publicly about his activities during the Iran-Iraq War. This led to a federal indictment by the Justice Department. He was found guilty and sentenced to jail.[6] He was given an early release when he helped the Clinton administration to attempt break up a counterfeiting ring in Lebanon. In 2001, he was arrested once more by the US government on bank fraud charges but was released a year later after he revelations of further weapons transactions deals between the CIA and Peru.[6]

Early life

Soghanalian was born to an Armenian family in what was then French mandate Syrian Iskanderun (now part of Turkey). In late 1939, his family moved to Lebanon. Due to the poor economic conditions his family lived in at the time, he decided to drop out of high school and joined the French Army and served in a tank division. It was from his experience in the military that brought him into the world of weaponry and, in his words, he "adapted to it from childhood and kept going".[3]

Soghanalian later took up a job as a ski instructor in Lebanon, where he met and married his American wife. [citation needed]

Initial arms deals

Lebanon

Soghanalian was introduced to the world of arms trade in the beginning of the 1970s. He sold his first consignment of firearms in 1973 (mainly consisting of American weaponry). However, he was soon able to procure weaponry from a number of Eastern bloc countries including Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.[3] The arms consisted largely of small arms and infantry weapons. After the Lebanese Civil War, he branched out his arms operations to other countries, supplying the Christian Phalange militia in Lebanon, various factions in Ecuador, Mauritania and Nicaragua, and Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaire, to Argentina during the Falklands War, and to Saddam Hussein. He was even able procure an American C-130 Hercules transport plane to Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi.[3]

Iraq

According to an interview he gave years later, the United States was fully aware of Soghanalian's operations when he began obtaining weapons for Iraq: "The Americans knew what I was doing, every minute, every hour. If I drank a glass of water, they were aware of it and what kind of water it was."[3] He had struck up and maintained a largely cordial relationship with the United States ever since the Lebanon crisis of 1958.[7] American intelligence officials had described him as a cooperative and reliable source in Lebanon, making him an ideal candidate to conduct the arms deal with Iraq.[8] With the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980, he began to sell weapons to Iraq with the blessing of the United States. Since there was an arms embargo placed against Iraq, the weapons were funneled through various countries. His most significant deal came when he procured French 155mm self-propelled howitzers (valued at an estimated $1.4 billion).[9]

Iraqi leaders had initially approached the Reagan administration to purchase American 175mm artillery, but had been turned down. They were, however, encouraged by American officials to procure the weapons through private arms dealers.[9] The Iraqis in 1981 appealed to Soghanalian, then based in Miami, Florida, who in turn approached several European governments. He found French leader François Mitterrand inclined to conducting the transaction so long as the deal was kept secret, since Iran was holding French hostages at the time, and France did not wish to antagonize it. The U.S. encouraged Mitterrand to approve the sale, nicknamed the "Vulcan," as it passed through a complex set of transactions.[10]

Soghanalian defended the sales when they were later revealed on the eve of the Gulf War, in January 1991. He stated that, "We didn't give him those weapons to fight U.S. forces. The weapons were given to him to fight the common enemy [Iran] at that time. Which he did. There was no need to have direct confrontation with him and endanger American troops."[3] His other transactions to Iraq also included artillery from South Africa, which he routed through Austria as a "middle man," to bypass United Nations sanctions.[11] Soghanalian helped sell to the Iraqi army military uniforms worth $280,000,000 from Romania.[3]

In an interview with 60 Minutes, Soghanalian stated that top-level American officials were aware from the beginning of his deals in Iraq. These included former U.S. President Richard Nixon, former Vice-President Spiro Agnew, Nixon chief of staff Colonel Jack Brennan and attorney general John N. Mitchell. Encouraged by other senior officials, Nixon had written a letter on his behalf to expedite the sale of uniforms to Iraq. Soghanalian remarked that "They were not only in the uniform business. They would sell their mothers if they could, just to make the money."[11] He predicted that the ensuing war between Coalition troops and Iraq would turn into a lengthy and costly conflict, much like the Iran–Iraq War.

Arrest and conviction

Soghanalian's testimony exposed the role of American government officials in the illicit arms trade. Members of Congress noted that his revelations had been found to be "extremely disturbing to every American. They are disturbing to Mr. Soghanalian. He gives a first-hand description of official and unofficial American involvement in the enormous buildup of arms to Saddam Hussein."[11]

His testimony led the Justice Department under George H. W. Bush administration to file federal charges against him in 1991. He was convicted on six counts for possession of armaments and intent to sell to Iraq. The weapons included 103 helicopter gunships from the Hughes Helicopters corporation and two rocket-propelled grenade launchers from a 1983 deal.[3] A year later, he was fined $20,000 and sentenced to six years in prison. In 1993 his sentence was reduced to two years. Although the exact reasons remain unknown, his attorney stated that Soghanalian had cooperated with U.S. law enforcement officials in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to break up a $100 billion counterfeiting operation in the Bekaa valley in Lebanon. In 1995, after he was released, he moved to France and opened offices there and in Amman, Jordan. [citation needed]

Peru

In 1999 Soghanalian arranged for an air drop of 10,000 AK-47 assault rifles, originally from East Germany and Jordan, intended for use by the Peruvian government but most of it fell into the possession of the Colombian leftist guerrilla organization FARC, which were opposed to the US-backed government of Colombia.[12] Soghanalian had been able to purchase the rifles for $55 apiece in addition to a $20 transportation, and "shipping and handling" fee. Several months later, it was revealed that the CIA had backed the deal to arm Peruvian intelligence head Vladimiro Montesinos.[3]

Philanthropy

Though known for his role in the global arms trade, Soghanalian also used his resources to dispatch 26 planes to deliver humanitarian relief to the Soviet Union in the wake of the devastating earthquake that hit Spitak, Soviet Armenia in 1988.[13] For his efforts, President George H. W. Bush described him as an individual who "strengthened the ties that unite mankind," while Mother Teresa wrote him a letter, stating that God would reward him and his family's efforts a "hundredfold."[13]

In popular culture

Soghanalian was one of the inspirations for the character of Yuri Orlov in the 2005 film Lord of War. Orlov was a composite of real life, Middle-eastern arms dealers, including Soghanalian and Victor Bout.[14]

Death

Soghanalian died on October 5, 2011 at the Hialeah Hospital in Hialeah, Florida.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign (1993). The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-040181-7.
  2. ^ Shane, Scott (6 October 2011). "Sarkis G. Soghanalian, an Arms Dealer Who Aided U.S. Intelligence, Dies at 82". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Sarkis Soghanalian: The Cold War's Largest Arms Merchant." Frontline/World (produced in March 2001). Retrieved April 10, 2007
  4. ^ Silverstein, Ken and Daniel Burton-Rose. Private Warriors. New York: Verso, 2000, pp. 60-61. ISBN 1-85984-325-5.
  5. ^ Kahaner, Larry. AK-47: The Weapon that Changed the Face of War. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 125. ISBN 0-471-72641-9.
  6. ^ a b Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian in 2003. Interview with Sarkis Soghanalian. Public Education Center. Retrieved April 10, 2007
  7. ^ Trento, Joseph J. Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network. New York: Caroll & Graf Publishers, 2005, p. 238.
  8. ^ Trento. Prelude to Terror, pp. 237-238.
  9. ^ a b Cerf, Christopher and Micah L Sifry. The Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions. New York: Touchstone, 2003, p. 32. ISBN 0-7432-5347-7.
  10. ^ Cerf and Sifry. The Iraq War Reader, pp. 32, 33.
  11. ^ a b c Interview by Steve Kroft. United States Arms Sales to Iraq (produced by Don Hewitt and Lowell Bergman). 60 Minutes; aired January 20, 1991. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  12. ^ Austin, Kathi and Jason Felch. "A Colombia Arms Deal And the Perils of Blowback". The Washington Post. March 3, 2002. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  13. ^ a b c "Sarkis G. Soghanalian, arms dealer dubbed ‘merchant of death,’ dies at 82." Washington Post. October 10, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  14. ^ Zerrouky, Hassane. "Getting a closer look at gun-running - a film review." L'Humanité, January 30, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2007.

External links

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