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'''Bourguibism''' ({{lang-ar|البورقيبية}} ''al-Būrqībiyah'', {{lang-fr|bourguibisme}}) refers to the policies of [[Habib Bourguiba]], the first [[President of Tunisia|President]] of [[Tunisia]], and his followers.
'''Bourguibism''' ({{lang-ar|البورقيبية}} ''al-Būrqībiyah'', {{lang-fr|bourguibisme}}) refers to the policies of [[Habib Bourguiba]], the first [[President of Tunisia|President]] of [[Tunisia]], and his followers.


Bourguibism is defined by a strong commitment to national independence and specifically [[Tunisian nationalism]] (as opposed to pan-[[Maghreb]]i or [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] ideas),<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=100–101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Michael C. |last=Hudson |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |title=Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy |pages=385}}</ref> a [[state capitalism|state capitalist]] approach on economic development,<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=7, 112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Nazih N. |last=Ayubi |author-link= Nazih Ayubi |title=Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2009 |page=212}}</ref> [[welfare state]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Cassarino |title=Participatory Development and Liberal Reforms in Tunisia: The Gradual Incorporation of ''Some'' Economic Networks |work=Networks of Privilege in the Middle East |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |page=229}}</ref> a [[statism|statist]] and [[corporatism|corporatist]] interpretation of [[populism]],<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Elie |last1=Podeh |first2=Onn |last2=Winckler |title=Introduction: Nasserism as a Form of Populism |work=Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt |page=27}}</ref> strict [[secularism]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michael C. |last=Hudson |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |title=Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy |pages=380–381}}</ref> and cultural modernity, advocating Tunisia's place as a bridge between Arab-Islamic and Western civilisation.<ref>{{Cite book |first=John Obert |last=Voll |title=Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World |edition=Second |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1994 |page=331}}</ref> Bourguibism is responsible for Tunisia's comparatively high divorce rates, which is one of the highest in the Arab and Islamic world, and relatively late age for women to get married (the average age for a woman is 35 years, which is much higher compared to most other Arab countries{{Which|date=July 2021}}). Tunisian women are more sexually liberated, unlike their neighboring countries, and have a relatively strong role in economy, society and labour (all of which are comparable to the West).<ref name="Sorenson383">{{Cite book |first=David S. |last=Sorenson |title=An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics |edition=Second |publisher=Westview Press |year=2014 |page=383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Michaelle L. |last=Browers |title=Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought: Transcultural Possibilities |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2006 |page=173}}</ref> While Bourguibists condemned Tunisians who had collaborated with the French colonial rulers,<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michele Penner |last=Angrist |title=Party Building in the Modern Middle East |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2006 |page=112}}</ref> they did not repress the strong European cultural influence on Tunisia and French continued to be the language of higher education and elite culture.<ref name="Esposito92">{{Cite book |first1=John L. |last1=Esposito |first2=John O. |last2=Voll |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |title=Makers of Contemporary Islam |page=92}}</ref> Bourguibism is sometimes described as a variety of [[Kemalism]] but with focus on the Tunisian identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2014/11/12/tunisia-first-impressions/|title=Tunisia: First Impressions|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=12 November 2014|accessdate=25 November 2014|author=Steve A. Cook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127195208/http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2014/11/12/tunisia-first-impressions/|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Bourguibism is defined by a strong commitment to national independence and specifically [[Tunisian nationalism]] (as opposed to pan-[[Maghreb]]i or [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] ideas),<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=100–101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Michael C. |last=Hudson |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |title=Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy |pages=385}}</ref> a [[state capitalism|state capitalist]] approach on economic development,<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=7, 112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Nazih N. |last=Ayubi |author-link= Nazih Ayubi |title=Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2009 |page=212}}</ref> [[welfare state]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Cassarino |title=Participatory Development and Liberal Reforms in Tunisia: The Gradual Incorporation of ''Some'' Economic Networks |work=Networks of Privilege in the Middle East |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |page=229}}</ref> a [[statism|statist]] and [[corporatism|corporatist]] interpretation of [[populism]],<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Elie |last1=Podeh |first2=Onn |last2=Winckler |title=Introduction: Nasserism as a Form of Populism |work=Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt |page=27}}</ref> strict [[secularism]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michael C. |last=Hudson |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1977 |title=Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy |pages=380–381}}</ref> and cultural modernity, advocating Tunisia's place as a bridge between Arab-Islamic and Western civilisation.<ref>{{Cite book |first=John Obert |last=Voll |title=Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World |edition=Second |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1994 |page=331}}</ref> Bourguibism is responsible for Tunisia's comparatively high divorce rates, which is one of the highest in the Arab and Islamic world, and relatively late age for women to get married (the average age for a woman is 35 years, which is much higher compared to most other Arab countries{{Which|date=July 2021}}). Tunisian women are more sexually liberated, unlike their neighboring countries, and have a relatively strong role in economy, society and labour (all of which are comparable to the West).<ref name="Sorenson383">{{Cite book |first=David S. |last=Sorenson |title=An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics |edition=Second |publisher=Westview Press |year=2014 |page=383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Michaelle L. |last=Browers |title=Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought: Transcultural Possibilities |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2006 |page=173}}</ref> While Bourguibists condemned Tunisians who had collaborated with the French colonial rulers,<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michele Penner |last=Angrist |title=Party Building in the Modern Middle East |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2006 |page=112}}</ref> they did not repress the strong European cultural influence on Tunisia and French continued to be the language of higher education and elite culture.<ref name="Esposito92">{{Cite book |first1=John L. |last1=Esposito |first2=John O. |last2=Voll |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |title=Makers of Contemporary Islam |page=92}}</ref> Bourguibism is sometimes described as a variety of [[Kemalism]] but with focus on the Tunisian identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2014/11/12/tunisia-first-impressions/|title=Tunisia: First Impressions|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=12 November 2014|accessdate=25 November 2014|author=Steve A. Cook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127195208/http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2014/11/12/tunisia-first-impressions/|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>No wonder, Tunisia was the first victim of the synthetic "Arab spring" which was the result of a collaboration between Arab Islamists and western powers. </ref>


As a political style or strategy, Bourguibism is characterised by intransigence in pursuing certain goals and non-negotiable principles combined with flexibility in negotiations and readiness to compromise considering the means to effectuate them.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Clement Henry |last=Moore |title=Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1965 |pages=44–45}}</ref> It is therefore described as pragmatic, non-ideological, moderate, and reformist rather than revolutionary, but determined and relentless at the same time.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Ronals |editor-last=Steel |title=North Africa |series=The Reference Shelf |volume=38 |number=5 |publisher=H. W. Wilson Co. |year=1967 |page=104}}</ref> For example, despite being decidedly secularist, Bourguiba made sure to curtail the public role of Islam only carefully and gradually, in order not to arouse opposition from conservative Muslims.<ref name="Esposito92"/>
As a political style or strategy, Bourguibism is characterised by intransigence in pursuing certain goals and non-negotiable principles combined with flexibility in negotiations and readiness to compromise considering the means to effectuate them.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Clement Henry |last=Moore |title=Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1965 |pages=44–45}}</ref> It is therefore described as pragmatic, non-ideological, moderate, and reformist rather than revolutionary, but determined and relentless at the same time.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Alexander |title=Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Ronals |editor-last=Steel |title=North Africa |series=The Reference Shelf |volume=38 |number=5 |publisher=H. W. Wilson Co. |year=1967 |page=104}}</ref> For example, despite being decidedly secularist, Bourguiba made sure to curtail the public role of Islam only carefully and gradually, in order not to arouse opposition from conservative Muslims.<ref name="Esposito92"/>

Revision as of 05:37, 22 May 2023

This article is part of
a series about
Habib Bourguiba

Political career

Chronology

1930 to 1934
1934 to 1939
1939 to 1945
1945 to 1949
1949 to 1956

President of Tunisia

Habib Bourguiba's signature

Bourguibism (Arabic: البورقيبية al-Būrqībiyah, French: bourguibisme) refers to the policies of Habib Bourguiba, the first President of Tunisia, and his followers.

Bourguibism is defined by a strong commitment to national independence and specifically Tunisian nationalism (as opposed to pan-Maghrebi or pan-Arab ideas),[1][2] a state capitalist approach on economic development,[3][4] welfare state,[5] a statist and corporatist interpretation of populism,[6] strict secularism,[7] and cultural modernity, advocating Tunisia's place as a bridge between Arab-Islamic and Western civilisation.[8] Bourguibism is responsible for Tunisia's comparatively high divorce rates, which is one of the highest in the Arab and Islamic world, and relatively late age for women to get married (the average age for a woman is 35 years, which is much higher compared to most other Arab countries[which?]). Tunisian women are more sexually liberated, unlike their neighboring countries, and have a relatively strong role in economy, society and labour (all of which are comparable to the West).[9][10] While Bourguibists condemned Tunisians who had collaborated with the French colonial rulers,[11] they did not repress the strong European cultural influence on Tunisia and French continued to be the language of higher education and elite culture.[12] Bourguibism is sometimes described as a variety of Kemalism but with focus on the Tunisian identity.[13][14]

As a political style or strategy, Bourguibism is characterised by intransigence in pursuing certain goals and non-negotiable principles combined with flexibility in negotiations and readiness to compromise considering the means to effectuate them.[15] It is therefore described as pragmatic, non-ideological, moderate, and reformist rather than revolutionary, but determined and relentless at the same time.[16][17] For example, despite being decidedly secularist, Bourguiba made sure to curtail the public role of Islam only carefully and gradually, in order not to arouse opposition from conservative Muslims.[12]

Political parties with Bourguibist platforms

Further reading

  • Brown, L. Carl (2001). "Bourguiba and Bourguibism Revisited: Reflections and Interpretation". Middle East Journal. 55 (1): 43–57.

References

  1. ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. pp. 100–101.
  2. ^ Hudson, Michael C. (1977). Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. Yale University Press. p. 385.
  3. ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. pp. 7, 112.
  4. ^ Ayubi, Nazih N. (2009). Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris. p. 212.
  5. ^ Cassarino, Jean-Pierre (2004). Participatory Development and Liberal Reforms in Tunisia: The Gradual Incorporation of Some Economic Networks. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 229. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Podeh, Elie; Winckler, Onn. Introduction: Nasserism as a Form of Populism. p. 27. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Hudson, Michael C. (1977). Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. Yale University Press. pp. 380–381.
  8. ^ Voll, John Obert (1994). Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Second ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 331.
  9. ^ Sorenson, David S. (2014). An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics (Second ed.). Westview Press. p. 383.
  10. ^ Browers, Michaelle L. (2006). Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought: Transcultural Possibilities. Syracuse University Press. p. 173.
  11. ^ Angrist, Michele Penner (2006). Party Building in the Modern Middle East. University of Washington Press. p. 112.
  12. ^ a b Esposito, John L.; Voll, John O. (2001). Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
  13. ^ Steve A. Cook (12 November 2014). "Tunisia: First Impressions". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  14. ^ No wonder, Tunisia was the first victim of the synthetic "Arab spring" which was the result of a collaboration between Arab Islamists and western powers.
  15. ^ Moore, Clement Henry (1965). Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
  16. ^ Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb. Routledge. p. 111.
  17. ^ Steel, Ronals, ed. (1967). North Africa. The Reference Shelf. Vol. 38. H. W. Wilson Co. p. 104.
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