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== Reproduction ==
== Reproduction ==
The Mediterranean katydid (Phaneroptera nana) female sings in response to the male, prompting the male to move towards the female. This is unique to the species, because in other species of katydids, it is usually the female moving towards the male in response to hearing its chirps. However, because the females stay static while the males move to locate them, the females are at less risk of encountering threats and predators. However, the males will not decide to interact with a female unless they illicit a response within 60 milliseconds, ensuring that the female is close enough to them.<ref>Cohen, Dan et al. “DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA.” ''Behaviour'' 138.4 (2001): 411–430. Web.</ref>
The Mediterranean katydid (Phaneroptera nana) female sings in response to the male, prompting the male to move towards the female. This is unique to the species, because in other species of katydids, it is usually the female moving towards the male in response to hearing their chirps. However, because the females stay static while the males move to locate them, the females are at less risk of encountering threats and predators. However, the males will not decide to interact with a female unless they illicit a response within 60 milliseconds, ensuring that the female is close enough to them.<ref>Cohen, Dan et al. “DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA.” ''Behaviour'' 138.4 (2001): 411–430. Web.</ref>


The females are selective of the males they respond to, and generally they prefer longer chirps. At least two chirps from the males are needed for the female to entertain the males and reply to them. However, more chirps than that from the males do not make the females more likely to duet with the males.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tauber|first1=E.|last2=Pener|first2=M.P.|date=2000-02-01|title=Song recognition in female bushcrickets Phaneroptera nana|url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.597|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=203|issue=3|pages=597–603|doi=10.1242/jeb.203.3.597|pmid=10637188|issn=0022-0949}}</ref>
The females are selective of the males they respond to, and generally they prefer longer chirps. At least two chirps from the males are needed for the female to entertain the males and reply to them. However, more chirps than that from the males do not make the females more likely to duet with the males.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tauber|first1=E.|last2=Pener|first2=M.P.|date=2000-02-01|title=Song recognition in female bushcrickets Phaneroptera nana|url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.597|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=203|issue=3|pages=597–603|doi=10.1242/jeb.203.3.597|pmid=10637188|issn=0022-0949}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:37, 28 May 2023

Phaneroptera nana
Phaneroptera nana. Male
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Ensifera
Family: Tettigoniidae
Subfamily: Phaneropterinae
Tribe: Phaneropterini
Genus: Phaneroptera
Species:
P. nana
Binomial name
Phaneroptera nana
Fieber, 1853
Synonyms
  • Phaneroptera nana nana Fieber, 1853
  • Phaneroptera quadripunctata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

[1]

Phaneroptera nana, common name southern sickle bush-cricket, is a species in the family Tettigoniidae and subfamily Phaneropterinae.[2] It has become an invasive species in California where it may be called the Mediterranean katydid.

Distribution and habitat

This bush cricket is native to mainland Europe, the Near East and North Africa.[3] The Indo-Malayan species Phaneropera subcarinata, classified by Bolívar, is morphologically similar to P. nana, and was classified under the P. nana name by Carl Brunner von Wattenwyl.[4] As an invasive species, it has spread to the San Francisco Bay Area and may be widespread in the Los Angeles Basin, with records of its presence in California dating from at least 1952.[5][6] In addition, it has been recorded in South America and hypothesized in the Annals of Carnegie Museum to have spread via shipping.[7]

It mainly inhabits sunny and dry habitats, especially shrubs and low branches of trees.[8][9][10]

Description

The adult males grow up to 13–15 millimetres (0.51–0.59 in) long, while females can reach 15–18 millimetres (0.59–0.71 in) of length. In both sexes, the basic coloration of the body is light green, with many small black spots. The eyes are bright orange. In some individuals, there may be a brown dorsal stripe where the forewings (tegmina) meet, though the stripe does not extend onto the pronotum.[11] The hindwings are longer than the tegmina, with the tegmina approximately three-fourths of the length of the hindwings.[11][12] In some specimens, the tegmina reach the apex of the posterior femurs.[13] In adult males, the cerci are prominent and curved, while in adult females, the ovipositor is about 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long and has the shape of a sickle.[11][9][14]

P. nana and P. falcata are similar in appearance and may be confused for each other in parts of Europe, and elsewhere where the ranges of the two species overlap. These two species may be distinguished by the appearance of the male subgenital plate and the protonum. In P. nana, the male subgenital plate tapers near the end of the body, while in P. falcata, it diverges into two lobes. The protonum of P. nana is narrower than it is tall, while in P. falcata, the protonum is roughly the same width and length, if not longer than tall.[11]

Reproduction

The Mediterranean katydid (Phaneroptera nana) female sings in response to the male, prompting the male to move towards the female. This is unique to the species, because in other species of katydids, it is usually the female moving towards the male in response to hearing their chirps. However, because the females stay static while the males move to locate them, the females are at less risk of encountering threats and predators. However, the males will not decide to interact with a female unless they illicit a response within 60 milliseconds, ensuring that the female is close enough to them.[15]

The females are selective of the males they respond to, and generally they prefer longer chirps. At least two chirps from the males are needed for the female to entertain the males and reply to them. However, more chirps than that from the males do not make the females more likely to duet with the males.[16]

The female Mediterranean katydids lay their eggs in the lamina of plants. the female does this by bending her abdomen and chewing on the lamina to create an opening. The eggs she lays around 3mm in size on average. Those eggs usually hatch in summertime but that can vary.[17] The timing means that P. nana is usually easily encountered through the summer and fall seasons.[9]

Diet

P. nana is known to cause damage in pear orchards, feeding on pears that have not ripened.[18] In addition, it has been recorded to consume the pupae of L. botrana.[19]

  • Phaneroptera nana, nymph
    Phaneroptera nana, nymph
  • Phaneroptera cf. nana, nymph
    Phaneroptera cf. nana, nymph
  • Phaneroptera nana, female
    Phaneroptera nana, female
  • Phaneroptera nana, adult female grooming foreleg
    Phaneroptera nana, adult female grooming foreleg

References

Wikispecies has information related to Phaneroptera nana.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phaneroptera nana.
  1. ^ BioLib
  2. ^ Eades D.C., Otte D., Naskrecki P.: Orthoptera Species File Online
  3. ^ Fauna europaea
  4. ^ Industrial Technology Development Institute (Philippines); Institute (Philippines), Industrial Technology Development; Science (Philippines), Institute of; Technology (Philippines), Institute of Science and; Technology (Philippines), National Institute of Science and; Philippines; Philippines; Philippines; Philippines (1921). The Philippine journal of science. Vol. 18. Manila: Bureau of Science.
  5. ^ "Mediterranean katydid (Phaneroptera nana)".
  6. ^ "Mediterranean katydid (Phaneroptera nana)". orthsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  7. ^ Carnegie Museum.; Museum, Carnegie; History, Carnegie Museum of Natural (1922). Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Vol. 13. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute.
  8. ^ Ivkovic. 2017. Turkish Journal of Zoology 41(6):1084
  9. ^ a b c Ostravska Univerzita (in Czech)
  10. ^ Kočárek P., Holuša J., Vlk R., Marhoul P. & Zuna-Kratky T. (2008). "Recent expansions of the bush-crickets Phaneroptera falcata and Phaneroptera nana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the Czech Republic" Articulata. 23 (1): 65–75.
  11. ^ a b c d British Entomological and Natural History Society.; Society, British Entomological and Natural History; Society, British Entomological and Natural History (2007). British journal of entomology and natural history. Vol. 20. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society.
  12. ^ Chopard. 1922. Keys at Faune de France (in French)
  13. ^ Griffini. 1908 Memoires de la Societé Entomologique Belgique
  14. ^ Strano16
  15. ^ Cohen, Dan et al. “DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA.” Behaviour 138.4 (2001): 411–430. Web.
  16. ^ Tauber, E.; Pener, M.P. (2000-02-01). "Song recognition in female bushcrickets Phaneroptera nana". Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (3): 597–603. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.3.597. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 10637188.
  17. ^ Viggiani, Gennaro. “Biological Notes on Some Egg Parasitoids of Phaneroptera Nana Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae) with Description of a New Species of Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera Eulophidae) from Italy.” Biodiversity journal 12.2 (2021): 289–295. Web.
  18. ^ "Katydids / Pear / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)". UC IPM. Retrieved 1 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Reiff, Jo Marie; Kolb, Sebastian; Entling, Martin H.; Herndl, Thomas; Möth, Stefan; Walzer, Andreas; Kropf, Matthias; Hoffmann, Christoph; Winter, Silvia (March 2021). "Organic Farming and Cover-Crop Management Reduce Pest Predation in Austrian Vineyards". Insects. 12 (3): 220. doi:10.3390/insects12030220. PMC 7999927. PMID 33806420.
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