Sephardic Jews in Romania: Difference between revisions
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| population = <1,000 |
| population = <1,000 |
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| regions = [[Bucharest]] |
| regions = [[Bucharest]] |
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| languages = [[Ladino]], [[Yiddish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
| languages = [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], [[Yiddish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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| religions = [[Judaism]] |
| religions = [[Judaism]] |
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| related_groups = [[Sephardic Jews]] |
| related_groups = [[Sephardic Jews]] |
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In 1730, following advice of Jews Daniel de Fonseca and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, [[Nicolae Mavrocordat]], formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian [[Iuliu Barasch]], many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, [[Grand Spanish Temple|Cahal Grande]], with reforms by Rabbis Eliezer Papu and Damascus Eliezer. |
In 1730, following advice of Jews Daniel de Fonseca and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, [[Nicolae Mavrocordat]], formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian [[Iuliu Barasch]], many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, [[Grand Spanish Temple|Cahal Grande]], with reforms by Rabbis Eliezer Papu and Damascus Eliezer. |
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Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials [[Ion C. Brătianu]] and [[Dimitrie A. Sturdza]]. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, [[Craiova]], [[Ploiești |
Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials [[Ion C. Brătianu]] and [[Dimitrie A. Sturdza]]. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, [[Craiova]], [[Ploiești]], [[Turnu Severin]], [[Timișoara]], [[Corabia]], [[Calafat]], [[Brăila]], [[Galați]], [[Tulcea]], [[Constanța]] and [[Giurgiu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sephardic Jewish Community of Romania |url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/romania.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.sephardicstudies.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucureștiul sefard. O istorie de peste 500 de ani în 100 de imagini prezentată la Madrid {{!}} Modernism |url=https://www.modernism.ro/2016/11/15/bucurestiul-sefard-o-istorie-de-peste-500-de-ani-in-100-de-imagini-prezentata-la-madrid/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bucharest Sefard Jewish Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The {{Ill|Bucharest Sephardic Jewish Cemeetery|ro|Cimitirul evreiesc Sefard din București}} is an important monument to the community and is still in operation today.]] |
[[File:Bucharest Sefard Jewish Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The {{Ill|Bucharest Sephardic Jewish Cemeetery|ro|Cimitirul evreiesc Sefard din București}} is an important monument to the community and is still in operation today.]] |
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Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by [[Octavian Goga]]'s government, as well as [[Miron Cristea]]'s, but especially by the [[National Legionary State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-10 |title=“Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent” |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128195057/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-08 |title=Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR |url=https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808081318/https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-date=2010-08-08 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=contidianul.ro |language=ro}}</ref> During the Legionary Rebellion at the [[Bucharest pogrom]], the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground. |
Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by [[Octavian Goga]]'s government, as well as [[Miron Cristea]]'s, but especially by the [[National Legionary State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-10 |title=“Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent” |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128195057/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/miron-cristea-este-o-rusine-pentru-romania-moneda-trebuie-distrusa-urgent-902803.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-08 |title=Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR |url=https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808081318/https://www.cotidianul.ro/121201-Evreii_cer_retragerea_unei_monede_comemorative_a_BNR |archive-date=2010-08-08 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=contidianul.ro |language=ro}}</ref> During the Legionary Rebellion at the [[Bucharest pogrom]], the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground. |
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Revision as of 08:35, 20 December 2023
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| <1,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Bucharest | |
| Languages | |
| Ladino, Yiddish, Romanian | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sephardic Jews |
Sephardic Jews have played an important historical role in Romania, although their numbers in the country have dwindled to a few hundred, with most living in the capital, Bucharest. Antisemetic pogroms and economic strife lead to mass emigration out of the country in the 20th century.
History
Origins
Many Sephardic Jews began settling in Wallachia in the 16th century, although there is evidence they began settling in Romania as early as 1496 following the Spanish Inquisition.[1] They arrived through the Ottoman Empire, which was more welcoming towards Jewish immigration than other countries in Europe at the time.
Communities
In 1730, following advice of Jews Daniel de Fonseca and Celebi Mentz Bali, the then-ruler of Wallachia, Nicolae Mavrocordat, formally allowed Sephardic Jews to organize themselves into communities. Since then, according to historian Iuliu Barasch, many Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Romania. However, it was not until 1819 that the first synagogue was built in the capital, Cahal Grande, with reforms by Rabbis Eliezer Papu and Damascus Eliezer.
Since the establishment of said communities, the Sephardic community in Romania thrived, despite antisemetic measures taken by government officials Ion C. Brătianu and Dimitrie A. Sturdza. In 1934, there were large Sephardic communities in Bucharest, Craiova, Ploiești, Turnu Severin, Timișoara, Corabia, Calafat, Brăila, Galați, Tulcea, Constanța and Giurgiu.[2][3]
Sephardic Jews' situation worsened in 1937, along with the rest of the Jews in Romania, suffering from antisemetic laws established by Octavian Goga's government, as well as Miron Cristea's, but especially by the National Legionary State.[4][5] During the Legionary Rebellion at the Bucharest pogrom, the Cahal Grande Synagogue was burned to the ground.
20th century
The establishment of the communist regime, Romanian Sephardic Jews emigrated en masse to Israel. Currently, there are several hundred Sephardic Jews left in Romania, the majority in Bucharest. They no longer have a synagogue exclusive to their community. There is a minute amount of Sephardic Jews who emigrated to Bucharest in modern times, mostly from Israel.
References
- ^ Toma, Cristina. "Bucuresti, panorama sefarda/Bucharest a sephardic outlook". Sephardic Studies – via Academia.edu.
- ^ "Sephardic Jewish Community of Romania". www.sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ "Bucureștiul sefard. O istorie de peste 500 de ani în 100 de imagini prezentată la Madrid | Modernism". Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ ""Miron Cristea este o ruşine pentru România. Moneda trebuie distrusă urgent"". evz.ro (in Romanian). 2010-08-10. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ "Evreii cer retragerea unei monede comemorative a BNR". contidianul.ro (in Romanian). 2010-08-08. Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2023-12-19.