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Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938 Franz I named his nephew [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph]] his regent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=Prince Franz to Return to Estate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |work=Daily News |page=216 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The [[Progressive Citizens' Party]] and [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]] formed a [[coalition government]] formed to prevent government [[deadlock]] and help retain Liechtenstein's [[Neutral country|neutrality]], overseen by Franz Joseph II.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 November 1989 |title=Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943 |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=421174076f221000996d610c1957690b |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Patriotic Union (VU) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vaterländische_Union_%28VU%29 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> As a result, the [[Second Josef Hoop cabinet]] was succeeded with Josef Hoop continuing as [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]].{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}}
Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938 Franz I named his nephew [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph]] his regent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=Prince Franz to Return to Estate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |work=Daily News |page=216 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The [[Progressive Citizens' Party]] and [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]] formed a [[coalition government]] formed to prevent government [[deadlock]] and help retain Liechtenstein's [[Neutral country|neutrality]], overseen by Franz Joseph II.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 November 1989 |title=Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943 |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=421174076f221000996d610c1957690b |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Patriotic Union (VU) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Vaterländische_Union_%28VU%29 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> As a result, the [[Second Josef Hoop cabinet]] was succeeded with Josef Hoop continuing as [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]].{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}}


Starting from 1938, the cabinet was faced with the challenge of Swiss pressure to transfer the [[Ellhorn]] mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer he argued that the country should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in Balzers, and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Günther |date=11 December 2023 |title=Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte |url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/die-angst-vor-feindlichen-truppen-wie-die-loreley-des-alpenrheins-den-besitzer-wechselte-ld.1769481 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref>{{Sfn|Geiger|2000|p=300–311}} Also facing unofficial objections from [[Nazi Germany]], Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ellhorn |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Ellhorn |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
Starting from 1938, the cabinet was faced with the challenge of Swiss pressure to transfer the [[Ellhorn]] mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer he argued that the country should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in Balzers, and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Günther |date=11 December 2023 |title=Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte |url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/die-angst-vor-feindlichen-truppen-wie-die-loreley-des-alpenrheins-den-besitzer-wechselte-ld.1769481 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref>{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|p=300–311}} Also facing unofficial objections from [[Nazi Germany]], Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ellhorn |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Ellhorn |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>


Though there was the [[1939 Liechtenstein general election]] it was not made public due to the country being under threat from Nazi Germany. It became known as the "silent election" as no voting actually took place.{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1159}} Instead, the Progressive Citizen's Party and Patriotic Union used to it assign roughly an equal number of seats to each other in order to prevent the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein|German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL)]] from gaining any seats in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]].{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1179}} As a result, the Hoop cabinet was now made out of several members of both parties.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}} The government was placed under threat when the VBDL [[1939 Liechtenstein putsch|attempted a coup]] in March 1939, first trying to provoke a intervention from Nazi Germany by burning [[swastika]]s, followed by declaring Liechtenstein's annexation into Germany. The leaders were almost immediately arrested and the hoped-for German invasion failed to materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Anschlussputsch |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Anschlussputsch |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 1939 |title=Liechtenstein Jails Nazi For Attempt at Uprising |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/04/27/91573866.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Though there was the [[1939 Liechtenstein general election]] it was not made public due to the country being under threat from Nazi Germany. It became known as the "silent election" as no voting actually took place.{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1159}} Instead, the Progressive Citizen's Party and Patriotic Union used to it assign roughly an equal number of seats to each other in order to prevent the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein|German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL)]] from gaining any seats in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein]].{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1179}} As a result, the Hoop cabinet was now made out of several members of both parties.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}} The government was placed under threat when the VBDL [[1939 Liechtenstein putsch|attempted a coup]] in March 1939, first trying to provoke a intervention from Nazi Germany by burning [[swastika]]s, followed by declaring Liechtenstein's annexation into Germany. The leaders were almost immediately arrested and the hoped-for German invasion failed to materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Anschlussputsch |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Anschlussputsch |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 1939 |title=Liechtenstein Jails Nazi For Attempt at Uprising |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/04/27/91573866.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:39, 16 June 2024

Third Josef Hoop cabinet

Government of Liechtenstein
Date formed30 March 1938 (1938-03-30)
Date dissolved9 November 1944 (1944-11-09)
People and organisations
Head of stateFranz Joseph II
Head of governmentJosef Hoop
Deputy head of governmentAlois Vogt
Total no. of members5
Member partiesFBP
VU
History
Election1939
PredecessorSecond Josef Hoop cabinet
SuccessorFourth Josef Hoop cabinet
Politics of Liechtenstein
Constitution
Monarchy
Executive
Legislative
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
This article is part of
a series about
Josef Hoop
Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
1928–1945
President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein
1958–1959


The third Josef Hoop cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 30 March 1938 to 9 November 1944. It was appointed by Franz Joseph II and chaired by Josef Hoop. The cabinet was formed as a coalition government following the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, and it oversaw the majority of World War II before being succeeded in 1944.

History

See also: Ellhorn, 1939 Liechtenstein putsch, and Liechtenstein in World War II

Following the Anschluss of Austria in March 1938 Franz I named his nephew Franz Joseph his regent.[1] The Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union formed a coalition government formed to prevent government deadlock and help retain Liechtenstein's neutrality, overseen by Franz Joseph II.[2][3][4] As a result, the Second Josef Hoop cabinet was succeeded with Josef Hoop continuing as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein.[5]

Starting from 1938, the cabinet was faced with the challenge of Swiss pressure to transfer the Ellhorn mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer he argued that the country should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in Balzers, and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.[6][7] Also facing unofficial objections from Nazi Germany, Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.[8]

Though there was the 1939 Liechtenstein general election it was not made public due to the country being under threat from Nazi Germany. It became known as the "silent election" as no voting actually took place.[9] Instead, the Progressive Citizen's Party and Patriotic Union used to it assign roughly an equal number of seats to each other in order to prevent the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL) from gaining any seats in the Landtag of Liechtenstein.[10] As a result, the Hoop cabinet was now made out of several members of both parties.[5] The government was placed under threat when the VBDL attempted a coup in March 1939, first trying to provoke a intervention from Nazi Germany by burning swastikas, followed by declaring Liechtenstein's annexation into Germany. The leaders were almost immediately arrested and the hoped-for German invasion failed to materialise.[11][12]

During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral.[13] Hoop's government considered non-binding, non-provocative diplomacy to be appropriate towards Nazi Germany, supplemented by courtesy gestures. In 1940, during a lecture in Stuttgart, Hoop showed respect for the German armies.[14] At the same time, the country tied itself as closely as possible to Switzerland during the war in hopes of retaining the country's neutrality.[15] It achieved the de-facto inclusion of Liechtenstein in the Swiss national supply.[14]

At the request of Franz Joseph II on 9 November 1944, the cabinet was dissolved and succeeded by the Fourth Josef Hoop cabinet.[5]

Members

Picture Name Term Party
Prime Minister
Josef Hoop 30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 Progressive Citizens' Party
Deputy Prime Minister
Alois Vogt 30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 Patriotic Union
Government councillors
Anton Frommelt 30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 Progressive Citizens' Party
Arnold Hoop 30 March 1938 – 1940 Patriotic Union
Johann Georg Hasler 13 August 1941 – 9 November 1944 Patriotic Union

See also

References

  1. ^ "Prince Franz to Return to Estate". Daily News. 1 April 1938. p. 216. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ "Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83". Los Angeles Times. 15 November 1989. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943". Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics (in German). 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  4. ^ Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Patriotic Union (VU)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Vogt 1987.
  6. ^ Meier, Günther (11 December 2023). "Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  7. ^ Geiger 1997, p. 300–311.
  8. ^ Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Ellhorn". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  9. ^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010, p. 1159.
  10. ^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010, p. 1179.
  11. ^ Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Anschlussputsch". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  12. ^ "Liechtenstein Jails Nazi For Attempt at Uprising". The New York Times. 27 April 1939. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  13. ^ Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). "Neutralität". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  14. ^ a b Geiger, Peter (31 December 2011). "Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  15. ^ Streitwireless, Clarence (10 April 1938). "GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2023.

Biblography

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