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Coordinates: 51°5′16″N 1°11′2.9″W / 51.08778°N 1.184139°W / 51.08778; -1.184139
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==Name and Etymology==
==Name and Etymology==


The river's name is an example of a so-called ''[[Back-formation|back-formation]]'' whereby a name is given to a place based on a [[Folk etymology|false or ungrounded theory]].<ref>Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21</ref> <ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref> In this case the river was named by the local population after the fact that it ran through [[New Alresford]] assuming that the name Alresford meant ''the ford on the river Alre / Arle''. In reality Alresford derives from the [[Old English]] ''alor'' ([[alder]] tree)<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alor#Old_English</ref> and means '''Ford at the Alder Tree'''.<ref>Ekwall, E. (1938). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 7</ref><ref>Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21</ref><ref>Mills, A.D. (1998). Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 10</ref><ref>Watts, V. (2004) Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-names. Cambridge University Press. p. 10</ref> This theory is supported by the fact that the Alre river name is recorded relatively late- first appearing indirectly as ''Alsford ryver'' in 1540 and then as ''Arre'' and ''Arle'' in 1586. <ref>Ekwall, E. (1928) English River-Names. Oxford University Press, p. 9</ref>
The river's name is an example of a so-called ''[[Back-formation|back-formation]]'' whereby a name is given to a place based on a [[Folk etymology|false or ungrounded theory]].<ref>Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21</ref> <ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref> In this case the river was named by the local population after the fact that it ran through [[New Alresford]] assuming that the name Alresford meant ''the ford on the river Alre / Arle''.{{cn|date=July 2024}] In reality Alresford derives from the [[Old English]] ''alor'' ([[alder]] tree)<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alor#Old_English</ref> and means Ford at the Alder Tree.<ref>Ekwall, E. (1938). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 7</ref><ref>Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21</ref><ref>Mills, A.D. (1998). Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 10</ref><ref>Watts, V. (2004) Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-names. Cambridge University Press. p. 10</ref> This theory is supported by the fact that the Alre river name is recorded relatively late- first appearing indirectly as ''Alsford ryver'' in 1540 and then as ''Arre'' and ''Arle'' in 1586. <ref>Ekwall, E. (1928) English River-Names. Oxford University Press, p. 9</ref>


Further evidence for the Alre's name being an invention due to its location near [[New Alresford]] is the fact that [[Old Alresford]] (the older of the two settlements and the ''original'' Alresford) does not sit on the Alre. Rather it is situated on the banks of an unnamed tributary stream of the Alre and not the larger river to its south. This clearly supports the fact that the name was invented later after New Alresford was founded after the 12th Century. <ref>https://www.alresford.org/history.php</ref> It can therefore not be the original name of the river after which the settlement was named.
Further evidence for the Alre's name being an invention due to its location near [[New Alresford]] is the fact that [[Old Alresford]] (the older of the two settlements and the ''original'' Alresford) does not sit on the Alre. Rather it is situated on the banks of an unnamed tributary stream of the Alre and not the larger river to its south. This clearly supports the fact that the name was invented later after New Alresford was founded after the 12th Century. <ref>https://www.alresford.org/history.php</ref> It can therefore not be the original name of the river after which the settlement was named.


The Alre's relatively late mention is explained via the fact that until the [[Late Middle Ages]] the River Alre was considered to be the headwater of the [[Itchen]] and hence the same river.<ref name=alresford/> This can be seen in the several [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] charter boundaries which refer to the Alre as the Itchen <ref>Grundy, G. B. (1921) The Saxon Land Charter of Hampshire with Notes on Place and Field Names. Archaeological Journal Volume 78: 69–78</ref>. In fact the two rivers distinctions haven't always been clear with the Itchen itself at one point being referred to as the River Alre.<ref name=Knight>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Charles|title=Geography: The English Cyclopaedia, Volume IV|year=1867|publisher=Bradbury, Evans|location=London|pages=631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Alre}}</ref><ref name=Camden>{{cite book|last=Camden|first=William|title=Britannia|publisher=J. B.|year=1586|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fHBbAAAAQAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fHBbAAAAQAAJ/page/n238 181]|quote=William Camden alre.}}</ref> In a record from 1447 ''Denewater'' is mentioned as the name for the river which runs through Alresford.<ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref> It has been suggested that this name was the pre-16th Century name for the Alre and is in reference to the source of the river in [[Ropley Dean]] a hamlet of [[Ropley]] East of Alresford <ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref>. In fact the valley which Ropley Dean is situated within still occasionally bears a small stream.
The Alre's relatively late mention is explained via the fact that until the [[Late Middle Ages]] the River Alre was considered to be the headwater of the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|Itchen]].<ref name=alresford/> This can be seen in the several [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] charter boundaries which refer to the Alre as the Itchen <ref>Grundy, G. B. (1921) The Saxon Land Charter of Hampshire with Notes on Place and Field Names. Archaeological Journal Volume 78: 69–78</ref>. In fact the two rivers distinctions haven't always been clear with the Itchen itself at one point being referred to as the River Alre.<ref name=Knight>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Charles|title=Geography: The English Cyclopaedia, Volume IV|year=1867|publisher=Bradbury, Evans|location=London|pages=631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Alre}}</ref><ref name=Camden>{{cite book|last=Camden|first=William|title=Britannia|publisher=J. B.|year=1586|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fHBbAAAAQAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fHBbAAAAQAAJ/page/n238 181]|quote=William Camden alre.}}</ref> In a record from 1447 ''Denewater'' is mentioned as the name for the river which runs through Alresford.<ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref> It has been suggested that this name was the pre-16th Century name for the Alre and is in reference to the source of the river in [[Ropley Dean]] a hamlet of [[Ropley]] East of Alresford <ref>Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177</ref>. In fact the valley which Ropley Dean is situated within still occasionally bears a small stream.


Another theory, which claims far less evidence is that the river took its name from the same alder tree as Alresford as it was supposedly a prominent alder tree.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of British Place Names|author=A. D. Mills|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> This however does not explain the 885 year gap between the first mentions of the two place-names. <ref>First mention of the river Alre: 1586. First mention of Alresford: 701. 1586-701= 885</ref> It therefore implies that either the tree stood for nearly a millennia or the memory of a saxon boundary tree resurfaced after 8 centuries.
Another theory, which claims far less evidence is that the river took its name from the same alder tree as Alresford as it was supposedly a prominent alder tree.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of British Place Names|author=A. D. Mills|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>


The alternative spelling of the river's name ''Arle'' is as old as its first mention and in reality there is no correct spelling as even into the 20th Century it was recorded both ways.
The alternative spelling of the river's name ''Arle'' is as old as its first mention and in reality there is no correct spelling as even into the 20th Century it was recorded both ways.{{cn|date=July 2024}}


==Course==
==Course==

Revision as of 07:50, 5 July 2024

River Alre
River Arle
Alre Valley
The river as shown on a 19th century OS map
River Alre is located in Hampshire
River Alre
Confluence into the Itchen, in Hampshire
EtymologyA back formation from Alresford
Location
CountryEngland
CountyHampshire
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationeast end of Bishop's Sutton, Hampshire
 • coordinates51°4′56″N 1°7′11″W / 51.08222°N 1.11972°W / 51.08222; -1.11972
 • elevation72 m (236 ft)
MouthRiver Itchen
 • location
near New Alresford, Hampshire
 • coordinates
51°5′16″N 1°11′2.9″W / 51.08778°N 1.184139°W / 51.08778; -1.184139
 • elevation
51 m (167 ft)
Length6.0 km (3.7 mi)
Basin size56.31 km2 (21.74 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationNew Alresford
Basin features
ProgressionAlre, Itchen, Southampton Water arm of The Solent (English Channel)
River systemItchen basin

The River Alre (also, occasionally, Arle[1]) is a tributary of the River Itchen in Hampshire in the south of England. It rises in Bishop's Sutton and flows west for 6 km (3.7 mi) to meet the Itchen below New Alresford.

The river is a classic English chalk stream with a shallow gravel bed and fast flowing waters, fed year-round by chalk springs. Through Bishop's Sutton it forms a good natural trout fishery and later supports a watercress harvest after which the Watercress Line, a heritage steam railway, is named.[2]

Name and Etymology

The river's name is an example of a so-called back-formation whereby a name is given to a place based on a false or ungrounded theory.[3] [4] In this case the river was named by the local population after the fact that it ran through New Alresford assuming that the name Alresford meant the ford on the river Alre / Arle.{{cn|date=July 2024}] In reality Alresford derives from the Old English alor (alder tree)[5] and means Ford at the Alder Tree.[6][7][8][9] This theory is supported by the fact that the Alre river name is recorded relatively late- first appearing indirectly as Alsford ryver in 1540 and then as Arre and Arle in 1586. [10]

Further evidence for the Alre's name being an invention due to its location near New Alresford is the fact that Old Alresford (the older of the two settlements and the original Alresford) does not sit on the Alre. Rather it is situated on the banks of an unnamed tributary stream of the Alre and not the larger river to its south. This clearly supports the fact that the name was invented later after New Alresford was founded after the 12th Century. [11] It can therefore not be the original name of the river after which the settlement was named.

The Alre's relatively late mention is explained via the fact that until the Late Middle Ages the River Alre was considered to be the headwater of the Itchen.[1] This can be seen in the several Anglo-Saxon charter boundaries which refer to the Alre as the Itchen [12]. In fact the two rivers distinctions haven't always been clear with the Itchen itself at one point being referred to as the River Alre.[13][14] In a record from 1447 Denewater is mentioned as the name for the river which runs through Alresford.[15] It has been suggested that this name was the pre-16th Century name for the Alre and is in reference to the source of the river in Ropley Dean a hamlet of Ropley East of Alresford [16]. In fact the valley which Ropley Dean is situated within still occasionally bears a small stream.

Another theory, which claims far less evidence is that the river took its name from the same alder tree as Alresford as it was supposedly a prominent alder tree.[17]

The alternative spelling of the river's name Arle is as old as its first mention and in reality there is no correct spelling as even into the 20th Century it was recorded both ways.[citation needed]

Course

The river rises at a spring in the parish of Bishop's Sutton, 800 metres east of the old core of the village. Flowing west, the lesser-populated north bank of the village has the first of its three little crossings, Water Lane, a ford.[18] Here the Alre runs between the parish church of St Nicholas and the site of the former bishop's palace, owned by the Bishop of Winchester for centuries, that gives the village its name.[19]

It runs through Western Court Farm, where it provides the waters for the farm's watercress beds, and soon after it runs under the railway bridge of the Mid Hants Railway, known as the Watercress Line as it used to transport watercress from New Alresford to Alton and London.

North east of Alresford, the river has been split with one channel running through the Old Alresford Pond, an artificial 12th-century stew pond that was dug to provide fish for the Bishop of Winchester. It may also have served as a balancing pond for a navigation channel dug to the south. It is now designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[2]

The Alre runs just to the north of New Alresford, separating it from the smaller village of Old Alresford and forming the parish boundary between the two for much of its route. Here it runs under two water mills, Arle Mill and The Fulling Mill, as well as supporting additional watercress farms.[18] Fulling is the process of removing oils from wool and the mill dates back to the 13th century. Derelict by the 19th century, it was saved from demolition in 1951 and is now a private residence.[20]

Its final section flows a couple of hundred metres south west through fields into the meandering course of the River Itchen.

History

Daniel Defoe mentions the river in his book A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain.

"From thence we ride to Tichfield as above, where we pass the River Alre, which rises in the same County at Alresford, or near it, which is not above Twenty-two Miles off; and yet it is a large River here, and makes a good Road below, call'd Tichfield-bay."[21]

Water quality

The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.[22]

Water quality of the River Alre in 2019:

Section Ecological
Status		 Chemical
Status		 Overall
Status		 Length Catchment Channel
Alre[23] Good Fail Moderate 5.986 km (3.720 mi) 56.31 km2 (21.74 sq mi)

References

  1. ^ a b "About Alresford". Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b "River Alre" (PDF). The Wild Trout Trust. January 2009.
  3. ^ Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21
  4. ^ Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177
  5. ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alor#Old_English
  6. ^ Ekwall, E. (1938). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 7
  7. ^ Coates, R. (1989) The Place-Names of Hampshire p. 21
  8. ^ Mills, A.D. (1998). Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 10
  9. ^ Watts, V. (2004) Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-names. Cambridge University Press. p. 10
  10. ^ Ekwall, E. (1928) English River-Names. Oxford University Press, p. 9
  11. ^ https://www.alresford.org/history.php
  12. ^ Grundy, G. B. (1921) The Saxon Land Charter of Hampshire with Notes on Place and Field Names. Archaeological Journal Volume 78: 69–78
  13. ^ Knight, Charles (1867). Geography: The English Cyclopaedia, Volume IV. London: Bradbury, Evans. p. 631.
  14. ^ Camden, William (1586). Britannia. J. B. p. 181. William Camden alre.
  15. ^ Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177
  16. ^ Klingelhöfer, E. C (1992) Manor, vill, and hundred : the development of rural institutions in early medieval Hampshire. Ontario, p. 177
  17. ^ A. D. Mills. A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press.
  18. ^ a b Ordnance Survey of Great Britain
  19. ^ "Bishop's Sutton Bishop's Palace". Gatehouse Gazetteer.
  20. ^ "Fulling Mill".
  21. ^ Defoe, Daniel (1724–1727). A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain.
  22. ^ "Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. 17 February 2016. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  23. ^ "Alre". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency.
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