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{{Short description|Civic initiative in Russia}}
{{Short description|Civic initiative in Russia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Last Address Sign — Dolgorukovskaya Ulitsa 5. 06.03.2016-с.jpg|300px|thumb|Signs on the wall of the so-called "House of Widows". [[Moscow]], Dolgorukovskaya Street, 5]]
[[File:Last Address Sign — Dolgorukovskaya Ulitsa 5. 06.03.2016-с.jpg|300px|thumb|Signs on the wall of the {{ill|House of Widows|lt="House of Widows"|ru|Дом вдов}}. [[Moscow]], Dolgorukovskaya Street, 5]]
The '''Last Address''' ({{lang-ru|"Последний адрес"|translit="Posledny adres"}}<ref name="ny">Masha Lipman. [https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/humble-memorials-stalins-victims-moscow "Humble Memorials for Stalin’s Victims in Moscow". The New Yorker. 13 December 2014]</ref>) is a large-scale public memorial project designed to commemorate the memory of innocent people who died as a result of [[Repression in the Soviet Union|political repressions committed by the Soviet authorities]]. Its principle is "One name, one life, one sign". Within the framework of the project, a small, palm-sized, [[Minimalism|minimalist]] metal [[memorial]] sign of rectangular shape is installed on the house that became the ''last'' lifetime ''address'' of the victim of state arbitrariness. It bears the name of the murdered person, his year of birth, profession, dates of arrest, death and year of [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|legal rehabilitation]]. On the left side of the plaque is a square hole, reminiscent of a photograph missing from the card.
The '''Last Address''' ({{lang-ru|"Последний адрес"|translit="Posledny adres"}}<ref name="ny">Masha Lipman. [https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/humble-memorials-stalins-victims-moscow "Humble Memorials for Stalin’s Victims in Moscow". The New Yorker. 13 December 2014]</ref>) is a large-scale public memorial project designed to commemorate the memory of innocent people who died as a result of [[Repression in the Soviet Union|political repressions committed by the Soviet authorities]]. Its principle is "One name, one life, one sign". Within the framework of the project, a small, palm-sized, [[Minimalism|minimalist]] metal [[memorial]] sign of rectangular shape is installed on the house that became the ''last'' lifetime ''address'' of the victim of state arbitrariness. It bears the name of the murdered person, his year of birth, profession, dates of arrest, death and year of [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|legal rehabilitation]]. On the left side of the plaque is a square hole, reminiscent of a photograph missing from the card.


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== Structure and symbolism ==
== Structure and symbolism ==
[[File:Last Address Sign — Myasnitskaya Ulitsa 15, Moscow.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A passerby at the signs on the "House with a Lion".
[[File:Last Address Sign — Myasnitskaya Ulitsa 15, Moscow.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A passerby at the signs on the {{ill|Kuznetsov's apartment building|lt="House with a Lion"|ru|Доходный дом И. Е. Кузнецова}}.
Moscow, Myasnitskaya Street, 15]]
Moscow, Myasnitskaya Street, 15]]
Immediately after the [[October Revolution]], the new authorities began a policy of [[State terrorism|state terror]] against the inhabitants of their country. According to researchers' estimates, during the existence of the [[Soviet republic|Soviet regime]] millions of people suffered as a result of [[political repression]], hundreds of thousands of them were killed<ref>Хаустов В. Н.. Большой террор // [[Great Russian Encyclopedia|Большая российская энциклопедия]] / Глав. ред. Ю. С. Осипов, отв. ред. С. Л. Кравец. — М.: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2006. — Т. 4. — С. 13. — 766 с. — 65 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85270-333-8</ref><ref>[[Anatoly Vishnevsky|Вишневский А. Г.]]. [https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema03.php Лагеря, колонии и тюрьмы / Вспоминая 37-й] // Демоскоп Weekly : журнал. — М., 2007. — 31 декабря (№ 313—314). — ISSN 1726-2887.</ref><ref>Рогинский А. Б., Жемкова Е. Б.. Между сочувствием и равнодушием — реабилитация жертв советских репрессий // Уроки истории. XX век. — 2017. — 20 декабря.</ref>. The memorial project The Last Address is intended to memorialize the innocent people who died as a result of the criminal actions of the Soviet state. In their work to create the memorial, civil activists rely on the 1991 Russian law "On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression". It defines the concept of political repressions, their time frame (from October 25 (November 7), 1917 to October 18, 1991), and proclaims the need to preserve the memory of the victims. In the framework of the project, an important moment for memorializing a person is his or her official [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|legal rehabilitation]], which demonstrates the illegality of the state's persecution of him or her<ref name="rl">Вольтская Татьяна. [https://www.severreal.org/a/30907681.html «Стучать на мертвых им не страшно». Кто снял таблички «Последнего адреса»] // Радио Свобода. — 2020. — 23 октября</ref><ref name="v">Веселов Ф. Д.. Глава 11. Последний адрес: негосударственный мемориальный проект и политика памяти в России // Политика памяти в современной России и странах Восточной Европы. Акторы, институты, нарративы / ред. [[Alexei I. Miller|А. И. Миллер]], Д. В. Ефременко. — СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2020. — С. 202—231. — 632 с. — ISBN 978-5-94380-289-8</ref>.
Immediately after the [[October Revolution]], the new authorities began a policy of [[State terrorism|state terror]] against the inhabitants of their country. According to researchers' estimates, during the existence of the [[Soviet republic|Soviet regime]] millions of people suffered as a result of [[political repression]], hundreds of thousands of them were killed<ref>Хаустов В. Н.. Большой террор // [[Great Russian Encyclopedia|Большая российская энциклопедия]] / Глав. ред. Ю. С. Осипов, отв. ред. С. Л. Кравец. — М.: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2006. — Т. 4. — С. 13. — 766 с. — 65 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85270-333-8</ref><ref>[[Anatoly Vishnevsky|Вишневский А. Г.]]. [https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema03.php Лагеря, колонии и тюрьмы / Вспоминая 37-й] // Демоскоп Weekly : журнал. — М., 2007. — 31 декабря (№ 313—314). — ISSN 1726-2887.</ref><ref>Рогинский А. Б., Жемкова Е. Б.. Между сочувствием и равнодушием — реабилитация жертв советских репрессий // Уроки истории. XX век. — 2017. — 20 декабря.</ref>. The memorial project The Last Address is intended to memorialize the innocent people who died as a result of the criminal actions of the Soviet state. In their work to create the memorial, civil activists rely on the 1991 Russian law "On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression". It defines the concept of political repressions, their time frame (from October 25 (November 7), 1917 to October 18, 1991), and proclaims the need to preserve the memory of the victims. In the framework of the project, an important moment for memorializing a person is his or her official [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|legal rehabilitation]], which demonstrates the illegality of the state's persecution of him or her<ref name="rl">Вольтская Татьяна. [https://www.severreal.org/a/30907681.html «Стучать на мертвых им не страшно». Кто снял таблички «Последнего адреса»] // Радио Свобода. — 2020. — 23 октября</ref><ref name="v">Веселов Ф. Д.. Глава 11. Последний адрес: негосударственный мемориальный проект и политика памяти в России // Политика памяти в современной России и странах Восточной Европы. Акторы, институты, нарративы / ред. [[Alexei I. Miller|А. И. Миллер]], Д. В. Ефременко. — СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2020. — С. 202—231. — 632 с. — ISBN 978-5-94380-289-8</ref>.

Revision as of 23:57, 1 August 2024

Signs on the wall of the "House of Widows" [ru]. Moscow, Dolgorukovskaya Street, 5

The Last Address (Russian: "Последний адрес", romanized: "Posledny adres"[1]) is a large-scale public memorial project designed to commemorate the memory of innocent people who died as a result of political repressions committed by the Soviet authorities. Its principle is "One name, one life, one sign". Within the framework of the project, a small, palm-sized, minimalist metal memorial sign of rectangular shape is installed on the house that became the last lifetime address of the victim of state arbitrariness. It bears the name of the murdered person, his year of birth, profession, dates of arrest, death and year of legal rehabilitation. On the left side of the plaque is a square hole, reminiscent of a photograph missing from the card.

The main source of information on victims of political repression for the project is the multi-million name database collected by Memorial since the 1990s. The Last Address is the de facto physical embodiment of this virtual list. Inspired by similar German memorial Stolpersteine, this project was launched in 2014. As of 2023, more than one and a half thousand memorial signs have been installed on houses in dozens of cities. Since 2017, the project went beyond Russia and became international: its signs began to be placed in the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Germany and France.

Structure and symbolism

A passerby at the signs on the "House with a Lion" [ru]. Moscow, Myasnitskaya Street, 15

Immediately after the October Revolution, the new authorities began a policy of state terror against the inhabitants of their country. According to researchers' estimates, during the existence of the Soviet regime millions of people suffered as a result of political repression, hundreds of thousands of them were killed[2][3][4]. The memorial project The Last Address is intended to memorialize the innocent people who died as a result of the criminal actions of the Soviet state. In their work to create the memorial, civil activists rely on the 1991 Russian law "On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression". It defines the concept of political repressions, their time frame (from October 25 (November 7), 1917 to October 18, 1991), and proclaims the need to preserve the memory of the victims. In the framework of the project, an important moment for memorializing a person is his or her official legal rehabilitation, which demonstrates the illegality of the state's persecution of him or her[5][6].

"Here lived Yekaterina Mikhailovna Zhelvatykh, typist, born in 1905, arrested January 11, 1938, executed April 5, 1938, rehabilitated in 1957"

The Last Address is a decentralized "networked" memorial consisting of many commemorative plaques installed in many cities around the world. They are created according to the principle of "One Name, One Life, One Sign". This means that each such plaque is made individually and is dedicated to one specific person who died as a result of state terror. The memorial sign is placed on the wall of the house that became the last lifetime address of the victim of political repression: the person was taken from it and never returned. The sign is a small, palm-sized or postcard-sized rectangular plaque, measuring eleven by nineteen centimeters, made of thick steel sheet. Its standard design was developed by architect Alexander Brodsky. Despite its minimalism, the sign is recognizable and expressive: it is a quiet, laconic sad statement. In the right part of the plaque in a simple "chopped" uppercase font, the text is handwritten in several lines, using stamps: "Here lived (-a) / <paternity name> / <family name> / <profession> / born (-as) in <year> / arrested (-a) <date> / shot (-a) <date> / rehabilitated (-a) in <year>". The exact dates of arrest and shooting (as well as the last address) are taken from the investigation file of the repressed. If the house is not preserved, the sign is placed next to this place, and the first line on it may read "At this place was the house where lived (a)...", "Next to this house was the house where lived (a)...", "Opposite was the house where lived (a)..." and so on. In cases where the victim's profession is unknown, this information is not placed on the sign. Occasionally in such a situation, the occupation, position or affiliation to an organization may be indicated. If a person died not as a result of a firing squad, then the line about death is modified depending on its circumstances. In the left part of the sign there is a small square hole, through it you can see the bare wall of the house, to which the sign is attached. It evokes an association with the photo missing from the card and symbolizes the emptiness, loss, formed after the death of a person[7][8][9][6][10][11].

The plaque unveiling ceremony in the Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg, Palace Embankment, 2

The plaques are installed so that they are clearly visible from the sidewalk. If several commemorative signs are placed on a house, project designers develop a special artistic solution for their arrangement on the wall[12]. Plaques are installed not only on residential houses, but also on buildings that now belong to public or private legal entities. For example, in the fall of 2017, a memorial sign of orientalist Richard Fasmer was unveiled on the facade of the Hermitage Museum (Palace Embankment, 32)[13], in the winter of 2018, the sign of accountant Alvina Peterson appeared on the wall of the chamber stage of the Bolshoi Theater (Nikolskaya Street, 17)[7][14][15], and in the summer of 2019, the Novgorod Kremlin honored the memory of art historian Boris Shevyakov[16]. Placing Last Address plaques at specific places of terror serves to maintain a sense of continuity with the past ("it was here"), which in turn contributes to the emotional personal experience of remembrance[6][17][18].

The Last Address as a memorial project has a number of peculiarities. Unlike the usual territorially localized monuments, its plaques are part of everyday material culture, being scattered in many places in many cities[19].

Description

This project is important for such things not to happen again. Those who know nothing about repressions will ask questions when they see the signs. Those who had witnessed them will remember them one more time.

Alexander Brodsky[20]

The project is the initiative of Moscow and St. Petersburg historians, civic and civil rights activists, journalists, architects, designers and writers.[21][22][23]

The project initiative had originated with journalist and publisher Sergey Parkhomenko, who saw in Germany the stones of the European Stolpersteine project to commemorate the victims of Nazism.[24] Within the scope of that project, over 50,000 memorial stones were set up in Germany and other countries of Europe. The organizers of "Last Address" intend to install a comparable number of plaques across Russia.[25]

The memorial sign is a stainless steel plaque 11 cm × 19 cm (4.3 by 7.5 inches) with the information on the repressed person: his or her name, profession, date of birth, date of arrest, date of death, date of exoneration. The design of the memorial plaques is by architect Alexander Brodsky. The hole in the plaque symbolizes the missing photo.[26][24]

The project is based on the law “On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions” adopted in 1991. The law treats the period of political repressions in Russia and USSR as starting on 25 October (7 November) 1917. The official representative of the project is the nonprofit entity Last Address Foundation for the Commemoration of Victims of Political Repression (Russian: Фонд увековечения памяти жертв политических репрессий «Последний Адрес») founded by the Memorial Society and a number of individual persons[21] through voluntary contributions from private citizens and organizations.

On 15 June 2018 "The last address" received a German Karl Wilhelm Fricke award. Its monetary part will be sent to the Ukrainian project "Ostannya Addresa", in order to avoid the status of a "foreign agent".[27][28]

Installing memorial signs in Russia

The first Russian cities to install memorial signs became Moscow and Saint Petersburg. On 7 February 2020, the thousandth memorial sign was installed in Russia: in the city of Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast.[29] By that moment the plaques were also installed in the following cities: Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don, Perm, Taganrog, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, etc.

In Moscow

The first memorial signs of “Last Address” project were installed in Moscow on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2014.[24] Some of the signs were made in response to applications of the residents of houses where repressed people had lived.

The next batch of signs was installed in February–March 2015. By January 2015, over 500 applications for the installation of memorial sign had been submitted. Since 2016, the installation of memorial signs is being performed usually 2 times per month.[30]

In St. Petersburg

The first 12 memorial signs on the houses of Saint Petersburg were installed on 21–22 March 2015;[31]

In Perm and Perm Krai

“Last Address” was launched in Perm in February 2014.[32] The first four plaques were installed on 10 August 2015. The project founder Serguei Parkhomenko came from Moscow to Perm; in an interview to Zvezda magazine he talked about the ways to launch an initiative group, what the cases of the repressed were telling us and whether it was necessary or advisable to install signs commemorating the organizers of repressions.

The first village with a “Last Address” sign was the village Kupros of Yusvinsky District, Komi-Permyak Okrug. The memorial sign was installed on 11 August 2015 on the façade of the house that was the last residential address of peasant Valentin Startsev, declared by investigators “an active participant of the liquidated counterrevolutionary insurgent organization.” Investigators claimed that Startsev was “conducting counterrevolutionary defeatist agitation among kolkhoz members, trying to prove the inevitability of the fall of Soviet power,” “praising the old Tsarist regime and proving unprofitability of kolkhozes”; as a result, he was sentenced to capital punishment in the form of execution by a firing squad.

Installing memorial signs in other countries

The first country outside Russia became Ukraine, where a separate project "Остання адреса – Україна" based on Russian "Last address" started working.[33] On 5 May 2017 the first three commemorative plaques were installed on three houses in Kyiv.

On 7 June 2017, on the day of political prisoners, signs of the Last address appeared on the facades of four houses in Prague.[34][35][36]

On 2 August 2018, the Ultima adresa project was launched in Moldova:[37][38] the first two plates of the “Last Address” appeared in Chișinău.[39]

On 5 October 2018, the Georgian project "უკანასკნელი მისამართი. საქართველო", "Last Address, Georgia" officially started.[40][41][42]

On 30 August 2019, the first commemorative plaque appeared in Germany, in the Thuringian city of Treffurt.[43][44]

References

  1. ^ Masha Lipman. "Humble Memorials for Stalin’s Victims in Moscow". The New Yorker. 13 December 2014
  2. ^ Хаустов В. Н.. Большой террор // Большая российская энциклопедия / Глав. ред. Ю. С. Осипов, отв. ред. С. Л. Кравец. — М.: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2006. — Т. 4. — С. 13. — 766 с. — 65 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85270-333-8
  3. ^ Вишневский А. Г.. Лагеря, колонии и тюрьмы / Вспоминая 37-й // Демоскоп Weekly : журнал. — М., 2007. — 31 декабря (№ 313—314). — ISSN 1726-2887.
  4. ^ Рогинский А. Б., Жемкова Е. Б.. Между сочувствием и равнодушием — реабилитация жертв советских репрессий // Уроки истории. XX век. — 2017. — 20 декабря.
  5. ^ Вольтская Татьяна. «Стучать на мертвых им не страшно». Кто снял таблички «Последнего адреса» // Радио Свобода. — 2020. — 23 октября
  6. ^ a b c Веселов Ф. Д.. Глава 11. Последний адрес: негосударственный мемориальный проект и политика памяти в России // Политика памяти в современной России и странах Восточной Европы. Акторы, институты, нарративы / ред. А. И. Миллер, Д. В. Ефременко. — СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2020. — С. 202—231. — 632 с. — ISBN 978-5-94380-289-8
  7. ^ a b Вопросы и ответы. Фонд «Последний адрес»
  8. ^ Мемориальный проект «Последний адрес». О проекте. Фонд «Последний адрес»
  9. ^ Ларина Ксения, Пархоменко Сергей, Асс Евгений. Рогинский Арсений. Культурный шок. «Последний адрес»: кому нужна память о неизвестных жертвах репрессий? // Эхо Москвы : радио. — 2014. — 13 декабря
  10. ^ Шубина Мария. Мой адрес не дом и не улица // Booknik.Ru. — 2013. — 23 декабря.
  11. ^ Пархоменко Сергей. Здесь люди // Коммерсантъ. — 2013. — 6 декабря
  12. ^ Поддержите: Народный мемориал «Последний адрес» // Права человека в России. — 2014. — 2 июля.
  13. ^ Последний адрес — Эрмитаж // Радио Свобода. — 2017. — 27 октября.
  14. ^ ГАБТ представит премьеру оперы «Один день Ивана Денисовича» // РИА Новости. — М., 2018. — 7 декабря.
  15. ^ Последний адрес Шухова. Оперу «Один день Ивана Денисовича» поставили к столетию Солженицына // Коммерсант. — 2018. — 11 декабря.
  16. ^ В Кремле увековечили память искусствоведа Бориса Шевякова // Новгородское областное телевидение : телеканал. — 2019. — 24 июня.
  17. ^ Эткинд А. М.. Кривое горе: Память о непогребенных = Warped Mourning: Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied (Cultural Memory in the Present) / авториз. пер. с англ. В. Макарова, ред. серии И. Калинин. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2016. — 328 с. — (Библиотека журнала «Неприкосновенный запас»). — ISBN 978-5-4448-0508-4.
  18. ^ Дубина Вера. Виртуальное место памяти и реальное пространство ГУЛАГа в современной России // Политика аффекта. Музей как пространство публичной истории / ред. Завадский Андрей, Склез Варвара, Суверина Катерина. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2019. — С. 334—335. — 400 с. — (Интеллектуальная история). — ISBN 978-5-4448-1101-6.
  19. ^ Эппле Н. В.. Неудобное прошлое. Память о государственных преступлениях в России и других странах. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2020. — 576 с. — ISBN 978-5-4448-1237-2
  20. ^ «Последние адреса» репрессированных: москвичам напомнят об их истории // «Москва 24» (in Russian)
  21. ^ a b Мемориальный проект «Последний адрес» (in Russian)
  22. ^ "Humble Memorials for Stalin's Victims in Moscow". New Yorker. 13 December 2014.
  23. ^ "I put up plaques for victims of Soviet repression". Financial Times. 28 August 2015.
  24. ^ a b c "Последний адрес: имена жертв репрессий на стенах московских домов", dw.de, Russian edition (in Russian)
  25. ^ Sergey Parkhomenko (7 March 2018). "Russia has yet to recover from the trauma of the Stalin era". The Guardian.
  26. ^ "Russian Project Honors Stalin's Victims and Stirs Talk on Brutal Past". The New York Times. 20 September 2015.
  27. ^ Verleihung des Karl-Wilhelm-Fricke-Preises 2018 // Die Stiftung, 15 June 2018 (in German)
  28. ^ Проект о жертвах репрессий "Последний адрес" получил немецкую премию // Radio Liberty, 15 June 2018 (in Russian)
  29. ^ "Последний адрес: Тысячная табличка в России (часть 1)" (in Russian). blnews.ru. 13 February 2020.
  30. ^ See for example a story of a sign installation: Last Address: Nikolai Yushkevich (Russian Reader, 9 May 2018).
  31. ^ Живые с мертвыми. Для бога мертвых нет. // Novaya Gazeta, 22 March 2015. (in Russian)
  32. ^ Памятники обычным людям. В Перми стартовал проект «Последний адрес», Arguments and Facts Prikamye, 3 February 2015 (in Russian)
  33. ^ "Last Address: A Civic Initiative to Commemorate Victims of Soviet Repressions". Free Russia. 10 June 2018.
  34. ^ Poslední adresa (in Czech)
  35. ^ Last Address project marking communism victims launched in Prague // Prague Daily Monitor, 28 June 2017.
  36. ^ "Last Address" project commemorates victims who were executed or whose deaths were hastened by Communist regime // Radio Prague, 27 June 2017.
  37. ^ "Ultima Adresă" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 10 October 2018.
  38. ^ "Proiectul "Ultima adresă" a victimelor represiunilor politice staliniste va fi lansat la Chișinău" (in Romanian). 31 July 2018.
  39. ^ "В Молдове начинает работу проект "Ultima Adresa"" (in Russian). Ava. 1 August 2018.
  40. ^ ერთი სახელი, ერთი სიცოცხლე, ერთი ნიშანი (in Georgian)
  41. ^ В Тбилиси «Последний адрес» впервые установил мемориальный знак жертве политических репрессий // Новости-Грузия, 6 October 2018
  42. ^ "უკანასკნელი მისამართი - თბილისში რეპრესიების მსხვერპლთა ხსოვნის დაფები გაჩნდება" (in Georgian). 5 October 2018.
  43. ^ "German victims of Stalinism get recognition with Last Address initiative". Deutsche Welle. 3 September 2019.
  44. ^ "Gedenktafel erinnert an Unrecht durch Militärtribunal". Thüringer Allgemeine (in German). 18 September 2019.

General references

  • Веселов Ф. Д.. Глава 11. Последний адрес: негосударственный мемориальный проект и политика памяти в России // Политика памяти в современной России и странах Восточной Европы. Акторы, институты, нарративы / ред. А. И. Миллер, Д. В. Ефременко. — СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2020. — С. 202—231. — 632 с. — ISBN 978-5-94380-289-8.
  • Дубина Вера. Виртуальное место памяти и реальное пространство ГУЛАГа в современной России // Политика аффекта. Музей как пространство публичной истории / ред. Завадский Андрей, Склез Варвара, Суверина Катерина. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2019. — С. 334—335. — 400 с. — (Интеллектуальная история). — ISBN 978-5-4448-1101-6.
  • Еремеева С. А.. Глава 2. Жизнь побеждает смерть неизвестным способом // Память: поле битвы или поле жатвы?. — М.: «Дело» РАНХиГС, 2021. — 360 с. — ISBN 978-5-85006-273-6.
  • Курилла И. И.. История V // Битва за прошлое: Как политика меняет историю. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2022. — С. 97—100. — 232 с. — ISBN 9785961474947 , ISBN 5961474941.
  • Коммеморативные практики / В. А. Шнирельман // Большая российская энциклопедия [Электронный ресурс]. — 2023.
  • Эппле Н. В.. Неудобное прошлое. Память о государственных преступлениях в России и других странах. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2020. — 576 с. — ISBN 978-5-4448-1237-2
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