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Robert Silvers, a Master's student at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] filed for a [[trademark]] on the term ''Photomosaic'' on [[September 3]] [[1996]]. This trademark was registered on August 12 2003. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Robert Silvers, a Master's student at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] filed for a [[trademark]] on the term ''Photomosaic'' on [[September 3]] [[1996]]. This trademark was registered on August 12 2003. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}


Silvers also applied for a U.S. [[patent]] on the production of Photomosaics on [[January 2]] [[1997]] which was granted as {{Cite patent|US|6137498}} in October 2000 and has been assigned to Runaway Technology Inc. Patent applications in other countries were also filed and patents granted include {{Cite patent|EP|0852363}}, {{Cite patent|JP|10269353}}, {{Cite patent|CA|2226059}}, and {{Cite patent|AU|723815B}}. He is quoted as saying: "By being granted this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to make unique artwork." {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Silvers also applied for a U.S. [[patent]] on the production of Photomosaics on [[January 2]] [[1997]] which was granted as {{Cite patent|US|6137498}} in October 2000 and has been assigned to Runaway Technology Inc. Patent applications in other countries were also filed and patents granted include {{Cite patent|EP|0852363}}, {{Cite patent|JP|10269353}}, {{Cite patent|CA|2226059}}, and {{Cite patent|AU|723815B}}. He is quoted as saying: "By being granted this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to make unique artwork." <ref>http://www.photomosaic.com/rt/patent-index.html</ref>


There are a number of other commercial companies that create mosaics with photos. Since there has been no litigation of these patents, these companies must therefore either use processes that do not infringe on the particular claimed process, have licenses under the patents, or are infringing those patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.
There are a number of other commercial companies that create mosaics with photos. Since there has been no litigation of these patents, these companies must therefore either use processes that do not infringe on the particular claimed process, have licenses under the patents, or are infringing those patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.

Revision as of 12:26, 17 May 2007

Not to be confused with color filter mosaic.
A photographic mosaic of a sea gull made from pictures of birds and other nature photos using hexagonal tiles.

In the field of photographic imaging, a photographic mosaic (also known under the term Photomosaic, a portmanteau of photo and mosaic, trademarked by Runaway Technology, Inc.) is a picture (usually a photograph) that has been divided into (usually equal sized) rectangular sections, each of which is replaced with another photograph of appropriate average color. When viewed at low magnifications, the individual pixels appear as the primary image, while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images. They are a computer created type of montage.

Originally, the term photomosaic referred to compound photographs created by stitching together a series of adjacent pictures of a scene. Space scientists have been assembling mosaics of this kind since at least as early as the Soviet Union space satellite missions to the moon in the late 1950s [1].

History

1993 Live from Bell Labs Event Poster

Related to the manually created 9th century art of Micrography which utilises letters & symbols to create larger images. Leon Harmon of Bell Labs created images from symbols and letters in 1973 which led to the popularity of ASCII art in the 1970s and 1980s.

  • 1993 Joseph Francis, working for R/Greenberg Associates in Manhattan, is believed to be the inventor of the modern day computer generated colour image versions. His 'Live from Bell Labs' poster created in 1993 used computer themed tile photographs to create a mosaic of a face. He went on to create a mosaic for Animation Magazine in 1993 which was repeated in Wired Magazine (November 1994 p. 106). Francis has said, on his "History of Photo Mosaics" webpage, that his interest in developing these techniques further was in part stimulated by the work of artist Chuck Close.
  • 1994 Dave McKean creates an image for DC Comics, a mosaic of a face made from photos of faces. Although this is believed to be created manually using photoshop.
File:Jfk mosaic adam finkelstein.jpg
1994 JFK mosaic, Adam Finkelstein and Sandy Farrier
  • 1994 Adam Finkelstein and Sandy Farrier, creates mosaic of JFK from parts of Marilyn Monroe pictures. The result was displayed in the Xerox PARC Algorithmic Art Show in 1994.
  • 1994 Benetton: AIDS - Faces mosaic. Over one thousand young peoples' portraits from all over the word computer-processed spell out the word AIDS.
File:Gioconda Sapiens Spain Domus.jpg
1995 Gioconda Sapiens, Domus museum, Spain
  • 1995 The Gioconda Sapiens, a face with ten thousand faces, was presented to the public in April 1995 (Spain, Domus museum). This was the the first large photographic mosaic, using photographs of 10,062 people from 110 countries to make the Mona Lisa.
  • 1995 Robert Silvers creates a Photomosaic, and goes on to trademark the term Photomosaic and patent creation of Photomosaics in 1997.
  • 2003 Doubletake Images creates the world's largest photographic mosaic -- over 10,000 square feet. The live event took place at Disneyland and was created by thousands of castmembers holding up photographs of themselves.[2]
  • 2004 Roy Feinson creates a series of 38 giant mosaic murals to celebrate Disneyland's 50th Anniversary in which 250,000 guest submitted photographs were used. [3]The project included the first tri-level mosaic, comprising an image of Steamboat Willie made up by photographs of Disney castmembers, which themselves were mosaics made up of over 150,000 guest photographs.[4]

Intellectual Property

Robert Silvers, a Master's student at MIT filed for a trademark on the term Photomosaic on September 3 1996. This trademark was registered on August 12 2003. [citation needed]

Silvers also applied for a U.S. patent on the production of Photomosaics on January 2 1997 which was granted as US 6137498  in October 2000 and has been assigned to Runaway Technology Inc. Patent applications in other countries were also filed and patents granted include EP 0852363 , JP 10269353 , CA 2226059 , and AU 723815B . He is quoted as saying: "By being granted this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to make unique artwork." [1]

There are a number of other commercial companies that create mosaics with photos. Since there has been no litigation of these patents, these companies must therefore either use processes that do not infringe on the particular claimed process, have licenses under the patents, or are infringing those patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.

Silver's patent may be regarded as a software patent, a subject over which there is a great deal of debate. For example, Article 52(2)(c) of the European Patent Convention (EPC) states that "programs for computers as such" are not regarded as patentable inventions. Nevertheless, current practice relating to computer-implemented inventions under the EPC means that a process that provides a technical effect may be patented even if it is implemented by a computer.

The UK patent deriving from EP 0852363  is currently the subject of revocation proceedings, initiated in July 2006.[2] The decision over whether or not to revoke the patent will be made by the UK Patent Office (UKPO), not the European Patent Office (EPO) who originally granted the patent. Due to different software patent practices between the UKPO and the EPO, the outcome of these proceedings will play an important part of the larger debate over software patents. Additionally, on 6 February 2007, LandMark Mosaics Ltd requested a non-binding opinion from the UK Patent Office as to whether this UK patent is new and non-obvious.[3]

Video mosaic

Photographic mosaics are typically formed from a collection of still images. A more recent phenomenon, however, has been the use of video mosaics where, instead of using still images, video clips are assembled to create a larger image. As an example, the closing credits of the 2005 Playstation 2 game, God of War, incorporated a still image of the main character, Kratos, formed from a number of in-game videos. An example of a High Definition video mosaic has been posted on the Picturemosaics website.

Impressionist Mosaic

A novel form of photographic mosaic techniques can be seen in the work of impressionist mosaics, which are created by arranging square, homogenously colored tiles in a grid-like, non-overlapped fashion, using the natural flaws and marbling in the tiles to create the impression of an image.

See also

Free photographic mosaic software

Online (uses Flickr / Creative Commons images)

Software

References

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.photomosaic.com/rt/patent-index.html
  2. ^ Using the UK Patents Status Enquiry for EP0852363 provides full details on the current status of the patent.
  3. ^ http://www.patent.gov.uk/patent/p-other/p-object/p-object-opinion/p-object-opinion-advert.htm
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