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This is, in essence, a claim that the company has developed [[free energy]] technology, or a [[perpetual motion]] machine. Such technology would violate the fundamental [[laws of thermodynamics]] and the [[first law of thermodynamics]] in particular. To date only [[Nikolai Tesla]] made such claims and patented the Free Energy technology in 1901. Steorn has shown no evidence to support the company's. Beginning in January 2007, a panel of 22 scientists chosen by Steorn began the process of validation of Steorn's technology, branded "Orbo". In a video released on [[13 April]], [[2007]] the company announced that a public demonstration of the technology would be held in London in July 2007.<ref name="steorn-update">
This is, in essence, a claim that the company has developed [[free energy]] technology, or a [[perpetual motion]] machine. Such technology would violate the fundamental [[laws of thermodynamics]] and the [[first law of thermodynamics]] in particular. To date only [[Nikolai Tesla]] made such claims and patented the Free Energy technology in 1901. Steorn has shown no evidence to support the company's claims. Beginning in January 2007, a panel of 22 scientists chosen by Steorn began the process of validation of Steorn's technology, branded "Orbo". In a video released on [[13 April]], [[2007]] the company announced that a public demonstration of the technology would be held in London in July 2007.<ref name="steorn-update">
{{cite web
{{cite web
| date = [[13 April]] [[2007]]
| date = [[13 April]] [[2007]]

Revision as of 12:31, 5 July 2007

Steorn Ltd.
Company typePrivate Limited
IndustryInformation and energy technology
FoundedDublin, Ireland (2000)
HeadquartersDocklands Innovation Park, East Wall Road Dublin 3, Ireland
Key people
Sean McCarthy (Chief Executive Officer)
Roger Hatfield (Chief Financial Officer)
Michael Daly (Chief Operations Officer)
Michael Moriarty (Corporate Finance and Strategy)
Richard Walshe (Marketing Manager)
ProductsNone (R&D based company)
RevenueUndisclosed
Number of employees
fewer than 20
Websitewww.steorn.com

Steorn Ltd. is a small privately held technology development company based in Dublin, Ireland.

The company briefly drew the attention of the mainstream media in August 2006 by placing a full-page advertisement in The Economist, claiming to have developed a technology that produces "free, clean, and constant energy" and challenging the scientific community to review its claim.[1][a]

This is, in essence, a claim that the company has developed free energy technology, or a perpetual motion machine. Such technology would violate the fundamental laws of thermodynamics and the first law of thermodynamics in particular. To date only Nikolai Tesla made such claims and patented the Free Energy technology in 1901. Steorn has shown no evidence to support the company's claims. Beginning in January 2007, a panel of 22 scientists chosen by Steorn began the process of validation of Steorn's technology, branded "Orbo". In a video released on 13 April, 2007 the company announced that a public demonstration of the technology would be held in London in July 2007.[2]

About the company

Company history

According to the Irish Examiner, Steorn was founded in 2000.[3] In October 2001, Steorn's website stated that:

Steorn is a specialist service company providing programme management and technical assessment advice for European companies engaging in e-commerce projects. Steorn aims to manage the risk and uncertainty associated with the technical implementation of e-commerce projects on behalf of its clients so as to deliver genuine benefits to them in terms of reliability, predictability and cost control.[4]

In May 2006, The Sunday Business Post reported that Steorn was a former dot com business, which was developing a microgenerator product based on the same principle as kinetic energy generators in watches, as well as creating ecommerce websites for customers. The company had also recently raised about €2.5 million from "high net worth individuals", and was three years into a four year development plan for its microgenerator technology.[5] Steorn has since stated that the account given in this interview was part of a "crisis management plan" to prevent a leak of the free energy claim.[6]

In August 2006, Steorn's website stated that:

The Steorn team brings together a wealth of experience from diverse industries including: Energy, Engineering and Information Technology. This unique skill-base has been instrumental in delivering many complex projects and technologies. [...] The company has been instrumental in the development of core technologies that address counterfeit crime in areas such as plastic card fraud and optical disc fraud. The company has also provided forensic and expert witness services to British, Irish and international law enforcement agencies.[7]

Steorn (pronounced "st-yorn") is a Norse word meaning to guide or manage.

Financial history

Steorn's Accounts Filing History
Year to end Date due Date filed
2000: October 28, 2001 February 27, 2003
2001: October 28, 2002 June 4, 2004
2002: October 28, 2003 June 4, 2004
2003: October 28, 2004 October 28, 2004
2004: October 28, 2005 February 8, 2007
2005: October 28, 2006 March 12, 2007
Data valid April 5, 2007.[8]

According to information available from the Irish Companies Registration Office, Steorn did not file its accounts for 2005 and 2006 until February 8, 2007. Its most recent filing prior to that date was October 28, 2004. Steorn's Annual Return Date (ARD) is September 30.

In March 2007 Steorn finally filled the 2004 and 2005 returns, which are now visible on the CRO website (but have not yet been scanned and are not yet available for download). Steorn's accounts for the year ending December 31, 2003,[8] show that the company's Profit and Loss Account had an accumulated loss of € 192,661, while its cash reserves were € 94.

An update to the company's web site on February 9, 2007 includes an informal summary of the company's accounts as of 2006.[9] The summary shows pre-tax losses of €779,047, €1,815,666, and €3,247,938 in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively.

Steorn's present revenues appear to be very small. The company has stated that "Most revenue comes from forensic work for law enforcement ... There in no way that we continue with this work while this process goes on."[10] That is, the company appears to be financed primarily by investment. The company's investment history shows share allotments for cash[8] in August 2000, January 2001, March 2001, March 2004, then several rounds in December 2004, and one most recently in October 2005, ten months before the PR campaign was mounted. The investments amount to €3 million in total.[5] The business case for the investments has not been disclosed, and it is not known if the recent investments are related to the free energy claim. The company has stated that it will not seek or accept further investment until the claim has been validated.[11]

A second company, Steorn Nominees Limited, was registered on August 16, 2005 at the same business address as Steorn Ltd.[12] It has not yet been required to submit accounts, so its precise financial relationship with Steorn remains unclear.

Community and humanitarian involvement

According to its website, Steorn has been a sponsor of a student enterprise competition at the Dublin Institute of Technology for three years, and also sponsors the Steorn Award for Excellence in Mechanical Engineering.[13]

Steorn also supports the Brian Rhatigan Junior Memorial Chernobyl Hope Project. In 2005, the company canceled its Christmas party and contributed its party fund to the charity. In February 2007 eleven Steorn employees shaved their heads to solicit donations for the Chernobyl Hope Project. [14]

Steorn has also announced that, as part of its initiative to make its technology available for free for humanitarian causes, it is developing a proof-of-concept water pump to be installed in a village in Kenya.[15]

Free-energy claim

File:Orbo.PNG
The Orbo logo

Announcement

In August 2006 Steorn launched a high-profile PR campaign, designed by corporate communications consultancy, Citigate Dewe Rogerson, to publicise its claim of discovering a free-energy device. The campaign kicked off with an advertisement in The Economist[1] and was then sustained on an internet forum.[16] Within hours of its advertisement in The Economist, Steorn reports it was contacted by hundreds of scientists world-wide and many thousands of other interested people.[17]The campaign disclosed no technical details about the device. Instead, a press release "issued a challenge to the global scientific community".[18] On February 9, 2007, Steorn stated that their technology would be available for licence under the brand name "Orbo".[19]

Steorn's advertisement in The Economist stated:

we have developed a technology that produces free, clean and constant energy. Our technology has been independently validated by engineers and scientists — always behind closed doors, always off the record, always proven to work.[1]

In explaining their claim, Steorn have further stated that, by free, they mean that "the energy produced is done so without recourse to external sources". By clean they mean that "during operation the technology produces no emissions." By constant, they mean that "with the exception of mechanical failure the technology will continue to operate indefinitely". Steorn believes that the sum of these claims is that their technology is a violation of the principle of conservation of energy.[20]

The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of physics which forms the basis of the first law of thermodynamics. If it operates as claimed, Steorn's device would therefore be a perpetual motion machine of the first kind. Given the long history of hoaxes and measurement errors involving such perpetual motion devices, claims of this sort have hitherto been met with scepticism from the scientific community.

The background of the firm contains no previous stunts or pranks of a similar nature. Steorn's marketing manager, Richard Walshe, mentioned—and rejected—a string of speculations and allegations going around the Internet:

We've been accused of being a publicity stunt for the next Microsoft Xbox gaming system because some of the artwork on our website was similar to theirs. [...] Some people have said our offices don't exist and one accused us of simply being a call centre in Australia because one of our telephonists has an Australian accent. My favourite is the one that says we are a CIA or oil-industry front intended to discredit research into free and clean energy. In other words, our claims are deliberately false and when they are found out to be, it will be a blow for all free and clean research.[21]

Steorn maintains that its invention has already been validated by no fewer than eight unnamed independent scientists and engineers "with multiple PhDs from world-class universities", and found to work, but that none of them were willing to publish their results. The company has declined to name them, citing mutually binding non-disclosure agreements.[21]

Sean McCarthy has said: "Before we went public, we realised that if we're wrong it could have a very adverse effect on our business, so we're not doing this lightly."

Validation process

Steorn claimed to seek the support of the scientific community with its announcement of a "Challenge" seeking experts to evaluate its perpetual motion claims. In announcing how the validation process would work, McCarthy said "We are now seeking twelve of the most qualified and most cynical from the world’s scientific community to form an independent jury, test the technology in independent laboratories and publish their findings. "[22] The "jury" is said to be now testing the technology (as of 1 January, 2007). It was to have appointed one of the scientists as its own chairman. Steorn was then to present the jury with an in-depth explanation of the technology and provide it with data from various tests conducted in the past.[23]

Steorn states that the validation process will consist of three phases. The first phase will confirm or deny that the Steorn technology has a coefficient of performance greater than 100%. In the second phase the jury will decide whether the operation of Steorn technology affects any of its component parts. The third and final phase will carry out a full thermodynamic analysis of the technology.

Steorn states that post validation, irrespective of the results, Steorn will publish the analysis of the jury on its website. It will then seek to license the technology in various markets and will also launch its own products that it is currently developing.

According to Steorn CEO Sean McCarthy, "[U]ntil this thing is validated by science we won't be doing anything commercial with it."[24] McCarthy has also been quoted as saying, "We have to fight public opinion, we have to fight the scientific community and we have to fight the energy industry. We couldn't pick a worse battleground."[25]

On 8 September 2006, Steorn stopped taking applications for scientists to serve on the 12-member jury, and on 5 November 2006 Steorn confirmed that all twelve jury members had been selected, had signed NDAs and that validation was due to start "in the near term".[26]

Industry context

Steorn's high profile PR campaign sets it apart from other free energy developers. On the other hand, its focus on magnetic technology, its failure to provide any evidence for its claims, its secrecy about technical details, its reliance on high net worth investors for the bulk of its income, its uncertain financial history, its stated need for a lengthy external validation process, and its irregular financial reporting practices are all common features of other free energy enterprises.[8][27][28]

However, unlike some free energy claimants in the past, Steorn has not implied that there is an outright conspiracy to suppress its technology. CEO Sean McCarthy has stated categorically that he does not believe in such conspiracy theories.[29]

Other developments

Responses to some of the several long-awaited FAQs were posted on 27 September 2006.[30] In subsequent weeks, forum members were kept on edge by additional correspondence with Steorn CEO Sean McCarthy and some vocal members even being banned for various reasons.

To the surprise of the message forum community, Steorn announced a documentary film crew had been with Steorn and in October 2006 some forum members were invited to take part in the process. Later on 1 November 2006 Steorn restricted the participants to Ireland residents.[31]

In mid-November 2006 Steorn announced that all jury members had been selected. In an attempt to lend further public validity to its claims, the company asked members of the forum discussing its claim to elect a representative for a visit. The user 'Crank' was democratically selected and her report on the visit[32] was widely reported and discussed in the forum. She confirmed that at least two of the Jury members (whom she selected at random) were high-ranking scientists. She also saw records implying that the financial state of the company was good. Finally, she was shown a video of the company manufacturing test rigs for Steorn on which one key worker (confirmed by examining their web site) reported enthusiastically on his confirmation of over-unity. Crank's identity was confirmed by many forum members at a party thrown by Steorn for them on 27 November 2006 where she discussed her findings.[33] The makers of the documentary were filming at the party and interviewed forum and Steorn members.

On the 11 January, 2007 Steorn announced that they would make the licence for their device available to all interested parties, from individual enthusiasts to larger research organisations, for a 'nominal fee' after the validation process had been completed [1]. They also revealed that the jury process was now underway, but that no further news on the process would be forthcoming until the end of the first financial quarter of 2007.[34].

Observers await the results of the three phases in this Challenge knowing full well there is little that can be said during the process and until Steorn makes their next move.

In early 2007 Steorn launched a volunteer Developers Club, the Steorn Private Developers Club, on the basis of mutually binding non disclosure agreements and promises of confidentiality. Steorn allowed over 200 people writing in to Steorn into the club.

Details of the technology

Few concrete details about the technology have been made public at this time. According to Sean McCarthy, this is to ensure that Steorn maintains its lead over potential competitors when the technology is released.

Sean McCarthy stated in an RTÉ radio interview that, "What we have developed is a way to construct magnetic fields so that when you travel round the magnetic fields, starting and stopping at the same position, you have gained energy... The energy isn't being converted from any other source such as the energy within the magnet. It's literally created. Once the technology operates it provides a constant stream of clean energy."[35]

In a demonstration to The Guardian at Steorn's office, a computer display reported the device to have an efficiency of 285%. The article goes on to say that Steorn claims to have measured efficiencies up to 400%.[21] The device has been reported to be an all-magnet motor, with no electromagnetic component.[36] Steorn also claims that according to its research the device can be scaled to almost any size, powering anything from a flashlight to an airplane.[37]

Steorn claims that there have been "eight independent validations of their work"[21] but, as of June 2007, none of their claims have been independently confirmed.

Patents

Patent offices such as the U.S. Patent Office, European Patent Office and the UK Intellectual Property Office have a policy of not issuing patents for devices that are alleged to operate in contravention of well established physical laws, including perpetual motion devices.[38][39][40][41] Steorn has stated that, because of this patent office policy, it is not filing for a patent for the whole technology, but is filing patents for its components individually, none of which of themselves constitute a perpetual motion machine.[42]

An international patent application (PCT application) assigned to Steorn was published in April 2006.[43] The search report for this application indicates that the claimed invention cannot be considered to be novel or inventive in view of US 4112401 .[44] Steorn has stated that this application is completely unrelated to the core technology.[45][46] The patent describes a method of turning a magnetic field on or off and makes no claim concerning generating energy. Identical patent applications have been published in Canada[47] and the US.[48]

In August 2006, Steorn stated that they had further patent applications that were at the pre-PCT stage and would move to the PCT phase in the near future.[42] Patent applications, including international patent applications, are normally published 18 months after their earliest filing date such that further Steorn patent applications may well be published during 2007. As of 23 June 2007 no additional patent applications have been published.[49]

Viewpoints on the claim's validity

Arguments in favour

As of July 2007, no evidence of the validity of Steorn's claims has been made available and no details of the technology have been publicly released. However, Steorn claims that there have been eight independent validations of their work conducted by electrical engineers and academics "with multiple PhDs" from world-class universities, but that none of these people are willing to go public for fear of becoming embroiled in a controversy.[21]

Arguments against

Instead of opening up their technology for public inspection, Steorn has pitched their claim directly to the media. This is considered by Dr Robert L. Park, a professor of physics at the University of Maryland at College Park, to be an important indicator that a scientific claim lies well outside the bounds of rational scientific discourse.[50][51]

Steorn's claim violates the first law of thermodynamics. Many ordinary people and established scientists have attempted to do this for centuries and failed.[52].

In particular, Steorn claims to violate the law using "a way to construct magnetic fields so that when you travel round the magnetic fields, starting and stopping at the same position, you have gained energy". However, it is well established that the energy of motion which one gains when two magnets attract or repel is exactly equal to the energy needed to restore the starting position, no matter how you arrange the magnets.[53]

In view of the fundamental nature of the laws of thermodynamics within physics,[54] overwhelming evidence would be required to support Steorn's claim that these laws have been violated. No such evidence has been provided.

Demonstration scheduled for early July 2007

Steorn has announced there will be a demonstration of a 'very simplified version' of their technology at the Kinetica Museum at Spitalfields Market in London between 5 July and 13 July 2007.[55] A live working demonstration was to be streamed live on the Internet from 18:00 ET on 4 July.[56] Both the public demonstration and the Internet broadcast were delayed due to "technical difficulties" and the main page of the Steorn website was updated with the explanation that:

"We are experiencing some technical difficulties with the demo unit in London. Our initial assessment indicates that this is probably due to the intense heat from the camera lighting. We have commenced a technical assessment and will provide an update later today. As a consequence, Kinetica will not be open to the public today (5th July). We apologise for this delay and appreciate your patience."

See also

Notes

a. ^ The usual cost for such an advertisement according to the Economist's published costings is GBP £85,200 (approx. €125,000 or USD $160,000).[57]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Copy of Steorn advertisement as further reported in The Observer" (PDF). The Economist. Retrieved 2007-06-14. Cite error: The named reference "econ-ad" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ "The Steorn Validation Process". Steorn. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ ""Wanted: scientists to test free energy technology"". Irish Examiner. 20 August 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ ""Steorn website, as of 2001-10-30"". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
  5. ^ a b Daly, Gavin (May 21, 2006). ""Firm strives to extend mobile battery lifespans"". ThePost.IE. Retrieved 2006-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "post-ie" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ ""Energy Issues:": Steorn comment". Steorn. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)"The SPB article came under the crisis management plan, i.e. we declared ... a 'watered down' version of the technology - in essence we told the story but not the whole story"
  7. ^ ""History"". Steorn. Retrieved 2006-08-19.
  8. ^ a b c d ""Steorn Company Submissions"". Companies Registration Office. Retrieved 2007-02-13. Cite error: The named reference "cro-company-submissions" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ ""Steorn Investor Relations"". Steorn Ltd. 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  10. ^ ""Energy Issues: How Is It a Hoax": Steorn comment". Steorn. 3 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)"Most revenue comes from forensic work for law enforcement ... There in no way that we continue with this work while this process goes on"
  11. ^ ""General": Steorn comment". Steorn. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)"First we have made it clear that we are NOT going to accept any new investment while this process continues."
  12. ^ ""Steorn Nominees Company Submissions"". Companies Registration Office. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  13. ^ ""DIT/Bolton Trust Student Enterprise Competition"". Steorn. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  14. ^ ""Steorn supports the Brian Rhatigan Junior Memorial Chernobyl Hope Project"". Steorn. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  15. ^ ""Our development work in Africa"". Steorn. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  16. ^ ""Steorn Forum"". Steorn Ltd. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  17. ^ ""Scientists flock to test 'free energy' discovery"". Guardian Unlimited. 20 August 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ ""Steorn develops free energy technology and issues challenge to the global scientific community"". Steorn Ltd. 2006-08-18. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
  19. ^ ""Orbo - The Magnetic Free-Energy Generator from Steorn"". Steorn Ltd. 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  20. ^ "Steorn: Our Claim". Steorn Ltd. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
  21. ^ a b c d e ""These men think they're about to change the world" [Interview and Demonstration]". The Guardian. August 25, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/4124
  23. ^ Steorn (6 September 2006). "Steorn describes the scientific validation process". steorn.net. Retrieved 2006-09-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ ""Irish tech firm throws down 'free energy' gauntlet"". Reuters (via Yahoo! News). August 17 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) (Link dead as of 4 February 2007)
  25. ^ Berger, Eric (August 19 2006). ""Steorn and free energy: the plot thickens"". SciGuy. Houston Chronicle blogs. Retrieved 2006-08-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Steorn (5 November 2006). "Steorn announces validation process due to start". steorn.net. Retrieved 2006-11-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ ""GMC Holding draws SEC scrutiny and temporary suspension"". Stockwatch. March 8, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ ""GMC Holding stock registration yanked by the SEC"". Stockwatch. April 7, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ ""New Forum Category (Forum post)"". Steorn. 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  30. ^ "Steorn posts FAQs". Steorn. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Steorn (1 November 2006). "Steorn develops the Documentary". steorn.net. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ http://pesn.com/2006/11/21/9500435_visit_inside_Steorn/
  33. ^ http://www.steorn.net/en/downloads.aspx?p=6
  34. ^ http://www.steorn.net/forum/comments.php?DiscussionID=38131&page=2#Item_37
  35. ^ ""Irish company challenges scientists to test 'free energy' technology" [Interview with CEO]". Yahoo! News. August 18, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ ""Steorn to Push Tipping Point for Magnet Motor Technology" [Interview with CEO]". Pure Energy Systems News. August 21, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ ""Free, Clean Energy For All?" [Interview with CEO]". ABC News. August 23, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ ""What is a Patent?" (section titled "Be capable of industrial application")". UK Intellectual Property Office. 30 September 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) "Articles or processes alleged to operate in a manner clearly contrary to well-established physical laws, such as perpetual motion machines, are regarded as not having industrial application."
  39. ^ ""706.03(a) Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 101 [R-3] - 700 Examination of Applications: II. Utility"". Manual of Patent Examining Procedure. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. October 2005. Retrieved 2006-08-19. "A rejection on the ground of lack of utility includes the more specific grounds of inoperativeness, involving perpetual motion. A rejection under 35 U.S.C. 101 for lack of utility should not be based on grounds that the invention is frivolous, fraudulent or against public policy."
  40. ^ ""Models, Exhibits, Specimens"". U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2006-08-19. "A working model may be requested in the case of applications for patent for alleged perpetual motion devices."
  41. ^ ""Guidelines for Examination C-IV, 4.1: Industrial Application"". European Patent Office. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  42. ^ a b ""Technology Issues: Patent Application Viewable Online" (discussion board)". Steorn. ongoing. Retrieved 2006-08-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "steorn-patapp" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  43. ^ WO application 2006035419, "Low Energy Magnetic Actuator", published 2006-04-06, assigned to Steorn Ltd 
  44. ^ The search report is annexed to the end of the patent application as published (WO 2006035419 )
  45. ^ Steorn (24 August 2006). "Transcript from Live Chat Event by Steorn". steorn.net. Retrieved 2006-08-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Steorn (24 August 2006). "Backup Transcript from Live Chat Event by Steorn". steornwatch.com. Retrieved 2006-09-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ CA 2581726 
  48. ^ US 2006066428 
  49. ^ A search for Steorn patent applications can be run by following this link: http://v3.espacenet.com/results?sf=q&DB=EPODOC&IA=steorn - search last run 2007-06-23
  50. ^ http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i21/21b02001.htm
  51. ^ http://calladus.blogspot.com/2006/08/steorns-free-lunch-free-energy-i-think.html
  52. ^ http://www.phact.org/e/dennis4.html
  53. ^ http://www.phact.org/e/wheel.txt
  54. ^ http://www.kilty.com/pmotion.htm
  55. ^ ""Dublin company to unveil 'free energy' device"". RTÉ News. 4 July, 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ "Steorn demonstrates free energy technology in public forum". Steorn. 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
  57. ^ ""Advertising Rates £"" (PDF). Advertising Information. The Economist. 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-19. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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