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== Early History ==
== Early History ==
{{Knights Templar}}
{{Knights Templar}}
In 1128 the cousin of St [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Hugues de Payens]], who served on the [[First Crusade]] with Henri St Clair, 2nd Baron [[Roslin]]<ref>http://sinclair.quarterman.org/who/seemly.html</ref>, and is sometimes connected to Catherine St Clair, met King [[David I of Scotland|David I]] in [[Scotland]]. The Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now [[Temple, Midlothian]] on the South Esk ([[River Esk, Lothian]]). In 1189 Alan FitzWalter, the 2nd Lord [[High Steward of Scotland]] was a benefactor of The Order. In 1311 Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews ([[St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews]]) [[Guardian of Scotland]] gave the Templars his protection <ref>http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=41752005</ref>. In 1312 by the Papal Bull "Ad Providam" all assets of the Order of the Temple were given to [[Knights Hospitaller]] or Order of St. John except for Spain where they were succeeded by the [[Order of Montesa]] and Portugal where they became the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] and in Scotland the Order operated within the Hospitallers. When [[James Sandilands, 1st Lord Torphichen|Sir James Sandilands]], Preceptor of the Order of St. John converted to Protestantism during the reformation, the Order in Scotland is thought to have ceased. <ref>Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, G.A. Campbell ISBN 0-7661-5658-3 page 335</ref>
In 1128 the cousin of St [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Hugues de Payens]], who served on the [[First Crusade]] with Henri St Clair, 2nd Baron [[Roslin]]<ref>http://sinclair.quarterman.org/who/seemly.html</ref>, and is sometimes connected to Catherine St Clair, met King [[David I of Scotland|David I]] in [[Scotland]]. The Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now [[Temple, Midlothian]] on the South Esk ([[River Esk, Lothian]]). In 1189 Alan FitzWalter, the 2nd Lord [[High Steward of Scotland]] was a benefactor of The Order. Claims that in 1311 Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews ([[St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews]]) [[Guardian of Scotland]] gave the Templars his protection <ref>http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm ? are not supported by contemporary evidence. cid=1&id=41752005</ref>. In 1312 by the Papal Bull "Ad Providam" all assets of the Order of the Temple were given to [[Knights Hospitaller]] or Order of St. John except for Spain where they were succeeded by the [[Order of Montesa]] and Portugal where they became the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] and in Scotland the property of the Order passed to the Hospitallers. When [[James Sandilands, 1st Lord Torphichen|Sir James Sandilands]], Preceptor of the Order of St. John (a courtesy title connected to landholding} converted to Protestantism during the reformation, the Templar Order in Scotland had long ceased. <ref>Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, G.A. Campbell ISBN 0-7661-5658-3 page 335</ref>

== Myth and Legend ==
== Myth and Legend ==


Revision as of 16:23, 10 August 2007

The Eight Pointed Cross of The Scottish Knights Templar from the Scottish Knights Templar website [1]
The Cross Pattee of The Scottish Knights Templar from the Scottish Commandery of St Clair, Grand Priory of the Knights Templar in Scotland website [2]
The Cross of The Grand Priory of the Scots [3]and [4]

This article is about the development of the modern Order of Scottish Knights Templar.

Early History

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In 1128 the cousin of St Bernard of Clairvaux, Hugues de Payens, who served on the First Crusade with Henri St Clair, 2nd Baron Roslin[1], and is sometimes connected to Catherine St Clair, met King David I in Scotland. The Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now Temple, Midlothian on the South Esk (River Esk, Lothian). In 1189 Alan FitzWalter, the 2nd Lord High Steward of Scotland was a benefactor of The Order. Claims that in 1311 Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews (St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews) Guardian of Scotland gave the Templars his protection [2]. In 1312 by the Papal Bull "Ad Providam" all assets of the Order of the Temple were given to Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John except for Spain where they were succeeded by the Order of Montesa and Portugal where they became the Order of Christ and in Scotland the property of the Order passed to the Hospitallers. When Sir James Sandilands, Preceptor of the Order of St. John (a courtesy title connected to landholding} converted to Protestantism during the reformation, the Templar Order in Scotland had long ceased. [3]

Myth and Legend

There are myths, legends and anecdotes connecting the Knights Templar in Scotland to the Battle of Bannockburn and degrees in Freemasonry like the Royal Order of Scotland allude to the story of Rosslyn and the Scottish Knights Templar [4]. The frequently doubted connections were created either by Chevalier Andrew Michael Ramsay or Fr. Hay in the 18th century and repeated in novels such as Holy Blood Holy Grail, but it is now known to have absolutely no basis in historical fact. On the subject of a possible Bruce connection, Masonic Historian D Murray Lyon wrote "The fraternity of Kilwinning never at any period practiced or acknowledged other than the Craft degrees; neither does there exist any tradition worthy of the name, local or national, nor has any authentic document yet been discovered that can in the remotest degree be held to identify Robert Bruce with the holding of Masonic Courts, or the institution of a secret society at Kilwinning."[5]

St Clair - Sinclair Speculation

The St Clair, later Sinclair, Earls of Rosslyn or Roslin have also been connected to Templarism in Scotland, but Mark Oxbrow and Ian Robertson in their recent book, 'Rosslyn and the Grail'[6], note that the St Clair of Rosslyn testified against the Templars at their trial in Edinburgh in 1309. Dr. Louise Yeoman points out that the Rosslyn/Knights Templar connection is false, having been invented by 18th century fiction-writers, and that Rosslyn Chapel was built by William Sinclair so that Mass could be said for the souls of his family [7]. The Sinclair well documented connections are with Scottish Freemasonry which has a Templar degree. William St Clair, (William Sinclair) 3rd Earl of Orkney, Baron of Roslin and 1st Earl of Caithness built Rosslyn Chapel. A later William Sinclair of Roslin became the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland[8]. See Masonic Knights Templar and Clan Sinclair.

Templar Survival in Scotland

John Graham of Claverhouse, "Bonnie Dundee", a Tory and Episcopalian[9], was killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie on 27th July 1689. He is said to have been the Grand Master of a Jacobite "Convent" the Temple in the Montrose area, appointed on the authority of Dom Calvet and was found to be wearing the Grand Cross of the Order under his breast plate[10]. After his death the Mar is said to have held the office [11] , and then Atholl [12]. However there are references to Templars continuing to the present day in Scotland, including the [13] which suggest that the Order survived.

Eighteenth Century Revival

Templarism experienced a revival of interest in the eighteenth century through Freemasonry with a Scottish influence. The first record of this is in Ramsay's Oration in Paris in 1737. Andrew Michael Ramsay was tutor to the Young Pretender, Prince Charles Edward Stuart. He claimed that Freemasonry had begun among crusader knights and that they had formed themselves into Lodges of St John. The next development was with Karl Gotheif, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau, who had apparently been introduced to the concept by the Jacobite Lord Kilmarnock, and received into a Templar Chapter by a mysterious "Knight of the Red Feather"[14]. Baron von Hund established a new Masonic rite called the "Strict Templar Observance". The "Knight of the Red Feather" has been identified subsequently as Alexander Seton better known as Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, a prominent Freemason in the Jacobite movement. [15],[16]

The Modern Revival

The modern revival of Templarism in Scotland starts with Alexander Deuchar. The records of one of Scottish Freemasonry's most prestigious lodges, the St Mary's Chapel Lodge of Edinburgh, describe the visit of a "...deputation from the Grand Assembly of the High Knights Templar in Edinburgh… headed by their most worshipful Grand Master, Alexander Deuchar...the first time for some hundred years that any Lodge of Freemasonry had been visited by an assembly of Knights Templar, headed by their Grand Master." This implies that there was an Order in existence 100 years earlier. In 1811 with a Charter from the Templar Grand Master in England, the Duke of Kent, Alexander Deuchar established the Grand Conclave of Knights of the Holy Temple and Sepulchre, and of St. John of Jerusalem. Controversially in 1836 "...it was proposed that non-Masons be admitted to the Order, at the same time the ritual was adapted in order to allow this to happen. [17], [18], [19]. Previously only Royal Arch Masons in Good Standing were allowed to join. Only the Royal Grand Conclave was allowed to admit non-Masons and these men were never members of any Encampments, only of Grand Conclave." The modern non Masonic Order Militi Templi Scotia claims descent from Alexander Deuchar who was a Freemason.

Masonic and Non Masonic Orders

Templarism in Scotland has been claimed as the root of both Masonic and non-Masonic Orders. The Masonic Movement is the Royal Order of Scotland. There are today a number of small Groups of non-Masonic Knights Templar in Scotland, though not all claim descent from either the medieval Knights Templar in Scotland or Alexander Deuchar. They include The Confederation of Scottish Knights Templar, The Ancient Scottish Military Order of Knights Templarand Militi Templi Scotia. The recently retired Grand Chancellor for Militi Templi Scotia back in 2002 was quoted as saying "...we believe that Templar Knights fighting on Robert the Bruce’s side swung the balance (at Bannockburn)...We think they deserve recognition for that, but we tread a very thin line here."[20]. He added Militi Templi Scotia was chivalric, as opposed to Masonic but does admit Freemasons into its ranks.

European Influence

In 2006 a "Commandery of St. Clair", website [21], was set up by the OSMTH Grand Priory of France, [22]. The Commandery of St Clair, No S1, Edinburgh, Scotland recently received affiliation of OSMTH International [23] at Commandery Status under the Mentorship of the Grand Priory of France. The Commandery of St Clair is now a Chartered Scottish Body in its own right.

The Scottish Templar Cross

Knights Templar Internationally use the Cross pattée, including The Commandery of St Clair in alignment with the International Order OSMTH, The Grand Priory of the Scots (mainly American Scots) a Cross with two branches, and other Scottish Knights Templar Groups use the Eight Pointed Cross coloured red [24] more commonly but not exclusively known as the Maltese Cross, of the Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John or Cross of Amalfi [25]. The Scottish Templar use of the Maltese Cross probably dates to the 1960s although the Cross itself is much older.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://sinclair.quarterman.org/who/seemly.html
  2. ^ http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm ? are not supported by contemporary evidence. cid=1&id=41752005
  3. ^ Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, G.A. Campbell ISBN 0-7661-5658-3 page 335
  4. ^ http://www.templarhistory.com/scotland.html The Legend of Bruce and the Legend of D'Aumont
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 1 and Its Kindred Sciences Comprising the Whole Range of Arts byy Albert Gallatin Mackey p 447
  6. ^ Rosslyn and the Grail, Mark Oxbrow and Ian Robertson ISBN 1-84596-076-9
  7. ^ http://news.scotsman.com/edinburgh.cfm?id=658952006
  8. ^ Arcane Schools, John Yarker, ISBN 1-56459-306-1 page 434
  9. ^ Lectures, Legal, Political, and Historical: On the Sciences of Law and Politics; Home and Foreign Affairs by Alexander Robertson, published 1889 Stevens & Haynes:"Claverhouse himself was a Tory and an Episcopalian, ... a Privy Councillor of a Tory and Episcopalian Government in Scotland."
  10. ^ Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture By Marsha Keith Schuchard, p 767 "According to the early eighteenth-century writers, Jacob de Lennep, Abbe de Buisson, and Dom Calvet, Dundee was wearing a Templar Cross, emblematic of his role as Grand Master of the Scottish Order of the Temple."
  11. ^ The Stuart Court in Rome: A Legacy of Exile (Visual Arts Research Institute Edinburgh S.) Edward Corp (Editor) ISBN 0-7546-3324-1 page 104
  12. ^ Arcane Schools: A Review of Their Origin and Antiquity; with a General History of Freemasonry by John Yarker
  13. ^ http://www.slpc.co.uk/html/slpc_hospice.html Medieval Hospice & The Preceptory of St Anthony
  14. ^ Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603-1746 By Steve Murdoch p.337
  15. ^ The Stuart Court in Rome: A Legacy of Exile (Visual Arts Research Institute Edinburgh S.) Edward Corp (Editor) ISBN 0-7546-3324-1 page 104
  16. ^ Arcane Schools, John Yarker, ISBN 1-56459-306-1 page 434
  17. ^ [http://www.compulink.co.uk/~craftings/200years.htm A brief history of the Knights of the Temple and of the Preceptory and Priory of St. George Aboyne 1794 - 1994 An original Paper by E. J. Boyd
  18. ^ New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry 1921 by Arthur Edward Waite Pages 231-232 ISBN 0-7661-2973-X "In 1811-1812, Alexander Deuchar, Eminent Commander of Edinburgh Encampment, No 31, under the Early Grand Constitution, established what is termed a schismatic body with the style and title of the Supreme Grand Conclave of Scotland. He is said to have assumed the Office of Grand Master for life, notwithstanding the displeasure of his associates. The Conclave appears to have been moribund in 1830. In 1836 it was remodelled, vacating its Masonic position and admitting non-Masons to membership, including the Bishop of Aberdeen and the Duke of Leeds."
  19. ^ The Royal Masonic Cyclopedia 1877 by Kenneth R H MacKenzie Page 156 ISBN 0-76612-6110
    "DEUCHAR CHARTERS.-So called from Alexander Deuchar, an engraver, who was the principal mover in the establishment of the Grand Conclave of Knight Templar in Scotland, and its first Grand Master in the early part of this century. Deuchar seems to have become acquainted with Knights Templarism, in consequence of communications he had with Fratres serving in the Shropshire Militia, who had been dubbed under a warrant emanating from Dublin. This corps was quartered in Edinburgh in 1798 ; and from the Fratres of this corps it is most probable that the first Grand Assembly of Knights Templar was opened in Edinburgh ; this, however gave place to the Grand Assembly of High Knights Templar, working Under a charter No 31 from the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland, of which Deuchar was Grand Master. But these Deuchar Charters were clearly extra-Masonic, as they authorised Encampments to install Knights Templar and Knights of St John of Jerusalem, on the one condition that that such Encampments should not hold any communion or intercourse with any Chapter or Encampment, or body assuming that name, holding meetings of Knights Templar, under a Master Mason's Charter This body, however, lost its authority, in consequence of having nothing over which to exercise it, about 1837."
  20. ^ http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/s2.cfm?id=684312002
  21. ^ http://www.scottishknightstemplar.org "The Grand Priory of the Knights Templar in Scotland"
  22. ^ http://fr.osmth.org Grand Prieuré de France du Temple (GPFT)
  23. ^ http:www.osmth.org
  24. ^ http://www.skt.org.uk/CJdeM1314/The_Eight_Pointed_Cross.html The Eight Pointed Cross from the Scottish Knights Templar website
  25. ^ http://www.araldicacivica.it/vecchio%20sito/Campania/Comuni%20sa/amalfi.htm


External links

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