Moai

Ahu Tongariki, restored by Chilean archaeologist Claudio Cristino in the 1990s

This is about the statues of Easter Island, for the seamount see Moai (seamount)

Main article: Easter Island

Moai (or mo‘ai) are monolithic human figures carved from rock on the Polynesian island of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), mostly between 1250 and 1500 CE. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on Ahu (platforms) which were mostly at the island's perimeter. Almost all have overly large heads three fifths the size of their body. The Moai are the 'living faces' (aringa ora) and representations of chiefly, deified ancestors. Sitting on their Ahus with their butts to the sea, these statues were still gazing across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island, but most were then cast down during conflict between different clans on the island.

The production and transportation process required significant intellect, use of resources, and creativity, and is considered a remarkable feat of human endeavour. The tallest moai erected, called Paro, was almost 10 metres (33 ft) high and weighed 75 tonnes; the heaviest erected was a shorter but squatter moai at Ahu Tongariki which weighed 86 tons; while one unfinished sculpture would have been approximately 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a weight of about 270 tons.

From 1955 through 1978, an American archaeologist, William Mulloy, undertook extensive investigation of the production, transportation and erection of Easter Island's monumental statuary. Mulloy's Rapa Nui projects include the investigation of the Akivi-Vaiteka Complex and the physical restoration of Ahu Akivi (1960); the investigation and restoration of Ahu Ko Te Riku and Ahu Vai Uri and the Tahai Ceremonial Complex (1970); the investigation and restoration of two ahu at Hanga Kio'e (1972); the investigation and restoration of the ceremonial village at Orongo (1974) and numerous other archaeological surveys throughout the island.

Map of Easter Island using moai to show locations of various ahu

Description

Rano Raraku moai buried to their shoulders

The Moai are monolithic statues, their minimalist style related to forms found throughout Polynesia. Moai are carved in relatively flat planes, the faces bearing proud but enigmatic expressions. The over-large heads (a three to five ratio between the head and the body, a sculptural trait which demonstrates the Polynesian belief in the sanctity of the chiefly head) have heavy brows, elongated noses with a distinctive fish-hook shaped curl of the nostrils. The lips protrude in a thin pout. Like the nose, the ears are elongated, and oblong in form. The jaw lines stand out against the truncated neck. The torsos are heavy, and sometimes the clavicles are subtly outlined in stone. The arms are carved in bas relief and rest against the body in various positions, hands and long slender fingers resting along the crests of the hips, meeting at the hami (loincloth), with the thumbs sometimes pointing towards the navel. Generally, the anatomical details of the backs are not detailed, but sometimes bear a ring and girdle motif on the buttocks and lower back. Except for one kneeling moai, the statues do not have legs.

Though Moai are whole body statues, they are often described simply as "heads". This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moai heads, and partly because from the invention of photography until the 1950s the only Moai standing on the island were the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku, many of which are buried to their shoulders. Some of the "heads" at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen, and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial.

Material Properties

Tukuturi at Rano Raraku, is the only kneeling moai and one of the few made of red scoria.

All but 53 of the 887 moai known to date were carved from tuff (a compressed volcanic ash) from Rano Raraku, where 394 moai and incomplete moai are still visible today (there are also 13 moai carved from basalt, 22 from trachyte and 17 from fragile red scoria).

Characteristics

Eyes

Moai at Ahu Tahai, this tuff moai with Pukao was re-erected and restored with replica coral and red scoria eyes by the Rapa Nui archaeologist Sergio Rapu Haoa

In 1979 archaeologist Sonia Haoa Cardinali discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils. The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites. Subsequently, previously uncategorised finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments. It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion.

The Rapa Nui archaeologist Sergio Rapu Haoa reconstructed and mounted a pair of replica eyes in a moai at Tahai.

Pukao topknots and headdresses

Main article: Pukao

File:Moai and Esmeralda.jpg

Moai with pukao and replica eyes on Ahu Ko Te Riku in Hanga Roa, with Chilean Navy training ship Esmeralda in the background.

Some Moai had pukao on their heads; these were carved out of red scoria, a very light rock from a quarry at Puna Pau.

Markings (post stone working)

When first carved, the surface of the moai was polished smooth by rubbing with pumice. Unfortunately the easily worked tuff from which most moai were carved is also easily eroded, and today the best place to see the surface detail is on the few moai carved from basalt, or in photographs and other archaeological records of Moai surfaces protected by burial.

Those moai that are less eroded typically have designs carved on their backs and posteriors. The Routledge expedition of 1914 established a cultural link between these designs and the island's traditional tattooing, which had been repressed by missionaries half a century earlier. Until modern DNA analysis of the islanders and their ancestors this was a key scientific evidence that the moai had been carved by the Rapa Nui and not by a separate group from South America.

At least some of the moai were painted; Hoa Hakananai'a was decorated with red and white paint until 1868 when it was removed from the island.

History

The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 CE and 1500 CE. In addition to representing deceased ancestors, the moai, once they were erected on ahu, may also have been regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or former chiefs and important lineage status symbols.

Completed statues were moved to ahu mostly on the coast. Then erected, sometimes with red stone cylinders (pukao) on their heads. Moai must have been extremely expensive to craft and transport; not only would the actual carving of each statue require effort and resources, but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected.

The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly, with a litter of stone tools, many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situ as were installed on ahu. In the nineteenth century this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea. That idea has long been debunked, and now it is understood that:

• Some statues were rock carvings and never intended to be completed.
• Some were incomplete because when inclusions were encountered the carvers would abandon a partial statue and start a new one (tuff is a soft rock with occasional lumps of much harder rock included in it).
• Some completed statues at Rano Raraku were placed there permanently and not parked temporarily awaiting removal
• And some were indeed incomplete when the statue building era came to an end.

Ahu Akivi, the furthest inland of all the Ahus.

Craftsmen

The moai were either carved by a distinguished class of professional carvers who were comparable in status to high-ranking members of other Polynesian craft guilds, or alternatively by members of each clan. The oral histories show that the Rano Raraku quarry was subdivided into different territories for each clan.

Transportation

Early European drawing of moai, in the lower half of a 1770 Spanish map of Easter Island

It is not known exactly how the moai were moved across the island but the process almost certainly required human energy, ropes, and possibly wooden sledges and/or rollers; as well as leveled tracks across the island (the Easter Island roads). Oral histories and science currently support the theory that the main method was that the moai were "walked" by a rocking process. (Pavel Pavel and his successful experiment showed that only 17 people with ropes are needed for relatively fast transportation of moderately small statues and suggest this technique could be scaled to move larger statues as well).

Since the island was treeless by the time the Europeans first visited, the movement of the statues was for a long time a mystery; pollen analysis has now established that the island was almost totally forested until 1200 CE. The tree pollen disappeared from the record by 1650 and the statues stopped being made around that time.

1722 - 1868 the toppling of the Moai

After the 1722 Roggeveen visit all of the Moai that had been erected on Ahus were toppled, with the last standing statues reported in 1838 by Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars, and no upright statues by 1868, apart from the partially buried ones on the outer slopes of Rano Raraku. Oral histories indicate that this was part of internecine conflict among the islanders rather than earthquake or other cause. Moai were usually toppled forwards to have their faces hidden, and often were toppled in such a way that their necks broke. Today about 50 moai have been re-erected on their Ahus or museums elsewhere.

Removal

Disembodied moai fragment, at the Pavillon des Sessions in the Musée du Louvre, Paris

Main article: Relocation of Moai objects

Eleven or more moai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world, including six out of the thirteen Moai that were carved from Basalt. They can be seen in:

Belgium

• Pou hakanononga (3m tall, basalt moai) removed by the Lavachery/Metraux/Watelin expedition to Rapa Nui 1934-35. Now in Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, Brussels

Britain

• Hoa Hakananai'a ("Stolen or hidden friend"); removed in 1868 and Moai Hava are two basalt Moai in The British Museum, London.

Chile

• An un-named moai removed from Hanga Roa in 1929 spent 40 years in Santiago, Chile before being transported to Argentina and making a round trip to the Netherlands. It was returned to the island in 2006.
• Moai head (approximately 8ft tall) taken by Samuel Adams Green and displayed in New York City in c1960 to generate publicity for a campaign to prevent Air France building a jet refueling facility on Easter Island. The moai was confiscated by the Chilean authorities during its return from the successful campaign, and moved to the Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar (While the moai remained in the US, several castings were made by Lippencott (of North Haven, Connecticut) of which; the third replica (#003) stands at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.)
• (Complete) Moai FM-VDM-001 at the Museo Fonck (Corporacion Museo de Arqueologia e Historia Francisco Fonck), Viña del Mar [1]
• A complete moai displayed in Europe, then moved to the Salón de la Polinesia, Museo arqueologico, La Serena,

France

• Moai (head), presented to the Chilean government by Henri Lavachery and Alfred Metraux for the Musée de l'Homme after their expedition to Rapa Nui, in 1934-35. It now stands in the Pavillon des Sessions in the Musée du Louvre, Paris

New Zealand

• A relatively small (under 2 metres) trachyte moai (with pukao) bought in 1929 from Norman Brander, and now at the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand.

USA

• Complete moai with reconstructed eyes, presented in 2000 by the Embassy of Chile as a gift to The American University, Washington D.C.
• Moai SI-WDC-001 and SI-WDC-002 (with scoria pukao) removed from Ahu O'Pepe to the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.
• Unauthenticated Moai christened "Henry" at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, USA.

Preservation

The Rapa Nui National Park and the moai are included in the UNESCO world heritage list of 1994, and consequently the 1972 UN convention concerning the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage.

The EISP (Easter Island Statue Project) is the latest research and documentation project of the moai on Rapa Nui and the artifacts held in museums overseas. The purpose of the project is to understand the figures' original use, context, and meaning, with the results being provided to the Rapa Nui families and the island’s public agencies that are responsible for conservation and preservation of the moai.

See also

• Marae – The Polynesian ceremonial sites from which the moai and Ahu traditions evolved.
• Ancestor worship

References

• Heyerdahl, Thor . Skjølsvold, Arne. Pavel Pavel. The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
• McCall, Grant. (1995). "Rapanui (Easter Island)." Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
• Matthews, Rupert. (1988). Ancient Mysteries. Wayland Publishing. ISBN 0-531-18246-0.
• Pelta, Kathy. (2001). Rediscovering Easter Island. Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8225-4890-9.
• Routledge, Katherine (1919) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0-932813-48-8
• Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. (2001) "Easter Island." In P.N. Peregine and M. Ember (eds.) Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-46257-5
• Van Tilburg, Jo Anne, (2006), Remote Possibilities: Hoa Hakananai'a and HMS Topaze on Rapa Nui. British Museum Research Papers.

27°6′51.23″S 109°21′50.38″W

External links

• Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
• PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
• Easter Island Statue project
• Skeptic World - Moai Statues of Easter Island
• PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
• How to make Walking Moai: a hypothesis about how Moai were transported
• Czech who made Moai statues walk returns to Easter Island
• History of Easter Island stones
• Easter Island - Moai Statue Scale
• Many on Easter Island Prefer to Leave Stones Unturned