Sandra Cisneros

Sandra Cisneros
Occupation	Novelist, poet, short story writer
Nationality	Mexican American
Notable works	The House on Mango Street, Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories
Notable awards	American Book Award,Clay McDaniel Fellowship
Website
http://www.sandracisneros.com

Sandra Cisneros (born 20 December 1954) is a Chicana writer best known for her critically acclaimed novel The House on Mango Street (1984) and short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Her works break away from literary norms, exploring new literary devices and emerging subject positions, which Cisneros herself attributes to growing up in a context of cultural hybridity and economic inequality that endowed her with unique stories to tell. She is the recipient of numerous awards including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and is regarded as a key figure in Chicano/a literature.

Cisneros's early life provided many experiences she would later draw from as a writer. She grew up as the only daughter in a family of six brothers, which often made her feel like the odd one out, and the constant migration of her family between Mexico and the U.S. instilled in her the sense of "always straddling two countries... but not belonging to either culture." Cisneros deals with the formation of Chicana identity in all of her works, which involves exploring the challenges of being caught between Mexican and Anglo-American cultures, facing the misogynist attitudes present in both these cultures, and experiencing poverty. For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, Cisneros has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities, to the extent that The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel.

Cisneros has held a variety of professional positions throughout her life (as a teacher, a counselor, a college recruiter, a poet-in-the-schools, and an arts administrator) and at the same time has maintained a strong commitment to community and literary causes, evidenced by her establishment of the Macondo Foundation, which provides socially conscious workshops for writers, and the Alfredo Cisneros Del Moral Foundation, which awards talented writers connected to Texas. Cisneros currently resides in San Antonio, Texas.

Early life and education

Sandra Cisneros was born in Chicago on 20 December 1954. The only surviving female of seven children, she was considered the "odd number in a set of men." Cisneros's maternal great-grandfather had played the piano for the Mexican president and was from a wealthy background, but gambled away his family's fortune. Her paternal grandfather was a veteran of the Mexican revolution, and used what money he had saved to give her father, Alfredo Cisneros de Moral, the opportunity to go to College. However, after failing classes due to a lack of interest, Alfredo ran away to the United States to escape his father's wrath. While roaming the southern United States with his brother, Alfredo paid a visit to Chicago, where he met Elvira Cordero Anguiano, who would later become Sandra's mother. After getting married, the pair settled in one of Chicago's poorest neighbourhoods. Robin Ganz writes that Sandra acknowledges her mother's family name came from a very humble background, tracing its roots back to Guanajuato, Mexico, while her father's was much more "admirable."

Taking work as an upholsterer to support his family, Sandra's father began "a compulsive circular migration between Chicago and Mexico City that became the dominating pattern of Sandra's childhood." Constantly moving between the two countries necessitated finding new places to live and schools for the children, and eventually the instability caused Sandra's six brothers to pair off in twos, leaving her the odd one out. Her feelings of exclusion from the family were exacerbated by her father, who referred to his "seis hijos y una hija" ("six boys and a girl") rather than his "siete hijos" ("seven children"). Ganz notes that Cisneros's childhood loneliness was instrumental in shaping her later passion for writing.

Cisneros’s one strong female influence was her mother, Elvira, who was a voracious reader and more enlightened and socially conscious than her father. According to Ganz, although Elvira was too dependent on her husband and too restricted in her opportunities to fulfil her own potential, she ensured her daughter would not suffer from the same disadvantages.

When Cisneros was eleven, her family managed to make a down-payment on their own home. They were finally able to settle down, moving into a Puerto Rican neighbourhood called Humboldt Park. This neighbourhood, and its characters, would become the inspiration for Cisneros's novel The House on Mango Street Here she found an ally in a high-school teacher who helped her to write poems about the Vietnam War; although Cisneros wrote her first poem around the age of ten, with her teacher's encouragement she became known for her poetry throughout the school.

Cisneros was awarded a Bachelors of Arts degree from Loyola University Chicago, in 1976 and received a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree after completing a writer’s workshop at the University of Iowa in 1978. She was also a member of PEN, (see International PEN) Postsecondary Education Network International, which is a worldwide association for writers.

Career and later life

Teaching

In addition to being an author and poet, Cisneros has held various academic and teaching positions. In 1978, after finishing her MFA degree, she taught former high-school dropouts at the Latino Youth Alternative High School in Chicago. The 1984 publication of The House on Mango Street secured her a succession of Writer-in-Residence posts at universities in the United States, teaching creative writing at institutions such as the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Michigan. More recently she has been a Writer-in-Residence at Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, Texas. Cisneros has also worked as a college recruiter and an arts administrator.

Family

Cisneros currently lives and writes in San Antonio, Texas, in a "Mexican-pink" home with "many creatures little and large." In 1990 when Pilar E. Rodríguez Aranda asked Cisneros in an interview for the Americas Review why she has never married or started a family, Cisneros responded "I've never seen a marriage that is as happy as my living alone [...] My writing is my child and I don't want anything to come between us." She has said that she enjoys living alone because it gives her time to think and write. In the introduction to the third edition of Gloria E. Anzaldúa's Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, Cisneros wrote: "It's why I moved from Illinois to Texas. So that the relatives and family would allow me the liberty to disappear into myself. To reinvent myself if I had to. As Latinas, we have to [...] Because writing is like putting your head underwater."

Community legacy

Cisneros has been instrumental in building a strong community in San Antonio among other artists and writers through her work with the Macondo Foundation and the Alfredo Cisneros del Moral Foundation. The Macondo Foundation, which is named after the town in Gabriel García Márquez's book One Hundred Years of Solitude, "works with dedicated and compassionate writers who view their work and talents as part of a larger task of community-building and non-violent social change." Officially incorporated in 2006, the foundation began in 1998 as a small workshop that took place in Cisneros's kitchen. The Macondo Workshop, which has since become an annual event, brings together writers "working on geographic, cultural, economic, social and spiritual borders" and has grown from 15 participants to over 120 participants in the first 9 years. Currently working out of Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, the Macondo Foundation makes awards such as the Gloria E. Anzaldúa Milagro Award honoring the memory of Anzaldua, who passed away due to complications with diabetes in 2004, by providing Chicano writers with support when they are in need of some time to heal their "body, heart or spirit" and the Elvira Cordero Cisneros Award which was created in memory of Sandra Cisneros's mother. Macondo also offers services to member writers such as health insurance, and runs the Casa Azul Residency Program, which provides writers with a furnished room and office in the Casa Azul in San Antonio. In creating this program, Cisneros "imagined the Casa as a space where Macondistas could retreat from the distractions of everyday life, and have a room of his/her own for the process of emotional, intellectual and spiritual introspection."

Cisneros founded the Alfredo Cisneros del Moral Foundation in 2000. Named in the memory of her father, the foundation "has awarded over $75,500 to writers born in Texas, writing about Texas, or living in Texas since 2007". Its intention is to honour Cisneros's father's memory by showcasing writers who are as proud of their craft as Alfredo was of his craft as an upholsterer.

Chicano literary movement

Claudia Sadowski-Smith has called Cisneros "perhaps the most famous Chicana writer", and she has been acknowledged as a pioneer in her literary field as the first female Mexican-American writer to have her work published by a mainstream publisher. In 1989, The House on Mango Street, which was originally published by the small Hispanic publishing company Arte Público Press, was reissued in a second edition by Vintage Press; and in 1991 Woman Hollering Creek was published by Random House. As Ganz observes, previously only male Chicano authors had successfully made the crossover from smaller publishers. That Cisneros had garnered enough attention to be taken on by Vintage Press said a lot about the possibility for Chicano literature to become more widely recognized. Cisneros spoke of her success and what it meant for Chicana literature in an interview on National Public Radio on 19 September 1991:

I think I can't be happy if I'm the only one that's getting published by Random House when I know there are such magnificent writers-both Latinos and Latinas, both Chicanos and Chicanas-in the U.S. whose books are not published by mainstream presses or whom the main-stream isn't even aware of. And, you know, if my success means that other presses will take a second look at these writers [...] and publish them in larger numbers then our ship will come in.

As a pioneer Chicana author, Cisneros filled a void by bringing to the fore a genre that had previously been at the margins of mainstream literature. With her first novel, The House on Mango Street, she moved away from the poetic style that was common in Chicana literature at the time and began to define a "distinctive Chicana literary space", challenging familiar literary forms and addressing subjects such as gender inequality and the marginalization of cultural minorities. According to Alvina E Quintana, The House on Mango Street is a book that has reached beyond the Chicano and Latino literary communities, and is now read by people of all ethnicities. Quintana states that Cisneros's writing is accessible for both Anglo- and Mexican-Americans alike since it is free from anger or accusation, presenting the issues (such as Chicana identity and gender inequalities) in an approachable way. Cisneros’s writing has been influential in shaping both Chicana and feminist literature. Quintana sees her fiction as a form of social commentary, contributing to a literary tradition that resembles the work of contemporary cultural anthropologists in its attempt to authentically represent the cultural experience of a group of people, and acknowledges Cisneros's contribution to Chicana feminist aesthetics by bringing women to the center as empowered protagonists in much of her work.

Writing style

Bilingualism

Cisneros often incorporates Spanish into her English writing, substituting Spanish words for English ones where she feels that Spanish better conveys the meaning or improves the rhythm of the passage. However, where possible she constructs sentences so that non-Spanish speakers can infer the meaning of Spanish words from their context. In Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories Cisneros writes: "La Gritona. Such a funny name for such a lovely arroyo. But that's what they called the creek that ran behind the house." Even if the English-speaking reader does not initially know that arroyo means creek, Cisneros soon translates it in a way that does not interrupt the flow of the text. She enjoys manipulating the two languages, creating new expressions in English by literally translating Spanish phrases. In the same book Cisneros writes: "And at the next full moon, I gave light, Tía Chucha holding up our handsome, strong-lunged boy." Previous sentences inform the reader that a baby is being born, but only a Spanish speaker will notice that "I gave light" is a literal translation of the Spanish "di a luz" which means "I gave birth." Cisneros said of these playful hybrids: "All of a sudden something happens to the English, something really new is happening, a new spice is added to the English language." Spanish always has a role in Cisneros's work, even when she writes in English. As she discovered, after writing The House on Mango Street primarily in English, "the syntax, the sensibility, the diminutives, the way of looking at inanimate objects" were all characteristic of Spanish. For Cisneros, Spanish brings to her work not only colourful expressions, but also a distinctive rhythm and attitude.

Voice of the people

While attending an MFA seminar at the University of Iowa in 1978, Cisneros was suddenly struck by the differences between her and her classmates, and how these would be fundamental to the development of her literary style: "It wasn't as if I didn't know who I was. I knew I was a Mexican woman. But, I didn't think it had anything to do with why I felt so much imbalance in my life, whereas it had everything to do with it! My race, my gender, and my class! And it didn't make sense until that moment, sitting in that seminar. That's when I decided I would write about something my classmates couldn't write about." Following this realization, Cisneros cast aside her attempt to conform to American literary canons, and instead turned to her own cultural environment for inspiration, including Mexican and Southwestern myths and popular culture, and wrote to convey the lives of people she identified with. Jacqueline Doyle identifies Cisneros's central concern with voice—manifested in her passion for hearing the personal stories that people tell, and her commitment to expressing the voices of marginalized people through her works, such as the "thousands of silent women" whose struggles are exposed in The House on Mango Street.

Narrative modes, diction, and apparent simplicity

Cisneros's fiction comes in various forms—as novels, poems, and short stories—by which she challenges both social conventions, with her “celebratory breaking of sexual taboos and trespassing across the restrictions that limit the lives and experiences of Chicanas,” and literary ones, with her “bold experimentation with literary voice and her development of a hybrid form that weaves poetry into prose.” Published in 1991, Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories is a collection of twenty-two short stories that form a collage of narrative techniques, each serving to engage and affect the reader in a different way. Cisneros alternates between first person, third person, and stream-of-consciousness narrative modes, and ranges from brief impressionistic vignettes to longer event-driven stories, and from highly poetic language to brutally frank realist language. Some stories lack a narrator to mediate between the characters and the reader; they are instead composed of textual fragments or conversations "overheard" by the reader. For example, "Little Miracles, Kept Promises" is composed of fictional notes asking for the blessings of patron saints, and "The Marlboro Man" transcribes a gossiping telephone conversation between two female characters.

Works by Cisneros can appear simple at first reading, but this is deceptive. She invites the reader to move beyond the text by recognizing larger social processes within the microcosm of everyday life: the phone conversation in "The Marlboro Man" is not merely idle gossip, but a text that allows the reader to dig into the characters' psyches and analyze their cultural influences. Literary critics have noted how Cisneros tackles complex theoretical and social issues through the vehicle of apparently simple characters and situations. Ramón Saldívar observes that The House on Mango Street "represents from the simplicity of childhood vision the enormously complex process of the construction of the gendered subject." Cruz describes how each individual will interact differently with Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories, thus eliciting such varied reader responses as "it is about growing up", to "it's about a Chicana's growing up", to "it is a critique of patriarchal structures and exclusionary practices". Cisneros’s writing is rich not only for its symbolism and imagery, deemed by Madsen to be “both technically and aesthetically accomplished,” but also for its social commentary and power to “evoke highly personal responses.”

Literary themes

Place

When Cisneros describes the aspirations and struggles of Chicanas, the theme of place often emerges. Place refers not only to her novels' geographic locations, but also to the positions her characters hold within their social context. Chicanas frequently occupy Anglo-dominated and male-dominated places where they are subject to a variety of oppressive and prejudicial behaviors; one of these places that is of particular interest to Cisneros is the home. As Madsen and Saldívar have described, the home can be an oppressive place for Chicanas where they are subjugated to the will of male heads-of-household, or in the case of their own home, it can be an empowering place where they can act autonomously and express themselves creatively. In The House on Mango Street the young protagonist, Esperanza, longs to have her own house: "Not a flat. Not an apartment in back. Not a man's house. Not a daddy's. A house all my own. With my porch and my pillow, my pretty purple petunias. My books and my stories. My two shoes waiting beside the bed. Nobody to shake a stick at. Nobody's garbage to pick up after." An aspiring writer, Esperanza yearns for "a space for myself to go, clean as paper before the poem." She feels discontented and trapped in her family home, and witnesses other women in the same position. According to Saldívar, Cisneros communicates through this character that a woman needs her own place in order to realize her full potential—a home which is not a site of patriarchal violence, but instead "a site of poetic self-creation." One source of conflict and grief for Cisneros's Chicana characters is that the male-dominated society in which they live denies them this place. Critics such as Doyle and Cruz have compared this theme in Cisneros's work to one of the key concepts in Virginia Woolf's famous essay "A Room of One's Own", that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction," or put another way, "economic security" and personal liberty are necessary for "artistic production."

Cisneros not only explores the issue of place in relation to gender, but to class as well. As Saldívar has noted, "Aside from the personal requirement of a gendered woman's space, Esperanza recognizes the collective requirements of the working poor and the homeless as well." He refers to Esperanza's determination not to forget her working-class roots once she obtains her dream house, and to open her doors to those who are less fortunate. Esperanza says "Passing bums will ask, Can I come in? I'll offer them the attic, ask them to stay, because I know how it is to be without a house." According to Saldívar, this statement of Esperanza's alludes to "the necessity for a decent living space" that is fundamental to all people, despite the different oppressions they face.

Construction of femininity and female sexuality

As Madsen has described, Cisneros's "effort to negotiate a cross-cultural identity is complicated by the need to challenge the deeply rooted patriarchal values of both Mexican and American cultures." The lives of all Cisneros’s female characters are effected by how femininity and female sexuality are defined within this patriarchal value system and they must struggle to rework these definitions. As Cisneros has said: "There's always this balancing act, we've got to define what we think is fine for ourselves instead of what our culture says."

Cisneros shows how Chicanas, like women of many other ethnicities, internalize these norms starting at a young age, through informal education by family members and popular culture. In The House on Mango Street, for example, a group of girl characters speculate about what function a woman’s hips have: "They’re good for holding a baby when you’re cooking, Rachel says[...] You need them to dance, says Lucy[...] You gotta know how to walk with hips, practice you know." Traditional female roles, such as childrearing, cooking, and attracting male attention, are understood by Cisneros's characters to be their biological destiny. However, when they reach adolescence and womanhood, and must reconcile their expectations about love and sex with their own experiences of disillusionment, confusion and anguish are the result. Esperanza describes her "sexual initiation"—an assault by a group of Anglo-American boys while awaiting her friend Sally at the fairground. She feels stricken and powerless after this, but above all betrayed; not only by Sally, who was not there for her, but "by all the women who ever failed to contradict the romantic mythology of love and sex". Cisneros illustrates how this romantic mythology, fueled by popular culture, is often at odds with reality in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories, where multiple references to romantic telenovelas obsessively watched by the female characters are juxtaposed with the abuse and poverty they face in their own lives.

Construction of Chicana identity

The challenges faced by Cisneros’s characters on account of their gender cannot be understood in isolation from their culture, for the norms that dictate how women and men ought to think and behave are culturally determined and thus distinct for different cultural groups. Through her works, Cisneros conveys the experiences of Chicanas confronting the “deeply rooted patriarchal values” of Mexican culture through interactions not only with Mexican fathers, but the broader community which exerts pressure upon them to conform to a narrow definition of womanhood and a subservient position to men.

A recurrent theme in Cisneros’s work is the triad of figures that Gloria Anzaldúa has referred to as "Our Mothers": the Virgen de Guadalupe, La Malinche and La Llorona. These “symbolic figures” are of great importance to identity politics and popular culture in Mexico and the U.S. Southwest and have been used, argues Alarcón, as reference points “for controlling, interpreting, or visualizing women" in Mexican-American culture.

Many theorists (including Doyle, Wyatt, Perez and Candelaria) have argued that the gender identity of Mexican and Chicana women is complexly constructed in reference to these three figures. La Virgen de Guadalupe, a Catholic icon of the manifestation of the Virgin Mary in the Americas, is revered in Mexico as a “nurturing and inspiring mother and maiden.” La Malinche, the indigenous mistress and intermediary of conquistador Hernán Cortés, has, according to Wyatt, “become the representative of a female sexuality at once passive, "rapeable," and always already guilty of betrayal.” Cisneros describes the problematic virgin/whore dichotomy presented by these two figures: “We’re raised in a Mexican culture that has two role models: La Malinche and la Virgen de Guadalupe. And you know that’s a hard route to go, one or the other, there’s no in-betweens.” As Madsen has noted, "these categories of "good" versus "bad" women are complicated by the perception, shared by many Chicana feminists, that they risk betrayal of [their] people if they purse an alternate construction of femininity that is perceived to be Anglo." Through her work, Cisneros critiques the pressures Chicanas face to suppress their sexuality or channel it into socially acceptable forms so as to not be labeled "Malinchista[s]...corrupted by gringa influences which threaten to splinter [their] people."

La Llorona, who derives from a centuries-old Mexican/Southwestern folktale, is “a proud young girl [who] marries above her station and is so enraged when her husband takes a mistress of his own class that she drowns their children in the river.” She dies grief-stricken by the edge of the river after she is unable to retrieve her children and it is claimed that she can be heard wailing for them in the sound of the wind and water. These entities, from the gentle and pure Virgen de Guadalupe, to the violated and treacherous la Malinche, to the eternally grieving la Llorona give rise to a “fragmentary subjectivity” often experienced by Chicanas, and their need to come to terms with them, renegotiate them on their own terms, or reject them altogether.

The three “Mothers” come out most clearly in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. In the stories “Never Marry a Mexican” and “Woman Hollering Creek” the female protagonists grapple with these “Mexican icons of sexuality and motherhood that, internalized, seem to impose on them a limited and even negative definition of their own identities as women.” The protagonist in “Never Marry a Mexican” is haunted by the myth of la Malinche, who is considered a whore and a traitor, and defies la Malinche's passive sexuality with her own aggressive one. In “Woman Hollering Creek” the protagonist reinvents the la Llorona myth when she decides to take charge of her own future, and that of her children, and discovers that the grito of la Llorona can be a “joyous holler” rather than a grieving wail. It is the borderland, that symbolic middle ground between two cultures, which "offers a space where such a negotiation with fixed gender ideals is at least possible.”

Borderland

Although Cisneros does not explicitly locate her stories and novels on the Mexico-U.S. border, Sadowski-Smith identifies the concept as perhaps Cisneros's most salient theme due to the constant border crossings, both real and metaphorical, of characters in all of her works. The House on Mango Street takes place in Chicago where the narrator lives, and in Mexico City where she visits extended family. Various characters in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories also make trips to Mexico to reunite with family members. However, to quote Jesús Benito and Ana María Manzanas, the "image of the border has become fully meaningful not only when we consider it as a physical line but when we decenter it and liberate it from the notion of space to encompass notions of sex, class, gender, ethnicity, identity, and community." Cisneros frequently divorces the border from its strictly geographic meaning, using it metaphorically to explore how Chicana identity is an amalgamation of both Mexican and Anglo-American cultures. The border represents the everyday experiences of people who are neither fully from one place nor the other; at times the border is fluid and two cultures can coexist harmoniously within a single person, but at other times it is rigid and there is an acute tension between them. Katherine Payant has analyzed the border metaphor in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories, which manifests in references to the Chicano/a characters' Mexican roots and the (im)migration between the two countries, the recurrence of overlapping pre-Columbian, mestizo and Southwestern Chicano myths, and the portrayal of Chicano/as as "straddling two or three cultures." Payant makes use of Gloria Anzaldúa's concept of living "on the borderlands" to describe the experience of Cisneros's Chicana characters who, in addition to their struggle to overcome patriarchal constructs of their gender and sexual identity, must negotiate linguistic and cultural boundaries.

Awards

Sandra Cisneros received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1981 and 1988, and in 1985 was presented with the American Book Award by the Before Columbus Foundation for The House on Mango Street. Subsequently she received a Frank Dobie Artists Fellowship, and came first and second in the Segundo Concurso Nacional del Cuento Chicano, sponsored by the University of Arizona.

She has further received the Quality Paperback Book Club New Voices Award, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, the PEN Center West Award for best fiction, and the Lannan Foundation Literary Award for Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. This book was selected as the noteworthy book of the year by both The New York Times and The American Library Journal, and another Cisneros novel, Loose Woman, won the Mountain & Plains Booksellers' Award.

Cisneros was recognised by the State University of New York, receiving an honorary doctorate from at Purchase in 1993 and a MacArthur fellowship in 1995. In 2003, Caramelo was highly regarded by several journals including The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Chicago Tribune, and The Seattle Times, which led to her Premio Napoli Award in 2005; the novel also received the Dublin International IMPAC award, and was nominated for the Orange Prize in England. In 2003, Cisneros became part of the second group of recipients of the newly formed Texas Cultural Trust's Texas Medal of Arts.

List of works

• Cisneros, Sandra (1980), Bad Boys, San Jose, CA: Mango, OCLC 7339707
• Cisneros, Sandra (1984), The House on Mango Street, Houston: Arte Público, ISBN 978-0934770200. Second edition: Cisneros, Sandra (1989), The House on Mango Street, New York: Vintage, ISBN 978-0679734772.
• Cisneros, Sandra (1987), My Wicked, Wicked Ways, Bloomington, IN: Third Woman Press, ISBN 978-0943219011
• Cisneros, Sandra (1991), Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-0394576541
• Cisneros, Sandra (1994), Hairs = Pelitos, New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-0679890072
• Cisneros, Sandra (1994), Loose woman: Poems, New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-0679416449
• Cisneros, Sandra (2002), Caramelo, or, Pure Cuento: A Novel, New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-1400041503
• Cisneros, Sandra (2004), Vintage Cisneros, New York: Vintage, ISBN 978-1400034055

Contributions

• Days and Nights of Love and War (2000). By Eduardo Galeano. Contribution by Sandra Cisneros.
• Family Pictures/ Cuadros de Familia (2005). By Carmen Lomas Garza. Introduction by Sandra Cisneros.
• Emergency Tacos: Seven Poets Con Picante (2007). By Carlos Cumpian, Sandra Cisneros, Carlos Cortez, Beatriz Badikian, Cynthia Gallaher, Margarita Lopez-Castro, Raul Nino.

References

• Anzaldúa, Gloria (1987), Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera, San Francisco: Spinsters / Aunt Lute, ISBN 978-0933216259.

• Alarcón, Norma (1982), "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-vision Through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object", in Moraga, Cherrie; Anzaldúa, Gloria (eds.), This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, Watertown, MA: Persephone, pp. 182–189, ISBN 978-0930436100.

• Aranda, Pilar E. Rodríguez. "On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female, Wicked and Thirty-three: An Interview with Writer Sandra Cisneros." Americas Review 18 (Spring 1990): 64-80.

• Benito, Jesús; Manzanas, Ana María (2002), "Border(lands) and Border Writing: Introductory Essay", in Benito, Jesús; Manzanas, Ana María (eds.), Literature and Ethnicity in the Cultural Borderlands, Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 1–21, ISBN 978-9042015098.

• Candelaria, Cordelia (1980), "La Malinche, Feminist Prototype", Frontiers, 5 (2): 1–6.

• Candelaria, Cordelia (1993), "Letting La Llorona Go, or Re/reading History's Tender Mercies", Heresies, 7 (3): 111–115.

• Cruz, Felicia J. (2001), "On the 'Simplicity' of Sandra Cisneros's House on Mango Street", Modern Fiction Studies, 47 (4): 910–946, retrieved 2008-10-31. (Project MUSE subscription required for online access.)

• Dasenbrock, Reed Way (1992), "Interview: Sandra Cisneros", in Jussawalla, Feroza; Dasenbrock, Reed Way (eds.), Interviews with Writers of the Post-Colonial World, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 287–306, ISBN 978-0878055722.

• Doyle, Jacqueline (Winter 1994), "More Room of Her Own: Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street", MELUS, 19 (4): 5–35, retrieved 2008-10-18{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Doyle, Jacqueline (1996), "Haunting the Borderlands: La Llorona in Sandra Cisneros's Woman Hollering Creek"", Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 16 (1): 53–70, retrieved 2008-10-18. (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Ganz, Robin (Spring 1994), "Sandra Cisneros: Border Crossings and Beyond", MELUS, 19 (1): 19–29, retrieved 2008-09-30{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Harrington, Patricia. "Mother of Death, Mother of Rebirth: The Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe." Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring, 1988), pp. 25-50.

• Madsen, Deborah L. (2000), Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781570033797.

• Payant, Katherine (1999), "Borderland Themes in Sandra Cisneros's Woman Hollering Creek", in Payant, Katherine B.; Rose, Toby (eds.), The Immigrant Experience in North American Literature: Carving Out a Niche, Westport, CT: Greenwood, pp. 95–108, ISBN 978-0313308918.

• Perez, Emma (1993), "Sexuality and Discourse: Notes from a Chicana Survivor", in Alarcón, Norma; Castro, Rafaela; Perez, Emma; Pesquera, Beatriz; Sosa Riddell, Adaljiza; Zavella, Patricia (eds.), Chicana Critical Issues, Berkeley: Third Woman Press, pp. 159–84, ISBN 978-0943219097.

• Quintana, Alvina E. (1996), Home Girls: Chicana Literary Voices, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1566393737.

• Rodríguez Aranda, Pilar E. (Spring 1990), "On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female, Wicked and Thirty-three: An Interview with Writer Sandra Cisneros", The Americas Review, 18 (1): 65–80{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link).

• Sadowski-Smith, Claudia (2008), Border Fictions: Globalization, Empire, and Writing at the Boundaries of the United States, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, ISBN 978-0813926896.

• Sagel, ??? (???), ??? {{citation}}: |first= has numeric name (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link).2024

• Saldívar, Ramón (1990), Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0299124748.

• Wyatt, Jean (Autumn 1995), "On Not Being La Malinche: Border Negotiations of Gender in Sandra Cisneros's 'Never Marry a Mexican' and 'Woman Hollering Creek'", Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, 14 (2): 243–271, retrieved 2008-11-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link). (JSTOR subscription required for online access.)

• Woolf, Virginia (1998), A Room of One's Own, and Three Guineas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192834843, 9780192834843 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).