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Henry Harrer was a waffen ss nazi officer
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+ | title = What are the major events of Tibetan history (timeline)?
+ | title = What are the major events of Tibetan history (timeline)?
+ | url = http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B1-What-are-the-major-events-of-Tibetan-history-timeline.html
+ | url = http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B1-What-are-the-major-events-of-Tibetan-history-timeline.html

Revision as of 21:25, 5 January 2009

Chinese state entities have paid tribute to a number states and confederations throughout history. Due to Sinocentrism, China had not paid them willingly, as it regarded itself as the most advanced, important, and the Middle Kingdom, so these were forced upon China with threats of attacks and raids, which many of the peoples who received tribute continued to do anyway after receiving tribute. China also had a strong Confucian tradition, which believed that showing virtue and giving things/gifts/tribute would civilize "Barbarians". Many of them involved silk and tea, and during the Ming Dynasty, China's input of silver increased due to trade with Spanish merchants in Manila, so they could pay them off with silver.

  • Xiongnu in 200 BCE-138 BCE: the Xiongnu repulsed the invading army of the Han Dynasty, advanced into the territory of China, and besieged its capital. The Chinese Emperor recognised the Great Wall as the border of the two states and was obliged to pay annual tribute (silk, liquor, rice) to the Xiongnu.[1] [2]
  • Turkic Kaganate: The Qi and Zhou Dynasties of China surrendered to the Turks in 570 and began paying tribute[3][unreliable source?]. Note that the Qi and Zhou dynasties were only small parts of China as china had fragmented into several states.
  • Uigur Kaganate: Successful campaigns of the Uigur Kaganate led to a peace with the Tang Dynasty which paid tribute in silk and grain for 12 years from 766 [4].
  • Altan Khan of Mongolia in 1550s after the Altan Khan besieged Beijing.[12][13]THis is contradicted by other sourced, which say the Chinese emperor granted special trading rights to the khanate, after signing a peace treaty with him in 1571, allowing it to trade horses for silks, which further strengthened it economically. The Chinese also granted him the title of Shunyi Wang ("Obedient and Righteous King").[14] [15]
  • Ligden Khan of Mongolia early 1600s: after a series of raids on China, the Ming court paid silver to the Ligden Khan.[16]

See also

Further reading

  • Shar Tuuji. 16th century.
  • Luvsandanzan. Altan Tobchi. 17th century.
  • Sagan Secen. Erdeniin Tobchi. 17th century.
  • ?. Ming Shi-lu. 17th century.
  • Council Secretary of the Singapore Institute of International Affairs.Copyright @ 2003 Singapore Press Holdings.

Notes

  1. ^ "Xiongnu-- En el invierno del 200 adC". Dimelo. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  2. ^ "Dallas MsCurley-Juedixi, Entertainment of War in Early China". Project Muse. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  3. ^ Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005). History of Mongolia II. Ulaanbaatar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Chronological table of history of Siberia and Mongolia". Historical Server of Central Asia. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  5. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3
  6. ^ A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions. H. E. Richardson. Royal Asiatic Society (1985), pp. 1–25. ISBN 0-94759300/4.
  7. ^ Tibetan Civilization. R. A. Stein. 1962. 1st English edition 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 65. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (pbk).
  8. ^ "Seven years in Tibet". Henry Harrer. Retrieved 2007-11-2. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ {{cite web + | title = What are the major events of Tibetan history (timeline)? + | url = http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B1-What-are-the-major-events-of-Tibetan-history-timeline.html + | publisher = Stason + | accessdate = 2007-09-25 + }}
  10. ^ F.W. Mote (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 123–124. ISBN 0674012127.
  11. ^ Tao, Jing-shen (1988). Two Sons of Heaven: Studies in Sung-Liao Relations. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816510512.
  12. ^ Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 141. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-827-1.
  13. ^ Luvsandanzan (17th century). Алтан товч (Altan Tobchi). Mongolia. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. I, p. 275.
  15. ^ Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 143. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-827-1.
  16. ^ Dai Qing Tai-Ju Gao-Hoangdi Shi-lu. (History of the Great Qing Tai-Ju Emperor). Tokio.
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