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==Extinct writings and forms==
==Extinct writings and forms==
{{Indian literature}}
{{Indian literature}}
The earliest available examples of complete Kannada [[epigraph|inscription]]s in [[Stanza|verse]] can be found in the [[Halmidi inscription]], allegedly<ref>{{Harvnb|Gai|1996|p=26}} Quote: "Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman, it is not included in this volume."</ref><ref>Quote: "The undated Halmidi (Hassan District, Karnataka) inscription, allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman, ..." (K. V. Ramesh) {{Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=55}}</ref> a [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] royal [[edict]] [[Halmidi_inscription#Discovery_and_dating |commonly dated]] to 450&nbsp;CE,<ref name="hal">Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474</ref><ref name="hal20">Kamath (1980), p. 10</ref> the poetic Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century.<ref name="loka"/><ref name="tama">Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102</ref> and the Siragunda inscription of 500&nbsp;CE.<ref name="sira">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13</ref>. The [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of the 7th century forms the earliest surviving record of [[Kannada poetry]].<ref name="Kappe Arabhatta">Kamath (1980), p. 67</ref><ref name="butuga">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</ref>
The earliest available examples of complete Kannada [[epigraph|inscription]]s in [[Stanza|verse]] can be found in the [[Halmidi inscription]], allegedly<ref>{{Harvnb|Gai|1996|p=26}} Quote: "Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman, it is not included in this volume."</ref><ref>Quote: "The undated Halmidi (Hassan District, Karnataka) inscription, allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman, ..." (K. V. Ramesh) {{Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=55}}</ref> a [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] royal [[edict]] [[Halmidi_inscription#Discovery_and_dating |commonly dated]] to 450&nbsp;CE,<ref name="hal">Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474</ref><ref name="hal20">Kamath (1980), p. 10</ref> the poetic Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century.<ref name="loka"/><ref name="tama">Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102</ref> the Siragunda inscription of 500&nbsp;CE,<ref name="sira">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13</ref> the Siraguppi Dharwar inscription of Vanasetti Arasa (6th century),<ref name="sira">Karmarkar (1947)</ref> and the dated Badami cave inscription of King Mangalesa (578 CE).<ref name="manga">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</ref><ref name="manga1">Kamath (2001), p. 10, 57</ref> The [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of the 7th century forms the earliest surviving record of [[Kannada poetry]].<ref name="Kappe Arabhatta">Kamath (1980), p. 67</ref><ref name="butuga">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</ref>


The earliest surviving literary work, the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as [[Durvinita]] (6th century), Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.<ref name="loka">Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283</ref><ref name="poetics1">Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2</ref><ref name="poetics20">Warder (1988), p. 240</ref><ref name="kavi1">Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28</ref>
The earliest surviving literary work, the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as [[Durvinita]] (6th century), Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.<ref name="loka">Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283</ref><ref name="poetics1">Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2</ref><ref name="poetics20">Warder (1988), p. 240</ref><ref name="kavi1">Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28</ref>

Revision as of 13:10, 10 February 2009

Extinct Kannada literature refers to a body of literature written in the Kannada language and script during the period immediately preceding the extant Kavirajamarga dated to 850 CE. Important writings contemporary to Kavirajamarga are also considered here. While no works of this period are available now, references to these works are found in the Kavirajamarga and other extant works. Based on these references and the nature of the Kavirajamarga itself, scholars have hypothesized that a rich body of literature in Kannada must have existed from much earlier times.

Extinct writings and forms

Indian literature
Ancient
Early Medieval
Medieval to early Modern

The earliest available examples of complete Kannada inscriptions in verse can be found in the Halmidi inscription, allegedly[1][2] a Kadamba royal edict commonly dated to 450 CE,[3][4] the poetic Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century.[5][6] the Siragunda inscription of 500 CE,[7] the Siraguppi Dharwar inscription of Vanasetti Arasa (6th century),[7] and the dated Badami cave inscription of King Mangalesa (578 CE).[8][9] The Kappe Arabhatta record of the 7th century forms the earliest surviving record of Kannada poetry.[10][11]

The earliest surviving literary work, the Kavirajamarga ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as Durvinita (6th century), Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.[5][12][13][14]

Kavirajamarga also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the gadyakatha, a mixture of prose and poetry, the chattana and the bedande, poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.[15][16][17] Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of Kavirajamarga states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works.[18]

Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references[19] are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored the Prabhrita, and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the Chudamani ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.[20][21][22][23] The Karnatheshwara Katha, a eulogy of the Chalukya King Pulakesi II, is ascribed to the 7th or 8th century.[24] The Gajashtaka, a lost ashtaka (eight line verse) composition, was authored by King Shivamara II in 800. The composition served as the basis for two popular folk songs, ovanige and onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (ovam).[25][26]

Srivijaya, a court poet of Amoghavarsha I, wrote the Chandraprabha Purana in the 9th century.[27] During the same period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya and Varadamana Charitra. His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.[28] Gunagankiyam, the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to 10th century or earlier (Yapparungalakkarigai by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose flourished in the 9th century.[29][30] Around 900, Gunavarma I wrote Sudraka and Harivamsa (also known as Neminatha Purana). In Sudraka he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II, to a noted king called Sudraka.[26][31]

Notes

  1. ^ Gai 1996, p. 26 Quote: "Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman, it is not included in this volume."
  2. ^ Quote: "The undated Halmidi (Hassan District, Karnataka) inscription, allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman, ..." (K. V. Ramesh) Ramesh 1984b, p. 55
  3. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474
  4. ^ Kamath (1980), p. 10
  5. ^ a b Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283
  6. ^ Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102
  7. ^ a b Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13 Cite error: The named reference "sira" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717
  9. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 10, 57
  10. ^ Kamath (1980), p. 67
  11. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717
  12. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2
  13. ^ Warder (1988), p. 240
  14. ^ Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28
  15. ^ Garg (1987), vol 4
  16. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 13, 17
  17. ^ Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333
  18. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 12
  19. ^ Such as Indranandi's Srutavatara, Devachandra's Rajavalikathe (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's Sabdanusasana of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355), writings of Jayakirthi (Kamath 1980, p. 67)
  20. ^ Sastri (1955), p. 355
  21. ^ Rice B.L. (1897), pp. 496–497
  22. ^ Rice E.P. (1921), p. 27
  23. ^ Mugali (1975), p. 13
  24. ^ Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 67
  25. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248
  26. ^ a b Kamath (1980), p. 50
  27. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 17–18
  28. ^ Warder (1988), pp. 240–241
  29. ^ Narasimhacharya 1934, p. 29
  30. ^ Rice E.P. (1921), p. 28
  31. ^ Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 18

References

  • Template:Harvard reference
  • Template:Harvard reference
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. OCLC 7796041. LCCN 80-9 – 0.
  • Nagaraj, D.R. (2003) [2003]. "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture, pp. 323–383". In Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066. ISBN 0520228219. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapter= (help)
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1934]. History of Kannada Literature. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. ISBN ISBN 81-206-0303-6. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2003), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22821-9
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2006), The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India (Philip E. Lilienthal Books), Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24500-8
  • Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
  • Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. A History of Kanarese Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120600630.
  • Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 378. ISBN 0195099842.
  • Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  • Sircar, D. C., Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, ISBN 0120811666 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Various (1987) [1987]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8126018038.
  • Various (1988) [1988]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8126011947.
  • Various (1992) [1992]. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8126012218.
  • Warder, A.K. (1988) [1988]. Indian Kavya Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120804503.
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