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[[File:Narratio prima.jpg|thumb|"De libris revolutionum Copernici Narratio Prima Excusum Gedani", the [[Narratio prima]] of Rheticus, printed 1540 in Danzig by Rhode]]
[[File:Narratio prima.jpg|thumb|"De libris revolutionum Copernici Narratio Prima Excusum Gedani", the [[Narratio prima]] of Rheticus, printed 1540 in Danzig by Rhode]]


The '''history of printing in Poland''' began in the late [[15th century]], when following the creation of the [[Gutenberg Bible]] in [[1455]], German printers spread the new craft abroad.
The '''history of printing in Poland''' began in the late [[15th century]], when following the creation of the [[Gutenberg Bible]] in [[1455]], printers from Western Europe spread the new craft abroad.


The Polish capital at the time was in [[Cracow]], were already German scholars, artists and merchants were present. Other cities which were part of the Polish kingdom followed later. [[Royal Prussia]]n cities like the [[Hanseatic League]] city of [[Danzig]] (Gdansk), with an almost exclusively German speaking population established printing houses early on.
The Polish capital at the time was in [[Kraków]], were already scholars, artists and merchants from Western Europe were present. Other cities which were part of the Polish kingdom followed later for example [[Gdańsk]](Danzig) established printing houses early on.


A first printing shop was possible opened in [[Cracow]] (Kraków) by [[Augsburg]]-based [[Günther Zainer]] in 1465. In 1491, [[Schweipolt Fiol]] printed the first book in [[Cyrillic]] script.
A first printing shop was possible opened in Kraków by [[Augsburg]]-based [[Günther Zainer]] in 1465. In 1491, [[Schweipolt Fiol]] printed the first book in [[Cyrillic]] script.


The next recorded printing shop was a Dutch one known by the name ''Typographus Sermonum Papae Leonis I.'' that might have been established in 1473 on Polish territory, but its exact location has yet to be determined.<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520", ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (88)</ref>
The next recorded printing shop was a Dutch one known by the name ''Typographus Sermonum Papae Leonis I.'' that might have been established in 1473 on Polish territory, but its exact location has yet to be determined.<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520", ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (88)</ref>
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The oldest known print from Poland is considered to be the [[Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474]] (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474)<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/> which is a single-sheet astronomical [[wall calendar]] for the year [[1474]] printed and published in 1473 <ref name=history2volumes>{{en icon}} {{cite book | last=Davies|first=Norman| editor = | title = God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&sig=S0kmJEBWyWAXLdK7gGMzmSaZw-M| format = | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | id = ISBN 0199253390 | pages = p:118 | chapter=Anjou: The Hungarian Connection|volume=Vol. I| quote =}}</ref> by [[Kasper Straube]]. The only surviving copy of ''Almanach cracoviense'' measures 37&nbsp;cm by 26.2&nbsp;cm, and is in the collections of the [[Jagiellonian University]].
The oldest known print from Poland is considered to be the [[Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474]] (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474)<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/> which is a single-sheet astronomical [[wall calendar]] for the year [[1474]] printed and published in 1473 <ref name=history2volumes>{{en icon}} {{cite book | last=Davies|first=Norman| editor = | title = God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&sig=S0kmJEBWyWAXLdK7gGMzmSaZw-M| format = | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | id = ISBN 0199253390 | pages = p:118 | chapter=Anjou: The Hungarian Connection|volume=Vol. I| quote =}}</ref> by [[Kasper Straube]]. The only surviving copy of ''Almanach cracoviense'' measures 37&nbsp;cm by 26.2&nbsp;cm, and is in the collections of the [[Jagiellonian University]].


The first print written in [[Polish language]] is believed to be ''Hortulus Animae polonice'', a Polish version of [[Hortulus Animae]] written by [[Biernat of Lublin]], printed and published in [[1513]] by [[Florian Ungler]] in Cracow. The last known copy was lost during [[World War II]].
The first print written in [[Polish language]] is believed to be ''Hortulus Animae polonice'', a Polish version of [[Hortulus Animae]] written by [[Biernat of Lublin]], printed and published in [[1513]] by [[Florian Ungler]] in Kraków. The last known copy was lost during [[World War II]].


One of the first commercial printers in [[Poland]] is considered to be [[Johann Haller]]<ref name=history2volumes/> who worked in Cracow in the early [[16th century]] (since 1505) who in 1509 printed [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] ''Theophilacti Scolastici Simocatti Epistole morales, rurales at amatoriae, interpretatione latina''.
One of the first commercial printers in [[Poland]] is considered to be [[Johann Haller]]<ref name=history2volumes/> who worked in Kraków in the early [[16th century]] (since 1505) who in 1509 printed [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] ''Theophilacti Scolastici Simocatti Epistole morales, rurales at amatoriae, interpretatione latina''.


Other well known early printers in Poland are:
Other well known early printers in Poland are:
* [[Hieronymus Vietor]] from [[Silesia]] who worked in [[Vienna]] and Cracow
* [[Hieronymus Vietor]] from [[Silesia]] who worked in [[Vienna]] and Kraków
* Printers from the Szafenberg family,
* Printers from the Szafenberg family,
* [[Florian Ungler]]
* [[Florian Ungler]]


In the late [[16th century]] there were 7 printing shops in Cracow, and in [[1610]] 10 printing shops. A decline started in around [[1615]]. Due to this fact in [[1650]] there remained only 3 secular printing shops, accompanied by a few ecclesial ones.
In the late [[16th century]] there were 7 printing shops in Kraków, and in [[1610]] 10 printing shops. A decline started in around [[1615]]. Due to this fact in [[1650]] there remained only 3 secular printing shops, accompanied by a few ecclesial ones.


Only one printing shop is recorded in [[Warsaw]] in [[1707]], owned by the [[Piarists]]. This situation improved during the realm of the last [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish king]], [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], which in Poland being politically erased from the map of Europe.
Only one printing shop is recorded in [[Warsaw]] in [[1707]], owned by the [[Piarists]]. This situation improved during the realm of the last [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish king]], [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]].


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 20:46, 3 May 2009

Sole surviving copy of the Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474
Nicolaus Copernicus Theophilacti Scolastici Simocatti Epistole morales, rurales at amatoriae, interpretatione latina, Johann Haller, 1509
"De libris revolutionum Copernici Narratio Prima Excusum Gedani", the Narratio prima of Rheticus, printed 1540 in Danzig by Rhode

The history of printing in Poland began in the late 15th century, when following the creation of the Gutenberg Bible in 1455, printers from Western Europe spread the new craft abroad.

The Polish capital at the time was in Kraków, were already scholars, artists and merchants from Western Europe were present. Other cities which were part of the Polish kingdom followed later for example Gdańsk(Danzig) established printing houses early on.

A first printing shop was possible opened in Kraków by Augsburg-based Günther Zainer in 1465. In 1491, Schweipolt Fiol printed the first book in Cyrillic script.

The next recorded printing shop was a Dutch one known by the name Typographus Sermonum Papae Leonis I. that might have been established in 1473 on Polish territory, but its exact location has yet to be determined.[1]

The oldest known print from Poland is considered to be the Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474)[1] which is a single-sheet astronomical wall calendar for the year 1474 printed and published in 1473 [2] by Kasper Straube. The only surviving copy of Almanach cracoviense measures 37 cm by 26.2 cm, and is in the collections of the Jagiellonian University.

The first print written in Polish language is believed to be Hortulus Animae polonice, a Polish version of Hortulus Animae written by Biernat of Lublin, printed and published in 1513 by Florian Ungler in Kraków. The last known copy was lost during World War II.

One of the first commercial printers in Poland is considered to be Johann Haller[2] who worked in Kraków in the early 16th century (since 1505) who in 1509 printed Nicolaus Copernicus Theophilacti Scolastici Simocatti Epistole morales, rurales at amatoriae, interpretatione latina.

Other well known early printers in Poland are:

In the late 16th century there were 7 printing shops in Kraków, and in 1610 10 printing shops. A decline started in around 1615. Due to this fact in 1650 there remained only 3 secular printing shops, accompanied by a few ecclesial ones.

Only one printing shop is recorded in Warsaw in 1707, owned by the Piarists. This situation improved during the realm of the last Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (88)
  2. ^ a b Template:En icon Davies, Norman (2005). "Anjou: The Hungarian Connection". God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes. Vol. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. p:118. ISBN 0199253390. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
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